【VIP专享】英语词汇学引论 术语翻译

二十个翻译术语解释1.归化：“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语语文化”【Lawrence V enuti】即在翻译中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来作品。

归化法要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。

归化的目的是力求译文通顺易懂，能为译语读者所接受。

2.异化：“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境”【Lawrence V enuti】异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。

“（翻译）必须有异国情调，就是所谓的洋气”【鲁迅】异化可以很好的保留或传递原文文化内涵，但对不熟悉源语的读者而言阅读有一定难度。

3.语际翻译：（interlingual translation）。

两种（或多种）语言在它们共同构成的跨语言语境中进行的意义交流。

语际翻译更关注如何在更为广阔的地平域和更广阔的（跨）文化天地中实现异质语言的相互对接和转换----以意义为标尺，以交流为目的的语符转换。

对地域性的倾向。

（简单来说，语际翻译就是不同语际之间的翻译活动）4.语内翻译：(intralingual translation)某一种语言内部为着某种目的进行的词句意义的转换。

语内翻译总是把经典的或非经典的历史文本当作转化的对象，并且以译者所在场的文化语境为标尺师徒把历史文本改造为现代文本。

对历史性的关注。

（简单来说就是同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译）5.连续传译：又称“交替传译”或“即席口译”，简称“连传”或“交传”，它是在发言人讲完部分内容或全部内容后，由译员进行翻译。

