CaliforniaDriveLisence

2023-2024学年浙江省稽阳联谊学校高三上学期11月联考英语试题1. Which place are the speakers going to first?A．To a hotel. B．To a restaurant. C．To the office.2. Why was George absent from the meeting?A．He felt unwell. B．He was stuck in traffic. C．He tended his sickmother.3. What does the woman invite the man to do?A．Try her cooking. B．Go for a walk. C．Go to another beach.4. What does the woman advise the man to do?A．Help her study in the library.B．Retake a course next semester.C．Admit his mistake to his teacher.5. What is the conversation mainly about?A．A person. B．A city. C．A group.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6. Why does the man head for the stadium?A．To enter a contest. B．To practice playingtennis. C．To cheer on his favorite team.7. When will the match start?A．In 15 minutes. B．In 30 minutes. C．In 45 minutes.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8. What does the man say about the coat?A．It’s of good quality.B．It’s too expensive.C．It’s not thick enough.9. What is the woman going to do next?A．Pay for the item. B．Try on the clothes. C．Look for a bigger size. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

2023 年新疆考研英语一真题及答案一、完形填空考察了丝绸之路上的驿站话题，选项没有什么特别难的词或者短语，文章逻辑也很好懂，考到了并列逻辑和举例逻辑，只要考生认真读题应该拿到不错的分数Use of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas includingChina,North Africa and the Middle East.They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan,and seray,a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons,__5__merchants,travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.Travellers on the Silk Road __7__possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais wer e strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __ 11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__and interaction,with travelers sharing their cultures,ideas and beliefs, __ 13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __ 14__ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.__16__,it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys.It is __18__ that around 120000 to 15000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.1、答案： C. located2、答案： A. privately3、答案： D. combination4、答案： C. describe5、答案： C. such as6、答案： A. construction7、答案： B. faced8、答案： B. subjected9、答案： A. so that10、答案： D. meeting11、答案： D. As a result12、答案： C. exchange13、答案： C. as well as14、答案： B. influencing15、答案： A. aided16、答案： B. indeed17、答案： D. stock up on18、答案： A. believed19、答案： D. although20、答案： A. ruins二、阅读理解Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy,who sympathized with views of the energy sector,is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion. ” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship. ”Such debate reflects fierce discussion discussions across the US and around the world,as researchers,policymakers,teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education,a non-profit group of scientists and teachers,looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes,gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch,the centre’s deputy director,cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards.Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages — such as earth and space sciences in high schools — it is notas well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that,even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change,unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to答案： C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?答案： B.She denies the value of scientific work.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5答案： A. Climate education is insufficient at state public school24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US答案： C. have limited influence25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools答案： D. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory,there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.regiIn New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would ’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short -term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the upply of rental housing, so anytime you ’re taking the tool out of the toolkit for communities to address this, you ’re potentially taking supply off the market that ’s already incredibly stressed ,’’ said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live , ’’Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, a crucial part of the economies in places like Nantucket, Cape Cod, or the towns that make up New Hampshire ’s Seacoast and Lakes Region, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of the Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors . “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,’’ Castle said , “and so it ’s a cyclical effect . ’’Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an affordable housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston . “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it ’s their vacation home anyway, and it ’s just empty, why can ’ t you make money off it?’’ Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities — de facto hotels — to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn ’t a developer who ’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel ?’’ Horn said.At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential investor- buyers . “The bill requires every rental host to ster with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy ,’’ the Globe reported. Boston took things even further, limiting who is authorized to rent out their home, and requiring renters to register with the city ’s Ins pectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit other struggling scities and towns.The only way to solve the issue,however,is by creating more housing. “If we want to make a change in the housing market, the ma in one is we have to build a lot more. ’’26.Which of the following is true of New England?答案： A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.27.The bill mentioned in the Paragraph 2 was intended to?答案： D. allow a free short-term rental market.28 . Compared with Castle, Tailor is more likely to support?答案： B in increase in a affordable housing29. What does Horn emphasize in paragraph 3?答案： C the necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is答案： D an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”.The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows,and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.our PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones toldme: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade.We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning within our bookshops.“We are hopeful with shops now open again that normality will return and thatwe will be allowed to buy appropriately.Certainly,our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018. ”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers - as have customers, who might expect the new titles from the country’s biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book retailer. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors,who normally rely on Waterstone s staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published. And one wonders if PRH would have been confident enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it weren’t quite such a big company (it was formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013) and likely to get bigger.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact,choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publisher s.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. the author mentions two books in the paragraph 1 to present ____答案： A. an ongoing conflict32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?答案： C. to respond to PRH's business move33. What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?答案： A. their customers remain royal34. What can be one consequence of the current dispute?答案： A Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie`s view?答案： D The merger of publishers is a worrying trendText 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000journals.The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the ’s impact factor) and t itlethe number of citations a specific paper accumulates.The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.In recent years,there have been several episodes of scientific fraud,including completely made-up data, massaged or doctored figures, multiple publications of the same data,theft of complete articles,plagiarism of text,and self-plagiarism.And some scientists have come up with another way to artificially boost the number of citations to their work.Citation cartels,where journals,authors,and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.Recently,I cameacross yet another expression of this predatory behavior: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles and the articles of colleagues. Some of these consultancies are also active in organizing conferences and can advise that citations be added to conference proceedings. In this manner, a single editor can drive hundreds of citations in the direction of his own articles or those of colleagues that may be in his circle.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual —acting as author, editor, and —was able to use at least 15consultant36 According paragraph1, the careers of scientists can be determined by________答案： B how many times their papers are cited37 The support service consultancies tend to _________.答案： C ask authors to include extra citation38 the function of the milk cow to journals is to ________.答案： A boost citation counts for certain authors39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraph?答案： [B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citation40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulation?答案： [D]Reveal their misconduct三、新题型考察了排序题， 出题形式与往年略有差异， 给出了三个既定选项位置， 并给出了 8 个选 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, which includes a high number of the new “international ” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.项，首段空缺，虽然出题形式略有差异但解题思路和难度并无差异，只要能看出指代即可轻松判断出首段，整体难度中等。

