自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)
1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence
词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系”
3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。
（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。
（5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。
—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语
—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表
4.What is vocabulary？
（1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合
（2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词
（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标准或者不同的目的进行分类。
By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。
By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
By origin:native words&borrowed words可以根据来源分为本地词和借词。
6. The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small