这种口译方式可以在很多场合下采用，如演讲、祝辞、授课、谈判、情况介绍会、会议发言、新闻发布会等。

一般认为，连续传译的正式职业化是在第一次世界大战后，1919年的“巴黎和会”上大批量地正式使用连续传译。

6.同声传译：（simultaneous interpretation）简称同传，又称同声翻译、同步口译。

Aaberrant 背离真理的，离经叛道的；越轨的；异常的；aberrant behavior 异常行为aberration 不合真情的，不合道德标准；像差；精神不健忘；abhorrent to reason 反理性的Abiding 房屋的，固定不变的，持久的abiogenesis (=abiogeny ) 自然发生；自然发生论，无生源说，偶发论abiogenetic 自然发生的；自然发生论的，无生源说的abiogeny 自然发生；自然发生论，偶发论abiotic 无生命的，非生物的abnorm 反常；变态abnormal 反常的；变态的abnormal reaction 异常反常abnormalism, abnormality 变态，变态性；反常的性质和状态；反常的事物abolish 取消，废除（某种制度和法律等）abolishable 可废弃的，可废除的abolition 废弃，取消；黑奴制度的废除aboriginal 最初的，元初的；原始的；原生的aboriginal language 土著语言aboriginal tribes 原始部落abreaction 发泄，宣泄，精神发泄疗法abrogate 废止；废除；扬弃absent-mindedness 心不在焉，神不守舍Absolute, the 绝对的存在；绝对者；（宇宙的）第一原因（first cause）;上帝（God） absolute accident 绝对附属性质，绝对附质absolute and relative truths 绝对真理和相对真理absolute a priori 绝对先天的absolute certitude 绝对必然性，绝对确实性absolute cognitive consciousness 绝对的认识意识；纯认知意识absolute completeness 绝对完备，绝对完备性absolute concept 绝对概念absolute consistency 相对相容性，绝对一致性，无矛盾性absolute definition 绝对定义absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我absolute existence 绝对存在，绝对实存absolute good 绝对善，纯粹善absolute idealism （黑格尔的）绝对唯心论，绝对观念论（旧译），绝对唯心主义absolute idealist 绝对唯心论才，绝对观念论者（旧译），绝对唯心主义者absolute ideas 绝对观念，（黑格尔的）绝对理念absolute mind 绝对精神absolute notion 绝对概念absolute pragmatism 绝对的实用主义absolute reality 绝对本体，绝对实在absolute spirit （黑格尔哲学）绝对精神absolute value 绝对价值absoluteness 绝对，绝对性absoluter Geist [德]绝对精神absolutism 绝对论；专制主义；绝对宿命论absolutist 绝对论者；专制主义者；绝对论的；专制主义的；绝对论者的；专制主义者的；绝对宿命论者，绝对宿命论的abstinence 节制，禁欲abstract 抽象的；理论上的；观念的；（艺术上）抽象派的；抽象；抽象概念，抽象名词 abstract being 抽象存在abstract category 抽象范畴abstract entity 抽象的存在；抽象实体abstract idea 抽象观念abstract ideal theory 抽象观念论abstract proposition 抽象命题abstract reasoning 抽象推理abstract representation 抽象描述，抽象表述abstract thinking 抽象思维abstract thought 抽象思维能力，抽象推理能力abstract unity with itself 抽象的自身统一或同一abstraction 抽象，抽象化，抽象作用absurd 荒谬的，荒诞的，不合理的absurdism 荒诞主义，荒唐性；人生无意义论absurdist 荒诞主义者，荒诞主义哲学的提倡者或信奉者；荒诞主义的，有关（或涉及）荒诞主义的；荒诞剧的absurdity 荒谬；荒谬的事物或性质abuses of language 语言滥用academic 学术的；学院的；学究式的；理论的Academic 柏拉图学派的，学院派哲学的；柏拉图学派的人，学院派哲学家Academician 英国皇家美术院会员；法国美术院会员；苏联科学院院士；学院派哲学家 academicism (=academism) 学院主义，学院哲学的教义，学院式风气；传统主义Academy ,the 柏拉图学园；柏拉图哲学（又称学院派哲学）Academy of Plato 柏拉图学园acatalepsy (古代怀疑论者所谓的)不可知论，不可知性，概然论acataleptic （涉及）不可知论的，（具有）不可知论性质的；不可知论音，概然论者 acceptance 接受；承认；认可accepted 常规的；（被）认可的；公认为真实的access 接近；途径，门路（指手段、方法等）accessible 可接近的；容易理解的，易受影响的accident 偶然性，意外事件accidental 偶然的，偶发的；不具有实质（或内在）性质的，非本质的；附带的；非本质特性，偶然属性accidental event 偶然事件，意外事件accidentalism 偶然论，偶生论；偶然结果；偶发事件accidentality 偶然性，偶有性accommodation 调节；顺应，迁就accountability 有责任，有义务；可解释性，可说明性accumulation 积累achievable 可达到的；可获得的acme, the 顶点，极度acme of perfection, the 十全十美，尽善尽美acon （地质）十亿年，十亿期acosmic 宇宙否定论的，无宇宙论的，否认现世世界是客观存在的acosmism 无宇宙论，无世界论acquaimtance 相识；（从经验中获得的）知识，习知acquired 获得的，习得的；已成习惯的，后天的acquired taste 后天嗜好acquisition 习得；获得；获得物active being 主动的存在active intellect 能动的知性activism 行动论；能动性；能动主义activist 能动论者；能动论者的，有关或涉及能动论者的；能动论的，有关或涉及能动论的 activity 活动，活动性actual value 内在价值actuality 现实性；现实adage 格言，谚语Adam （《圣经》）亚当；最初的人Adaptation 适应，顺应addition 加，加法adequate 充分的，合适的adjoint 伴随的；伴随adjudication 判决aesthetic(=esthetic) 美学；美学的，审美的；感性的aesthetic sense 美感，美意识aesthetic sentiment 美的情操aesthetician 美学家，审美学家，审美学者aestheticist 美学家；审美学家aesthetics 美学；（康德哲学）感性论aetiological 原因论的aetiology 原因论affection 情感，爱；影响，作用affiliation 亲密关系affinity 亲和力；姻亲关系；关系密切；构造（或结构）近似after-effect 后效应；副作用afterimage 残像，余像afterthought 回想；追悔age 年龄；时代；时期；年代agent 行动者；原因；动因；作用物agent intellect 起动因作用的理智agent of the world-spirit 世界精神的代理人aggregate 使聚集；聚合的；集合aggregation 聚集作用，集合体；（生态）集合生活aggressiveness 攻击性，侵略性agitation 不安，激动agnostic 不可知论的；不可知论者的；不可知论者agnostical realism 不可知论的实在论agnosticism 不可知论agnosticist 不可知论者alchemist 炼丹术士的，炼金术的aleatory 侥幸的，碰运气的alien 相异的，异己的alienate 疏远，异化alienated labor 异化劳动alienation 异化alienism 精神病学alienist 精神病学家alignment （政治上的）结盟；合作；（系统内的）调整allegiance 忠顺，忠诚；虔诚allegory 比喻；寓言，寓意Allfather 神，上帝all-nature 整个自然界allocution 训谕almightiness 全能，万能almighty 全能的，万能的Almighty God, the（=God Almighty=the Almighty） 全能之神，上帝 alternative 二者择一的；选代的；互斥性；选代alternative case 可供选择的情况，可供选择的事例altruism 利他主义（A.孔德用语）altruist 利他主义者，信奉利他主义的人altruistic 利他的，利他主义的amalgamation （社会、思想等）同化，融合amalgamation of thought and action 思想与行动的一致ambiguity 含糊，模棱两可的语意；双重意义（double meaning） ambiguous 有歧义的，语议含混的，模棱两可的ambit 界限；范围ambitendency 自我矛盾倾向ambition 野心；功名心；宏愿的目标ambivalence （对同一人、事、物的）矛盾心理；双重性amelioration改善，改良ament 低能者，智力欠缺的人；白痴Americanologist 美国问题专家amorphism 虚无主义；无定形现象，无定形amphibol（o）gy（o）gy 模棱两可的言词；意义含糊amphibolous 含糊的，模棱两可的anabolism 同化作用，同化，物质合成代谢Analects of Confucius 《伦语》analogic（al） 类推的，类比的；根据类似的analogous 类似的，相似的analysis and synthesis 分析与综合analytic and synthetic propositions 分析命题和综合命题analytic geometry 解析几何analytic judgment a priori 先天分析判断analytic Marxism 分析的马克思主义analytic Marxist 分析的马克思主义者analytic philosophy 分析哲学，哲学分析（philosophical analysis） analytic philosophy of language 语言分析哲学anarchism 无政府主义；无政府状态，无政府anarchistic（al） 无政府主义的，关于（或倾向于）无政府主义的 Anaximandrian 阿那克西曼德哲学的ancient Greek views of nature 古希腊的自然观ancient materialism 古代唯物主义ancient of Days, the 上帝，神ancient philosophy 古代哲学ancients, the 古代文明的人民（尤指古希腊罗马人）angelology 天使说animal soul 动物的灵魂animal spirits 生命精气；元气（liveli-ness）；元精anmal worship 动物崇拜animatism 物活论animatist 物活论者animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论animist 泛灵论者，万物有灵论者animistic materialism 泛灵论唯物主义animistic materialist 泛灵论唯物主义者annals 年鉴，编年史annihilation 灵魂与肉体的毁灭annotated 附注释的，有注释的annotation 注释Anointed, the 救世主，基督anomaly 不规则，反常现象，异常anomy（=anomie） （社会）反常状态，混乱；无法无天行为；无律anonymous 匿名的，无名的，假名的Anselm’s ontological argument of the existence of God 安塞姆关于上帝存在的本体论论证 antagonism 敌对，对立；对抗性，对抗作用antagonistic（al） 对抗性的，敌对的，不相容的anteriority 先前，原先anthem 赞美诗，赞歌anthology 选集anthropic 人类的，与人类有关的anthropism（=anthropocentrism） 人类中心主义，人类中心说，人类本位观anthropocentric 以人类为宇宙中心的；人类中心主义的；以人类标准观察和解释宇宙万物的 anthropologism 人本主义anthropologist 人类学家；人本主义者anthropology 人类学；文化人类学，哲学人类学anthropomorphic 神人同形或同性论的anthropomorphism 拟人说，神人同形或同性论；拟人化anthropomorphist 神人同形或同性论者anthropomorphous 有人形的，似人的anthropophuism 神人同形或同性论anticipation 预想；预期；期待antinomy 二律背反，（法律、原则、法则的）矛盾；悖论antinomy of liar 说谎者悖论antitheism 反有神论，无神论antitheist 反有神论者，无神论者antithesis 对立；对立面；反题antithetic（al）正相反的，对立的apathy 无动于衷，冷淡，情感淡漠apeman 猿人apex 顶点，顶峰aphorism 格言，警句Apocalypse, the 《圣经》中的《启示录》apodeictic （=apodictic） 表达必然真理的；必然的；可以明确表示或证明的；绝对肯定的apologetics （基督教的）辩证学，护教学，辩证论apologist 辩护士，辩护者，护教论者apology 辩护，辩解aporetic 怀疑的a posteriori [拉]后天的；归纳的；后天地，归纳地Apostle （基督教）十二使徒之一。