Step 1What Every Driver Must Know will help you prepare for the written knowledge test you'll be required to take at a Secretary of State office. Pay special attention to chapters 1 and 6-10.The Driving Skills Test Study Guide provides you with all the information you'll need to schedule and pass a driving skills test.Copies of these booklets are also available at any Secretary of State branch office. Use the Branch Office Locator to find a branch office near you.Only U.S. citizens and residents with temporary or permanent legal presence may apply for a Michigan driver's license.Step2You'll need to present documentation of a valid Social Security number or letter of ineligibility, U.S. citizenship or legal presence if not a U.S. citizen, identity and Michigan residency.If you have lost your Social Security card and need a replacement, visit your local Social Security office to apply for one.Step 3You must pass the vision, road signs and written knowledge tests and pay $25 before a Temporary Instruction Permit, or TIP, can be issued. A TIP allows you to practice driving with a licensed adult or a certified driver education instructor.Step 4Practice the basic control and on-the-road driving skills described in the Driving Skills Test Study Guide. A licensed adult must be with you at all times. You must practice for at least 30 days before taking your driving skills test. If you have a valid foreign driver's license, a license from another state or were previously licensed in Michigan, the 30-day practice period may be waived. Although driver education is not required for anyone over 18, it is highly recommended. You will find driver education providers in the phone book's yellow pages under 'driving instruction.' Costs and hours will vary. Not all providers offer driver education for adults, so make sure to ask.Step 5Driving skills testing is provided by third-party testing organizations across the state. Testing sites are also listed in the phone book. Cost and hours will vary. Step 6Congratulations! You have successfully met all the requirements for obtaining a Michigan driver's license. The last step is to visit a Secretary of State office and bring your skills test certificate, TIP and appropriate identification documents, such as your certified birth certificate. If this is your first license, you will be on probation for three years. Some medical conditions could mean restrictions on your license.Step 1: Step 3: Step 5:。

