Bioactive compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii

三萜类化合物抗肿瘤活性研究进展李娇妹1，郑纺2，翟丽娟1，薛照辉1*1. 天津大学化工学院食品科学系，天津 3000722. 天津中医药大学中医学院，天津 300193摘要：三萜是一类具有独特空间结构的生物活性天然产物，不仅在抗炎、抗菌、保肝护肾等方面有着重要的应用价值，还具有很强的抗肿瘤活性，极有可能被开发为新一代的抗癌药物。

对三萜类化合物抗肿瘤的作用机制、构效关系以及成药特性改良等方面进行综述，可为深入研究三萜的抗肿瘤特性，进一步开发抗癌药物提供科学研究基础。

关键词：三萜；抗肿瘤活性；作用机制；构效关系；细胞凋亡中图分类号：R285 文献标志码：A 文章编号：0253 - 2670(2014)15 - 2265 - 07DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2014.15.025Advances in study on antitumor activities of triterpenoidsLI Jiao-mei1, ZHENG Fang2, ZHAI Li-juan1, XUE Zhao-hui11. College of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China2. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, ChinaAbstract: As a kind of bioactive natural products with unique space structure, triterpenoid is widely used in diminishing inflammation, antibacterial, and protecting liver and kidney. Because of the strong ability of antitumor, it is likely to be developed as a new generation of anticancer drugs. In this review, the antineoplastic mechanism, structure-activity relationship, and pharmacophore improvement were summarized for further research on the antitumor properties of triterpenoid.Key words: triterpenoid; antitumor activities; mechanism; structure-function relationship; cell apoptosis三萜类化合物是自然界中数量最多的天然产物之一，主要以游离、苷或酯的形式广泛存在于蕨类、菌类、单子叶和双子叶植物中，少数存在于动物体内[1]。

最新2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12024 Medical Doctor English ExamIntroductionThe 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam is a standardized test conducted for medical students who are pursuing a career in medicine. The exam tests the students' proficiency in English language and their ability to comprehend and analyze medical texts, as well as their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. According to the passage, what is the main function of the kidneys in the human body?A. Filtration of bloodB. Regulation of blood pressureC. Production of red blood cellsD. Digestion of foodAnswer: A. Filtration of blood2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.B. The liver is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.C. The thyroid gland is located in the chest.D. The spleen is part of the digestive system.Answer: A. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.3. What does the phrase "immune response" refer to in the passage?A. The body's ability to fight off infectionsB. The process of digestionC. The function of the respiratory systemD. The production of hormonesAnswer: A. The body's ability to fight off infectionsSection 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions:1. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. The symptoms of a common coldB. The treatment for a broken boneC. The causes of diabetesD. The importance of physical exerciseAnswer: A. The symptoms of a common cold2. According to the speaker, what are the symptoms of a common cold?A. Fever and chillsB. Cough and sore throatC. Vomiting and diarrheaD. Muscle aches and joint painAnswer: B. Cough and sore throatSection 3: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"Discuss the impact of technology on modern healthcare."In your essay, you should address the following points:- How technology has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment.- The benefits and drawbacks of electronic health records.- The role of telemedicine in improving access to healthcare services.- The ethical considerations of using artificial intelligence in healthcare.ConclusionThe 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam is a comprehensive test that assesses students' knowledge and skills in the field of medicine. By preparing thoroughly for the exam and practicing with past papers, students can improve their chances of success and demonstrate their readiness to enter the medical profession.篇22024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersPart A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.Passage:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new technologies and treatments being developed every day. As a medical doctor, it is crucial to stay updated on the latestadvancements in order to provide the best care for your patients. One area that has seen significant growth in recent years is personalized medicine, which involves tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Question 1: What is personalized medicine?Answer: Personalized medicine involves tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Question 2: Why is it important for medical doctors to stay updated on the latest advancements in medicine?Answer: It is crucial for medical doctors to stay updated on the latest advancements in medicine in order to provide the best care for their patients.Question 3: Give an example of a recent advancement in the field of medicine.Answer: Personalized medicine is a recent advancement in the field of medicine.Question 4: How can personalized medicine improve patient care?Answer: Personalized medicine can improve patient care by tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Part B: Vocabulary and GrammarChoose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.1. The (affect/effect) of the new treatment on patients will be evaluated in a clinical trial.2. The doctor ordered a(n) (X-ray/ex-ray) to determine the cause of the patient's symptoms.3. It is important for medical professionals to have (comprehensive/comprehensible) knowledge of the human body.4. The patient's condition (improved/implored) after receiving the new medication.5. The medical team worked (collectively/collectably) to develop a treatment plan for the patient.Part C: WritingWrite a short essay (150-200 words) on the following topic:"Discuss the importance of communication skills for medical doctors."Communication skills are essential for medical doctors to effectively interact with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals. Strong communication skills not only help doctors build rapport with patients but also ensure that important medical information is effectively conveyed. Patients rely on doctors to explain their diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis in a clear and compassionate manner. Additionally, good communication skills enable doctors to listen attentively to patients' concerns, address any questions or fears they may have, and provide emotional support when needed.Furthermore, effective communication among healthcare professionals is crucial for coordinating patient care and ensuring that all members of the medical team are on the same page. Doctors must be able to communicate clearly with nurses, therapists, and other specialists to ensure that patients receive comprehensive and coordinated care.In conclusion, communication skills are a vital aspect of being a successful medical doctor, as they play a significant role in patient care, teamwork, and overall patient outcomes.篇3Sorry, I can't provide the specific content of the latest 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam questions and answers as they are copyrighted materials. However, I can provide some general information and tips on how to prepare for the Medical Doctor English Exam.The Medical Doctor English Exam is designed to assess candidates' proficiency in English language skills, including reading comprehension, listening, writing, and speaking. It may also include medical terminology and scenarios to test their knowledge and communication abilities in a medical context.To prepare for the exam, candidates should focus on improving their English language skills by practicing reading medical journals, listening to medical podcasts or lectures, and writing essays on medical topics. They can also benefit from taking practice exams to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions that may appear on the actual exam.In addition, candidates should pay attention to medical terminology and consider taking additional courses or workshops to enhance their knowledge in this area. They shouldalso practice speaking English in a medical setting to improve their communication skills and confidence.Overall, successful preparation for the Medical Doctor English Exam requires dedication, practice, and a comprehensive understanding of both English language skills and medical knowledge. Good luck to all candidates preparing for the exam!。