翻译学导论期末考试术语解释1. word-for-word/literal translation and sense-for-sense/free translation1)it refers to the replacement of each individual word of the ST with its closest grammaticalequivalent in target language.2) It swings towards yiyi. This method consisted of translating “sense-for-sense” creating fluenttarget texts which conveyed the meaning of the original without distorting the target language.2. metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation1)word by word and line by line? translation, which corresponds to literal translation.2) translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to belost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense?. This involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.3) …Forsaking? both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowley?s very free translation and ismore or less adaptation3. Formal equivalence and dynamic/functional equivalence1) Formal equivalence is keenly oriented towards the ST structure.2) Dynamic equivalence is based on …the principle of equivalent effect?, which means that …therelationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message?.4. Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation1)Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model.2)Communicative translation is freer, and gives priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated.5. documentary translation and instrumental translationDocumentary tran slation…serves as a document of a SC communication between the author and the ST recipient Instrumental translation…serves as an independent message-transmitting instrument in a new communicative action in the TC, and is intended to fulfill its communicative purpose without the recipient being conscious of reading or hearing a text which, in a different form, was used before in a different communicative situation?.6. translational action views translation as purpose driven, outcome-oriented human interaction, the aim is to provide a model and guidelines applicable to professional translation situations.7. skopos theorySkopos theory deals with a translational action which is ST-based, which has to be negotiated and performed, and which hasa purpose and a result.8. polysystem theoryThe polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, hierarchized conglomerate (or system) ofsystems which interact to bring about an ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole9. Norms：the translation of general values or ideas shared by a community –as to what is right or wrong, adequate or inadequate –into performance instructions (行动指令) appropriate for and applicable to particular situations.10. equivalence：in DTS，equivalence is functional-historical and related to the continuum of “acceptability” and “adequacy”.(这个好像是在这个DTS理论中的定义，其他定义没有啦) 11. foreignization and domesticationForeignization :is a mode of translation designed to retain and assert difference and diversity by sticking closely to the contours of the source text.Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.12. translation/translating（见第三大题的第二个）Translating is interpreting. More specifically, translating is the process in which the translator with his history fuses his horizon with that of the source text in an across-cultural historical context and forms a new horizon, and then he constructs a new text, namely, the target text, by using the newly acquired horizon in the target language soaked with the target culture13. Prescriptive Translation Studies and Descriptive Translation Studies1) A term used by Toury (1980,1985) to refer to approaches to translation which are normativein outlook, or in other words which impose criteriastipulating the way translation should be performed in a particular culture.2) It refers to approaches to translation which is to describe the phenomena of translating andtranslations as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience, and to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.。