2022-2023高三上英语期末模拟试卷请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．A heavy sandstorm is going to envelop our city. It is unwise to have yourcar .A．wash B．washedC．washing D．to wash2．— I got that job I wanted at the public library.—___________! That’s good news.A．Go ahead B．Cheers C．Congratulations D．Come on3．—Penny’s baby daughter narrowly escaped drinking the furniture polish on the coffee table.—Luckily for her. She ________ sick or even died.A．could have got B．should have gotC．must have got D．will have got4．The Japanese people keep up cheerful spirits ________ the world that they can get over the crisis caused by the terrible tsunami（海啸）.A．being convinced B．convinced C．to convince D．having convinced5．____ interested in English may join this club.A．Whoever B．All who C．Anyone D．Who 6．Obviously,a good habit help us to speed up to reach our destinations. A．need B．must C．can D．shall7．—Uncle Wang is in hospital.—Oh, really? I ____________. I _____________ go and visit her.A．didn’t know; am going to B．hadn’t known; wouldC．haven’t known; will D．didn’t know; will8．Much to their delight, their new project _____ at the conference, the excited scholars decided to have a barbecue in honour of the fantastic moment.A．to approve B．being approvedC．having approved D．having been approved9．— I am worn out. —Me too, all work and no play. So it’s ti me to ________. A．burn the midnight oil B．push the limitsC．go with the flow D．call it a day10．_____ how to get along with others is very important in success.A．Know B．Known C．Having known D．Knowing11．— You've got your flat furnished, haven't you?— Y es, I ______ some used furniture and it was a real bargain.A．will buy B．have boughtC．had bought D．bought12．Because of the heavy snow, we had to delay the visit until this weekend to the artgallery ____ in the center of our city these days.A．being held B．holding C．to be held D．held13．“It might have saved me a lot of money”, Mr. Chen sighed, “________ timely from the stock market this July”.A．did I withdraw B．should I withdrawC．have I withdrawn D．had I withdrawn14．The shocking news made me realize ______ terrible problems we would face.A. that B．how C．what D．why15．—I’d rather have some wine, if you don’t mind.—______. Don’ t forget that you’ll drive.A．By all means B．Anything but thatC．Take it easy D．I wouldn’t say no to this16．— I wonder what chance there is of me passing by the old places without thinking of you.— ______. Time cures all wounds.A．My pleasure B．Don’t mention it C．I can’t agree more D．Never mind 17．Mr. Zhang gave all textbooks to all the pupils, except ____________ who had already taken them.A．these B．onesC．those D．the others18．—The lecture about 3D technology was very interesting.—It’s a pity. How I wish I ________ time to attend it.A．had B．have C．had had D．have had19．Throughout history, China never colonized any nation. _________ this peaceful tradition, it is committed to building a community with a shared future for mankind. A．In line with B．In regard toC．In harmony with D．In addition to20．The case shocked the public, a hot debate over human nature on theIntemet.A．causes B．caused C．causing D．to cause第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Corresponding author: Rahmi Akçelik Director, Akcelik & Associates Pty Ltd,P O Box 1075 G, Greythorn Victoria, Australia 3104 Tel: +61 3 9857 9351, Fax: + 61 3 9857 5397 rahmi@.au23rd Conference of Australian Institutes of Transport Research (CAITR 2001), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 10-12 December 2001Revised: 11 July 2002Acceleration and deceleration modelsRahmi Akçelik and Mark BesleyAkcelik & Associates Pty Ltd1 INTRODUCTIONModelling of acceleration and deceleration distances and times associated with speed change cycles (stop - start and slow down - speed up manoeuvres) under normal driving conditions is essential for the analysis of operating cost, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, as well as for determining geometric, stopped and queuing components of overall delay (Akcelik and Associates 2002). Similarly, modelling of acceleration and deceleration characteristics of individual vehicles is a key issue in relation to the accuracy of microsimulation models (Akçelik and Besley 2002).A polynomial model of acceleration and deceleration profiles was derived for estimating instantaneous acceleration and deceleration rates, and the model was calibrated using extensive real-life driving data representing general driving conditions, i.e. involving a wide range of speeds change cycles on different road types (Akçelik and Biggs 1987). The model parameters were adjusted for use in intersection analysis on the basis of acceleration and deceleration rates reported in the literature in order to obtain more realistic values representing stop-start conditions at intersections. Further adjustments have been made to model parameters recently for use in aaSIDRA version 