石河子科技总第241期我国科学家利用体外多酶系统实现纤维素完全转化近日，中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所游淳研究员团队在ACS catalysis 杂志（IF=11.384）在线发表了题为“Stoichiometric Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass by in Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Biosystems for Biomanufacturing ”的研究论文。

该研究采用体外合成生物学的手段，首次实现了纤维素化学计量的生物转化，为纤维素转化合成高附加值生物基化学品提供了全新的研究思路。

纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生资源，是生产生物燃料和生物基化学品的重要原料，但纤维素预处理过程产生的糠醛类物质严重抑制了微生物发酵过程效率。

体外多酶系统是模仿体内代谢途径，在体外组合一系列酶及辅酶构建复杂的生化反应网络，催化底物生成产物的新型绿色生物制造平台，已经被成功的应用到利用淀粉生产氢气、生物电、稀少糖等生物制造过程，但利用该系统高效转化纤维素合成高附加值化学品尚未实现。

针对这一国际难题，中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所采用体外合成生物学手段，构建三个磷酸化酶组成的级联反应途径，将纤维多糖转化成高能磷酸化糖，在下游酶的催化转化作用下合成肌醇，肌醇的产率达到98%，接近化学计量的底物转化率，且该体外多酶系统可以直接利用高毒玉米秸秆水解液作为底物合成肌醇。

该研究为纤维素的高值化利用提供了全新的研究思路。

（摘自科技网站/gnwkjdt/201810/t20181016_142188.htm ）台由少变多、由弱变强，呈现逐渐发展的态势；但从横向比较来看，与发达省份相比，福建省高校科技创新平台发展比较落后，主要表现在科技创新平台数量与质量、领军人才引进与人才队伍建设、科技成果产出与转化等方面成绩与发达省份差距较大。