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能poetic 诗学功能emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能），Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈），Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. V ocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性Free variation自由变体assimilation同化regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties ofhuman language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of timein history.3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In otherwords, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “correctand standard” behavior in using language.5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean thatthere is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists oftwo levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicateabout things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlyingsystem of rules in a language.10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker ina real communicational context.ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that havelittle meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.V owels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come veryclose together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstructionof the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concernedwith the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish twowords.20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappingarticulations are involved.plementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds never occur in thesame environment, they are in complementary distribution.24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do notcontrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes onephonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to anotherare called vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individualunit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, orapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none ofthem is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions orproperties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of alexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguisticelements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36.Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words andsentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upperterm in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词,and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。

Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微）差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic（产生）联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿（日耳曼）语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人，朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型（无任何删节的）词典Variety (语言的）变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。

语言学术语中英对照writing system书写系统 word order 词序 word segmentation分词 word set 词集word segmentation unit 分词单位/切词单位word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范voice recognition 声音辨识/语音识别 vowel 元音 vowel harmony 元音和谐verb 动词verb phrase 动词组/动词短语 verb recitative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想 oracle bone inscriptions甲骨文verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音Universal Grammar 普遍性语法transformation 变形[转换]Transformational Grammar 变形语法/转换语法nested structure 崁套结构text understanding 文本理解abbreviation 缩写/省略语text analyzing 文本分析 text coherence 文本一致性synonym同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律/句法规则 structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义 stem 词干 stop 爆破音social context 社会环境 simple word 单纯词situation 情境sememe 义素 phoneme 音素 punctuation 标点符号part of speech (POS) 词类 particle 语助词 phrase 词组/短语phonemic stratum 音素层 rhetorical structure 修辞结构 rhetoric 修辞学proper name 专有名词polysemy 多义性 postposition 方位词negative sentence 否定句 multilingual translation 多语翻译Morphology 构词学 Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法/蒙塔格语法mood 语气morpheme 词素 morphological affix 构词词缀modal 情态词 modal auxiliary 情态助动词 modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语 metaphor 隐喻M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构locution 惯用语 linguistic unit 语言单位 loan 外来语lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical category 词类LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置 language acquisition 语言习得intonation 语调interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）innateness position 语法天生假说 inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀 indirect object 间接宾语immediate constituent 直接成份 imperative 祈使句 homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词 homophony 同音异义free morpheme 自由语素 duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语义学} disambiguation 消除歧义/歧义消除discourse 篇章 complement 补语checked 受阻的antonym 反义词apposition 同位语 ambiguity 歧义ambiguity resolution 歧义消解 affirmative 肯定（的；式）对外汉语术语中英对照音节syllable 字母alphabet 语言中的歧异现象ambiguity 发音pronunciation 广东话Cantonese 辅音consonant 声调tone 韵律rhyme声调语言tone language 押韵（v）rhyme 节奏rhythm 语调intonation语音speech of sound 词汇lexicon 语法grammar 语素morpheme构词法word-building/-formation 形态变化morphological change 音位phoneme声带vocal cords 发音器官organs of speech 呼吸器官respiratory organs音标phonetic alphabet 汉语拼音Chinese Phonetic Alphabet 属性attribute 发音articulation 甲骨文oracle bone inscriptions 笔画stroke 名词noun部首character component 表意文字ideograph 象形文字pictograph实词notional word 动词verb 形容词adjective 副词adverb代词pronoun 虚词function word 连词conjunction 语气词mood word 介词preposition 叹词interjection 助词auxiliary word 情态动词modal verb 主语subject 宾语object 定语attribute 补语complement谓语predicate 表语predicative 状语adverbial 修饰语modifier同义词synonym 反义词antonym 词组word group 时态tense专有名词proper noun 专业术语register 语境context 词尾ending后缀suffix 前缀infix 本义original meaning 基本义basic meaning引申义extended meaning 成语set phrase / idiom 方言dialect句法学Synt。