2 making use of acceleration time and distance information derived from queue discharge characteristics at signalised intersections (Akcelik and Associates 2002).This paper describes the acceleration and deceleration models, and emphasises the research needs for better model calibration considering different vehicle types (cars, buses, trucks), specific traffic facilities (roundabouts, signalised and sign-controlled intersections, signalised and unsignalised pedestrian crossings, freeways), different traffic demand levels (light, medium, heavy), road types (urban, rural roads, city centre, suburban), and a wide range of initial and final speeds.Figure 1 shows an example of time-distance and speed-time diagrams representing the acceleration and deceleration manoeuvres of a vehicle stopping and starting at traffic signals.2Akçelik and Besleywww.aatraffic .comSpeedFigure 1 - Time-distance and speed-time diagrams showing the acceleration and decelerationmanoeuvres of a vehicle stopping and starting at traffic signalsAcceleration and deceleration models3www.aatraffic.com2 ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION MODELSAcceleration and deceleration distances and times, together with the initial and final speeds during acceleration and deceleration manoeuvres, are the key information for modelling acceleration and deceleration of vehicles. The expressions used in aaSIDRA 2 for estimating acceleration and deceleration distances, times and rates are given below. Default values of model parameters (p 1 to p 7) are given in the aaSIDRA User Guide (Akcelik and Associates 2002).Acceleration and deceleration distances, times and rates for various initial and final speeds for light vehicles are shown in Figures 2 to 4. Acceleration distanceL a m a (v i + v f ) t a / 3.6( 1 )whereL a = acceleration distance (m),v i = initial speed in acceleration (km/h), v f = final speed in acceleration (km/h), t a = acceleration time (seconds), and m a = a model parameter given by:m a = p 1 + p 2 v f - p 3 v i p7 ( 2 ) subject to m amin ≤ m a ≤ m amax m amin = [v i + ρamin (v f - v i )] / (v i + v f ) ( 2a ) m amax = [v i + ρamax (v f - v i )] / (v i + v f ) ( 2b ) ρa = (v a - v i ) / (v f - v i ) ( 3 ) subject to ρamin ≤ ρa ≤ ρamax ρamin = 0.400 ( 3a )ρamax = 0.700( 3b )wherev a = average speed during acceleration (km/h) given by:v a= 3.6 L a / t a( 3c )Deceleration distanceL d = m d (v i + v f ) t d / 3.6( 4 )L d = deceleration distance (m),v i = initial speed in deceleration (km/h), v f = final speed in deceleration (km/h), t d = deceleration time (seconds), and m d = a model parameter given by:m d = p 1 + p 2 v i - p 3 v f p7 ( 5 ) subject to m dmin ≤ m d ≤ m dmax m dmin = [v f + ρdmin (v i - v f )] / (v i + v f ) ( 5a )m dmax = [v f + ρdmax (v i - v f )] / (v i + v f )( 5b )4Akçelik and Besleywww.aatraffic .comρd = (v d - v f ) / (v i - v f ) ( 6 ) subject to ρdmin ≤ ρd ≤ ρdmax ρdmin = 0.400 ( 6a )ρdmax = 0.700( 6b )wherev d = average speed during deceleration (km/h) given by:v d = 3.6 L d / t d ( 3c )Figure 2 - Acceleration and deceleration distances for various initial andfinal speeds (v i ,v f ) for light vehiclesFigure 3 - Acceleration and deceleration times for various initial andfinal speeds (v i ,v f ) for light vehiclesAcceleration and deceleration models5www.aatraffic.comFigure 4 - Average acceleration and deceleration rates for various initial andfinal speeds (v i ,v f ) for light vehiclesAcceleration time and ratet a = (v f - v i ) / a aawhere v f > v i and a ad < 0( 7 )wheret a , v f , v i = as in Equation (1), anda aa = average acceleration rate (m/s 2) calculated as follows:a aa = f aLV [p 1 + p 2 (v f - v i )0.5- p 3 v i ] / 3.6 ( 8 ) for light vehiclesa aa = f aHV [p 1 + p 2 PWR (v f - v i )0.5( 9 )+ PWR 0.5 (p 4 - p 3 v i ) - (p 5 v f 0.5+ p 6 Gr)/ PWR] / 3.6for heavy vehicleswheref aLV = adjustment factor for light vehicle acceleration rates f aHV = adjustment factor for heavy vehicle acceleration rates, Gr = approach grade (per cent)PWR = power to weight ratio calculated from:PWR = 1000 P max / M HV ( 9a )whereP max = maximum rated engine power,M HV = heavy vehicle mass in kg.Default heavy vehicle parameters (representing 5 heavy vehicle classes as used in aaSIDRA 2) are M HV = 11000 kg, P max = 130, PWR = 11.8.6Akçelik and Besleywww.aatraffic .comDeceleration time and ratet d = (v f - v i ) / a ad where v f < v i and a ad < 0 ( 10 )wheret d , v f , v i = as in Equation (4), anda ad = average deceleration rate (m/s 2) calculated as follows:a ad = - f dLV [p 1 + p 2 (v i - v f )0.5- p 3 v f ] / 3.6 ( 11 ) for light vehiclesa ad = -f dHV [p 1 + p 2 PWR (v i - v f )0.5- p 3 v f ( 12 )- p 4M HV 0.5+ p 5 v i + p 6 Gr] / 3.6for heavy vehicleswheref dLV = adjustment factor for light vehicle deceleration rates f dHV = adjustment factor for heavy vehicle deceleration rates, M HV = heavy vehicle mass in kg, and Gr = approach grade (per