截至2017年底，福建省高校国家级科技创新平台36个，比发达省份科技创新平台数量相对偏少。

八年级科技前沿英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making remarkable strides in the medical field in recent years. AI - powered systems are being increasingly utilized in various aspects of healthcare, bringing about significant improvements and new possibilities.One of the most prominent applications of AI in medicine is in disease diagnosis. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, such as patient symptoms, medical histories, and test results. For example, deep - learning algorithms can scan X - rays, CT scans, and MRIs to detect early signs of diseases like cancer, pneumonia, or heart diseases. These algorithms can often spot minute details that might be overlooked by human doctors, thus enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses.In the realm of drug development, AI also plays a crucial role. It can accelerate the process by predicting how different molecules will interact with the human body. AI - based models can sift through thousands of potential drug candidates in a short time, identifying those with the highest probability of success. This not only saves time but also reduces the cost associated with traditional trial - and - error methods in drug research.Medical robots are another area where AI is making an impact.Surgical robots, for instance, can be guided by AI systems to perform complex surgeries with greater precision. These robots can filter out the natural tremors of a surgeon's hand, allowing for more delicate and accurate incisions. Additionally, there are robots designed to assist in patient care, such as those that can help patients with limited mobility to move around or perform simple tasks.However, the application of AI in medicine also faces some challenges. Issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory approval are important considerations. But overall, the potential of AI to transform the medical field is vast and holds great promise for the future of healthcare.1. What is one of the main applications of AI in the medical field according to the article?A. Designing hospital buildings.B. Disease diagnosis.C. Training medical students.D. Managing hospital finances.答案：B。

文章编号：2096-0387 (2018) 02-0138-03第4卷第2期 生物化工Vol.4 No.22018 年 4 月Biological Chemical EngineeringApr. 2018黄精化学成分及药理作用的研究李晓明(西安培华学院，陕西西安710125)摘要:黄精为我国常用的一味传统药食两用中药，在我国分布范围广泛，含有较高的药用价值和养分价值，其化学成分复 杂多样，已从黄精中分离得到的重要化学成分有黄精多糖、留体皂苷、蒽醌及黄酮类等化合物。

近年来，人们通过对黄精药理作 用研究的不断深入，其具有抗病毒抗炎、抗衰老、学习记忆改善、调节免疫能力、调血脂、调血糖等作用并且已逐步被现代医学所 证实。

本文就黄精化学成分组成、药理作用、临床应用情况进行了综述分析。

关键词：黄精；化学成分；药理作用；临床应用中图分类号：R284; R285文献标志码：AStudy on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of PolygonatumsibiricumLi xiao-ming(Xi 'an Peihua University , ShaanxiXi 'an 710125)Abstract : Polygonatumsibiricum is a traditional Chinese medicine that is commonly used in China . It has a wide range of distribution , contains high medicinal value and nutrient value , and its chemical composition is complex anddiverse . The important chemical constituents that have been separated from Polygonatumsibiricum are polygonatum polysaccharides , steroidal saponins , glycosides and flavonoids and other compounds . People have found through continuous research on the pharmacological effects of Huang Jing that it has antiviral , anti -inflammatory , anti -aging , improved learning and memory , regulating immunity , regulating blood fat , regulating blood sugar , and has been gradually confirmed by modem medicine . In this paper , the chemical constituents , pharmacological effects and clinical application of Polygonatumsibiricum were investigated .Key words ： Polygonatumsibiricum ; Chemical constituents ; Pharmacological effects ; Clinical application黄精是我国传统大宗药材，是一味药食两用的 中药材。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into threegroups: I .Totally synthetic materials synthetics，Ⅱ.Natural products，and Ⅲ.Products from partial syntheses semi-synthetic products.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I andⅢ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or otheragents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they arefrequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important syntheticproducts.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceuticalagents.1 单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

・722・药学研究•Journal of Pharmaceutical Research2020Vol.39,No.12雷公藤红素药理活性与结构修饰研究进展陈海兰，许少华，徐伟*，沙玫*(福建中医药大学药学院，福建福州350122)摘要：雷公藤红素是一种天然的木栓烷型五环三萜，卫矛科植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wibfordii Hook.f.)的有效活性成分之一，具有多种药理活性，是目前广受关注的热点天然产物。