cent).Acceleration and deceleration profilesThe polynomial model of acceleration and deceleration profiles described by Akçelik and Biggs (1987) can be expressed as follows:a (t) = r a m θ (1 - θm )2( 13 )v (t) = v i + 3.6 r a m t a/d θ2[0.5 - 2 θm/ (m+2) + θ2m/ (2m+2)]subject to m > 0L (t) = v i t / 3.6 + r a m t 2a/d θ3[1/6 - 2 θm/ ((m+2) (m+3))+ θ2m/ ((2m+2) (2m+3))]wherea (t) = acceleration or deceleration rate at time t (m/s 2) (a > 0 for acceleration, a < 0 fordeceleration)v (t) = speed at time t (km/h) L (t) = distance at time t (m)a m = maximum acceleration or deceleration rate (m/s 2) (a ma > 0 for acceleration, a md < 0 fordeceleration) θ = time ratio (θ = t / t a/d , i.e. θ = t / t a or θ = t / t d ) t = time since the start of acceleration (seconds)t a/d = acceleration or deceleration time (t a or t d ) (seconds) v i = initial speed (km/h)m = model calibration parameter, and r=model parameter given by:r = [(1+2 m)2+1/m] / 4 m 2( 13a )The maximum acceleration rate (a m ) and the time when it is reached (θm ) can be determined from:a m = a a / (r q)( 14 )Acceleration and deceleration models 7www.aatraffic.com θm = (1 + 2 m)-1/m( 14a )where a a is the average acceleration rate (m/s2) calculated from Equation (8) or (9) for acceleration or Equation (11) or (12) for deceleration, parameter r is calculated from Equation (13a) and parameter q is calculated from:q = m2 / [(2 m + 2) (m + 2)] ( 14b ) The model is calibrated by determining parameter m using known acceleration distance and time, and initial and final speed values.Recent calibration of the aaSIDRA 2 acceleration models made use of acceleration time and distance information derived from queue discharge characteristics at signalised intersections (Akçelik and Besley 2002).Figures 5 and 6 show the acceleration rate, speed and distance profiles based on the polynomial model for the cases of a light vehicle (i) accelerating from zero initial speed, v i = 0, to a final speed of v f = 60 km/h (acceleration distance, L a = 106.4 m, average acceleration rate, a aa = 1.53 m/s2, maximum acceleration rate, a ma = 2.69 m/s2, acceleration time, t a = 10.9 s, with parameters m a = ρa = 0.587 and v a = 35.2 km/h), and (ii) decelerating from an initial speed of v i = 60 km/h to zero final speed, v f = 0 (deceleration distance, L d = 88.5 m, average deceleration rate, a ad = -1.78 m/s2, maximum deceleration rate, a md = -3.09 m/s2, deceleration time, t d = 9.4 s, with parameters m d = ρd = 0.566 and v d = 34.0 km/h).8Akçelik and Besleywww.aatraffic .comFigure 5 - Polynomial model: Acceleration, speed and distance profiles for a vehicle ACCELERATING from zero initial speed to a final speedof 60 km/hFigure 6 - Polynomial model: Acceleration, speed and distance profiles for a vehicle DECELERATING from an initial speed of 60 km/h to zerofinal speedAcceleration and deceleration models9www.aatraffic.com3 CONCLUSIONFurther research is recommended towards improved calibration of acceleration and deceleration models described in this paper considering:(i) specific traffic facilities (roundabouts, signalised and sign-controlled intersections,signalised and unsignalised pedestrian crossings, freeways), (ii) different vehicle types (cars, buses, trucks),(iii) different traffic demand levels (light, medium, heavy), and (iv) different road types (urban, rural roads, city centre, suburban).Such research would result in acceleration and deceleration models that are more representative of acceleration and deceleration capabilities of the current vehicle fleet, and would reflect driver behaviour in current traffic conditions.This would benefit both analytical and microsimulation models towards achieving better estimates of geometric delay, operating cost, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.DISCLAIMERThe readers should apply their own judgement and skills when using the information contained in this paper. Although the authors have made every effort to ensure that the information in this report is correct at the time of publication, Akcelik & Associates Pty Ltd excludes all liability for loss arising from the contents of the paper or from its use. Akcelik and Associates does not endorse products or manufacturers. Any trade or manufacturers' names appear in this paper only because they are considered essential for the purposes of this document.REFERENCESAKCELIK & ASSOCIATES (2002). aaSIDRA User Guide . Akcelik and Associates Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia.AKÇELIK, R. and BESLEY, M. (2001). Microsimulation and analytical methods for modelling urban traffic. Paper presented at the Conference on Advance Modeling Techniques and Quality of Service in Highway Capacity Analysis , Truckee, California, USA, July 2001. [Available from .au/downloads.htm]AKÇELIK, R. and BIGGS, D.C. (1987). Acceleration profile models for vehicles in road traffic. Transportation Science , 21 (1), pp. 36-54.。

美国：加利福尼亚州新法规允许全自动驾驶汽车公路测试
佚名
【期刊名称】《西部交通科技》
【年(卷),期】2016(0)9
【摘要】美国加利福尼亚州州长杰里·布朗日前签署一项新法案，首次允许在公共道路上测试没有司机干预的全自动驾驶汽车。

比现行加利福尼亚州法律要求测试自动驾驶汽车时必须有司机“坐镇”更进了一步。

加利福尼亚州是美国最早通过法规允许在公路上测试自动驾驶汽车的州之一，但是此前法规要求车上必须有司机监控，随时准备处理紧急情况。

【总页数】1页(PI0004-I0004)
【关键词】自动驾驶汽车;加利福尼亚州;公路测试;法规;美国;法律要求;紧急情况;司机
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】U412.366
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

自驾游发展外文文献翻译字数3000多字This article discusses the rise。

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The potential benefits of self-driving travel include increased safety。

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there are also concerns about the XXX。

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3KINGS法拉利的黄金时代ADAM TOWLER作者：来源：《汽车与运动》2020年第03期法拉利发动机形式V8，自然进气发动机排量3586mL最大动力/转速 313kW/8500rpm 最大输出扭矩 373Nm/4750rpm传动系统6前速序列式变速器，后轮驱动质量1280kg功率-质量比245kW/t0-100km/h加速时间4.1s极速300km/h销售年份2003年-2005年新车售价13.3万英镑（118万元）二手车售价14萬-24万英镑（125-214万元）360 Challenge Stradale360 Challenge St radale的名字里面带有一个Challenge，不明觉厉的同时也让人联想起当年Targa Florio耐力赛场上那些风驰电掣的法拉利赛车：破损的车身完全不是降低速度的理由，一闪而过时只让人记住了风挡上沿贴着的石油赞助商贴纸，黄色的大灯罩上满是各种昆虫的尸体。

2003年推出的360 Challenge Stradale（360 CS）便是法拉利第一台向赛车精神致敬的公路超级跑车，而它几乎是一台360 Challenge赛车针对公路法规简单改造的产物。

无论是那台最大功率31 3kW的V8自然进气发动机还是彼时尚属新鲜玩意的单离合序列式半自动变速器，均直接来源于赛场。

15年间法拉利又推出了两代同类车型430 Scuderia和458Speciale。

打开360 CS那轻盈的车门，相比一旁的430 Scuderia和458 Speciale，360 CS紧凑得不像是同一级别的跑车。

值得一提的是360 CS是最后一台采用那台“上古”时代V8发动机的法拉利跑车，没错，就是Enzo为钟爱的小儿子打造的Dino V8使用的发动机。

这台代号为F131、3.6升排量、5气门/缸、高转速发动机的最大输出功率达到了313kW，红线转速也毫不含蓄：8500RP。

车门如此轻盈的原因很好理解，因为它真的只是一块铝皮和一块碳纤维内衬板而已。

安徽省名校联盟2024年高考最终一卷试题英语试题第一卷第一局部听力〔共两节，总分值30分〕第一节〔共5小题，每题分，总分值分〕听下面5段对话．每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的三个选项中选出最正确选项，并标在试卷的相应位置．听完每段时话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题．每段对话仅读一遍。