天然产物及其衍生物是新药开发的重要来源，国內外研究者以雷公藤红素为母核进行大量化学结构修饰研究，并结合活性筛选,发现许多活性更为突出的候选化合物。

本文通过对其药理活性和结构修饰的研究进展进行归纳总结，对进一步深入开展药理学研究，以及指导合成新的高效低毒的雷公藤红素衍生物具有重要意义。

关键词：雷公藤红素；药理活性；结构修饰中图分类号:R285文献标识码:A文章编号：2095-5375(2020)12-0722-011doi：10.13506/ki.jpr.2020.12.009Research progress on pharmacological effects and structural modification of celastrolCHEN Hailan,XU Shaohua f XU Wei*,SHA Mei*(School of Pharmacy,Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Fuzhou350122,China)Abstract:Celastrol is one of the active ingredients in Tripterygium wibfordii Hook.f..It is a natural friedelane pentacy-clic triterpene which possesses a variety of pharmacological activities.Natural products as well as their derivatives serve as important sources in discovery of new bioactive agents.Therefore,many studies via synthesizing the derivatives of celastrol to find some more bioactive candidate compounds have been carried out.In this paper,the recent research progress of phar^na-cological activity and structural modification of celastrol were critically reviewed,which was of great significance for its fur­ther pharmacological research,providing valuable guidance for the synthesis of new high-efficiency and low-toxicity celastrol derivatives.Key words：Celastrol;Pharmacological effects; Structural modification雷公藤红素是福建特色药材雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)的主要活性成分之一，属于木栓烷型五环三萜,具有广泛的药理活性［1］o2007年被国际顶级期刊《Cell》杂志列为最有可能发展为药物的5种天然产物之一［2］。

自然界中产淀粉酶菌株分离纯化及酶活测定淀粉酶（Amylase ）又称糖化酶，是指能使淀粉和糖原水解成糊精、麦芽糖和葡萄糖的酶的总称。

淀粉酶一般作用于可溶性淀粉、直链淀粉、糖元等α-1, 4-葡聚糖，水解α-1, 4-糖苷键的酶。

根据作用的方式可分为α-淀粉酶（EC 3. 2. 1. 1.）与β-淀粉酶（EC 3. 2. 1. 2. ）。

α-淀粉酶广泛分布于动物（唾液、胰脏等）、植物（麦芽、山萮菜）及微生物；β-淀粉酶与α-淀粉酶的不同点在于从非还原性末端逐次以麦芽糖为单位切断α-1, 4-葡聚糖链。

主要见于高等植物中（大麦、小麦、甘薯、大豆等），但也有报告在细菌、牛乳、霉菌中存在。

淀粉酶是一种用途极广的生物催化剂，广泛应用于造纸、食品、医药工业。

如饴糖、啤酒、黄酒、葡萄糖、味精、抗生素等行业；用于高质量的丝绸、人造棉、化学纤维退浆；制成不同品种的工业酶、医用酶、诊断酶等；在洗涤剂工业中，作为洗涤剂酶与碱性蛋白酶、脂肪酶一起添加于洗衣粉中制成多酶洗衣粉等具有极广泛的用途。

随着社会需求的增大，工业生产对淀粉酶的需求量越来越大，其在各领域应用广泛，急需寻找更高酶活的产酶菌株满足生产需要。

生淀粉酶是指对不经过蒸煮糊化的生淀粉颗粒能够表现出强水解活性的酶类。

70年代由于两次石油危机，引起各国学者从节能和有效利用天然资源出发，重视对生淀粉酶的研究。

研究大致分两个方面：一是探讨对生淀粉不经蒸煮，直接用于酒精发酵的可能性；另一则是从自然界中分离筛选能产生生淀粉酶的微生物，并进而研究生淀粉酶的酶学特性及其产生菌的徽生物学特性[1, 2]。

除动物自身的消化道可分泌一些淀粉酶外，淀粉酶的另外两大来源是植物和微生物能产生生淀粉酶的微生物较多。

Ueda [3, 4]，Mizokami [5]，Tamiguchi [6]，Kainuma [7]先后报道了Aspergillus awaraori，Rbizopus . sp．，Strepiococcus boris，Bacillus circulans，Chalara paradoxa等菌种均有产淀粉酶能力。