1. When will the speakers leave for the station?A. At 6 a.m． B .At 6:20 a.m C. At 6:40 a.m．2. Why didn’t Jason play football yesterday?A. Because his ankle was injured.B. Because he dated with a doctor.C. Because he was tired of it.3. What is the trouble with the woman?A. She forgot to take a camera.B She forgot to power her camera.C. Her smart phone stopped.d. Where does the conversation rake place?A. In a grocery. B In a library. C In a hotel.5．What is Lynn?A．A student. B. A salesman C．A teacher.其次节〔共15小题：每题分，总分值分J听下面5段对话或被白．每段时话或读白后有几个小题，从题中所给的三个近项中选出最正确选项，并标在试卷的相应位置．听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间．每段对话或独白读两遍．听第6段材料，答复第6，7题．6. When did the man set off for Mexico?A On Monday.B On Tuesday.C On Friday.7. What happened to Celia?A. She got relaxed completely.R She loved the food in Mexico.C. Hotel food made her terrible.听第7段材料，答复第题．8. Why is Dorothy so concerned?A Because she has been lazy.B. Because the mid-term exam is comingC. Because she is afraid of being scolded.9. What is Dorothy more worried?A. English.B. Physics.C. Maths.听第8段材料，答复第10至12题．I0. What is the trouble with Josie?A. She is eager to get homeB He cell phone needs charging.C She failed to contact Kelly by phone.11. How does Josie feel before telling Kelly the truth?A. Excited. B Doubtful. C Tough.L2. What's the relationship between the speakers?A. Husband and Wife.B. Teacher and studentC .Bass and secretary.听第9段材料,答复第13至16题．13. When will the man stay in the hotel?A. Next Monday.B. Next Tuesday.C. Next Friday.14. Why does the woman advise the man to book soon?A. Because she LS too busy.B Because there' re only few rooms left.C Because more tourists are coming.15. What is the disadvantage in the hotel?A. Paying by cashB. Having no Internet in the rooms. C Usage of credit cards.16. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a hotel . B In a grocery. C On the phone.听第10段材料.答复第17—20题.17. When did Ning Zerao won the gold of the men's 100 m freestyle?A. On Friday. B On Saturday. C On Sunday.18. What does the author think of Ning Zetao's victory?A. Amazing. B Great. C. Disappointing.19. Who won the gold in pool in Beijing?A. Zhang Lin B Sun Yang. C Ning Zetao.ZO. What did Ning Zetao do during the medal ceremony?A. Sang the national sorry. B Hugged his couch C Saluted the national flag.其次局部阅读理解〔共两节，总分值40分〕第一节(共15小题，每题2分，总分值30分)阅读以下短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A．B、C和D)中，选出最正确选项，井在答题卡上将该项涂黑．AYou’re invited to experience an amazing animal adventure at WILD LiFE Sydney Zoo. Enter Australian animals habitats and meet a number of the most Ioved and feared creatures that call Australiahome.Breakfast with the KoaIasEnjoy your breakfast with Koalas at Wild Life Sydney Zoo! The Tour includes entry to WildLife Sydney, a hot buffet breakfast on Koala Rooftop, a guided highlights tour, as well as thechance to take a photo with a koala.Bugs GardenGet close to all the crawlies you will ever experience! Check out them all out from bugs that live m the Ocean to the top of the mountains . Make sure you visit the Bugs Garden creaturefeature!Ticket InformationTwo Attraction Combo〔套经〕Pass Adult$ 50. 00Two Attraction Combo Pass Child(4 - 15)$ 35. 00Three Attraction Combo Pass Adult $ 70. 00Three Attraction Combo Pass Child(4 - 15)$ 40. 00Four Attraction Combo Pass Adult S 80. 00Sydney Experience Child S 70. 00OPENING TIME 9 a. m．CLOSING TIME 8 p. m．How to Get There5-10 minute walk from CBD down Market Street. Or a short walk from Town Hall or Wynyard stations. where visitors can hoard the train. Or get into a Ship at King Street. Wharf and head towards the Pyrmont Footbridge at Cockle Bay.Additional InformationAdult at Kids Price Terms& Conditions: Offer open 16 - 31st March 2024 . Cannot be usedtogether with any other offer. To pay offer, you must purchase a ticket name ending in "Adult at Kids Price〞.Single Admission Tickets will be valid 12 months from the date of purchase. Tickets will be delivered to your inbox within 60 min of purchase, Please print out all tickets and take along with you to the attraction.21. Where can a visitor have breakfast at Wild Life Sydney Zoo?A. At the entranceB. On Koala Rooftop.C Close to the Koalas D. In Bugs garden.22.If a couple with a bay aged 9 buy Two Attraction Combo Pass. they should pay ______________ .A. $ 95 R $155C $170 D. $20023. How can a person buy tickets if he wants to visit Sydney Zoo'/A. By faxB. By e-mail.C. By letterD. By expressBHomeless Arian Simone from Los Angeles, had hit rock bottom before meeting Ken Caner, whose life as an inspirational coach is described in film by Samuel L. JacksonAfter working on various PR projects for the movie. the 34-year-old became a celebrity pub-licist (宣扬人员) -promoting films like James Bond , meeting stars like Idris Elba and Whitney Houston organizing birthday parties for the likes of Chris Brown and Lil Wayne.Arian’s incredible rags-to-riches tale began in 20004. when she moved from her hometown of Detroit, Michigan, to Los Angeles for a job with Apple Bottom, but a month later the firm was sold and she was unemployed. The young woman was forced to sell her belongings for food andpetrol and slept in her car.But when the car broke down, she sought refuge in a homeless shelter. Unexpectedly, after seven months a friend referred her for PR and marketing work and within weeks she had various projects.After getting her foot in the door of the industry. she then started sleeping on an office floor-where Carter found her and helped her transform her life.She said: "I moved from my home to Los Angeles with a job, but after that finished I was left homeless. I applied for aver L50 jobs and was rejected every time. I was in shock, an food stamps and had to check into a shelter. That experience was cold. 13ut I learned to dance in the rain and got through it with faith and prayer.After working on Carter, Arian also promoted blockbusters such as Taker, Quantum of Solace 007 , Hancock and Seven Pounds.She added: "I definitely think every single piece in life plays a bigger part in the picture.24. Arian Simone once organized birthday parties for___________.A. Idris Elba B Whitney HoustonC. Lil WayneD. Samuel L Jackson25. Why did Arian sell her belongings?A. Because they were out of date.R Because she was too lazy.C Because she last her job.D. Because they were in high demands.26. What can be said about Arian according to Paragraph 6?A. She was regretful. B She was generous.C She was optimistic. D. She was content.27. What is the main purpose of writing the passage?A. Ta introduce a great womanB To show Arian's way to successC To say determination is important.D. To tell us Arian becomes popular worldwide.CA new study has found that relaxation techniques decrease the need for healthcare visits and interventions (介入) , which is a good reason to pull out the old yoga mat.Healthcare practitioners have known for a long time that using relaxation techniques can improve health. but it' a hard to give such treatments without scientific evidence. That ' s why researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital decided to run an analysis, in which they analyzed the records of 4.000 patients between 2024 and 2024 who followed their doctors’ recommendat ions for relaxation techniques,and compared them to 13.000 0 other patients who did not use those same techniques.Stress-related disorders are the third leading cause of healthcare spending in the United States, after heart disease and cancer. In 2024 , the treatment of stress-related disorders, such as headaches, back pain, and cost pain, cost Americans more than $80 billion.Over 90 percent of people suffering from stress or stress-related problems seek help through primary care and tend to be frequent healthcare users. These visits can consist of as much as 70 percent of physicians’ caseloads(工作量).Teaching patients how to use relaxation techniques is an excellent way to reduce physicians' caseloads, lessen the overall burden on the healthcare system, save money. and provide non-international solutions to physical problems that are safe effective.Our results indicate that mind body interventions can reduce individual disease burden as well as the utilization of healthcare resources and are well suited to the changing healthcare environment. Mind body interventions are inexpensive relative to the cost of an emergency room visit, a hospitalization, or even other alternative medicine treatments.Sounds like it’s time to remove dust from the old yoga mat or sign up for that class you’ve been meaning to take at the meditation center. You might as well start now, rather than waiting till your personal health reaches a crisis point.28. Why did researchers run an analysis of i000 patients?A To find out how relaxation techniques work our.B. To provide scientific evidence about relaxation techniques.C To encourage more people to make use o~ relaxation techniques.D. To know whether people believe relaxation techniques are efficient.29. What costs people the moat in the USA?A. Heart disease.B. Back pain.C Cancer. D. Headaches.30. What does the author think of relaxation techniques?A Simple B. Popular.C Beneficial D. Complex.31. What does the sixth paragraph mainly tell us?A The change of healthcare resources.B. The advantages of mind body interventions.C. The variety of mind body interventionsD. The comparison of mind body interventions and emergency.DYou know how much your telephone has changed over the past 10 years? Your car will change even more than that in the next 10 years.One of the big changes is that cars will drive themselves. Some day you may not need to drive a car. You will just tell the car where you want to go and it will drive itself."We definitely have the technology for it now,〞says Andrew Poliak of automotive technology supplier QNX. " We expect self-driving cars to be a mainstream(主流) thing between 2024.〞2025. nThe American company Google has been working on a self-driving automobile for years. These cars are already on the roads in the United States. mainly in California. Google cars are truly self-driving. These cars have no steering wheels or pedals.Last week, police ordered one or Google's cars to stop for driving too slowly on public road. The car was not disobeying any law, so no one was punished. But police did speak with the operators of the vehicle.According to Google, its self-driving cars have been driven nearly 2 million kilometers. That is equal to the distance the average person drivesrl1 90 years So far, no Google self-driving car has gotten a traffic ticket. Some of them have been in accidents when other cars hit them.Other companies are working on self-driving cars. Mercedes-Benz. Audi, BMW, Volvo and Toyota all have plans far such vehiclesA company BestMile called plans to operate self-driving buses in Switzerland next spring. The buses will hold up to nine people and will be tested for two years. Mercedes-Benz is develo-ping large self-driving trucks for long trips. These trucks use drivers to control them.A company called Royal will have self-driving trucks at construction sites in Florida by the end of this year. No drivers are needed in these vehicles32. What Andrew Poliak said suggests that____.A. he took pride in their technology oneself-driving carsB he is eager to sell their technology on sell-driving carsC. he LS optimistic about the development of self-driving carsD he feels certain that most people can own self-driving cars33. Why did the police order one of Google's cars to stop last week?A. Because its speed was too low.B Because it disobeyed local lawsC Because the operators behaved badly.D I Because there existed technology problems.34. What caused some of Google's self-driving cars to have accidents?A. Lack of experience C. High speedC Ocher cars’ faults D. Too much confidence.35.Which company will start the test of self-driving buses for Z years7A. Mercedes-Ben. B BestMileC. BMWD. Royal其次节〔共5小题：每小置2分，总分值10分】依据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白她的最正确选项。