绝对翻译。

Absolute Translation。

按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。

Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。

3滥译。

Abusive Translation。

路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。

4可接受性。

Accetability。

图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。

A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。

5准确。

Accuracy。

翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。

A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。

6改编Adaptation。

传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics，inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms。

Semantics:the study of word meaning。

Etymology：the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning。

Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography：the compiling of dictionaries。

Synchronic study：the study of a word or words at one particular point in time。

Diachronic study：an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time。

word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。

Terminology Translations英语词汇学术语翻译安徽/合肥/肥西路3号/安徽大学外语学院/朱跃 Aacronym 首字母拼音词acronymy 首字母拼音法addition 增词adjective compound 复合形容词affective meaning 感情意义affix 词缀affixation 词缀法Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语（族）aliens 非同化词alliteration 头韵（法）allomorph 词素（形位）变体ambiguity 歧义amelioration of meamng 词义的升华analogy 类推analytic language 分析性语言antithsis 对偶antonym 反义词antonymy 反义关系appreciative term 褒义词archaic word 古词archaism 古词语argot 隐语（黑话）Armenian 亚美尼亚语（族）Associated transfer 联想转移association 联想associative meanings 关联意义Bback－formation 逆生法back clipping 词尾截短Balto－Slavic 波罗斯拉夫语（族）bilinguall 双语的basic word stock 基本词汇blend 拼缀词blending 拼缀法borrowed word 借词bound form粘着形式bound morpheme 粘着语素（形位）bound root 粘着词根Ccasual style 随便文体catchPhrase 时髦语Celtic 凯尔特语（族）central meaning 中心意义Clipping 截短法collocability 搭配能力collocation 搭配collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquialism 口语词（口语体）complete synonym 完全同义词complex word 复杂词composition 复合法compound 复合词compounding 复合法concatenation 连锁型concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义connotation 内涵connotative meanins 内涵意义constituent 要素．成分consultative style 交谈体（咨询体）content word 实义词context 语境contradictory term矛盾反义词contrary terms 对立反义词conversion 转类法couplet 成对词Dde－adjective 由形容词转化的de－adjectival 由形容词转化的 degradation of meaning 词义的降格deletion 减词denizen 同化同denominal 由名词转化的denotation外延denotative meaning 外延意义derivation 派生法derivational affiX 派生词缀derivative 派生词derived meaning 派生意义derogatory sense 贬义desk dictionary 案头词典deverbal noun 由动词转化的名词deverbal suffix 加于动词的后缀diachronic approach 历时角度dialectal word 方言词discipline 学科dismembering 肢解distribution分布doublet 成对词duplication of synonyms 同义词并举Fformal 正式的free form 自由形式free morpheme 自由语素（形位）free root 自由词根frontclipping 首部截短front and back clipping 首尾部截短frozen style 拘谨体full conversion 完全转换functional shift 功能转换G generalisation of meaning 词义的扩大Germanic 日耳曼语族grammatical meaning 语法意义gradable adjective 等级形容词grammatical context 语法语境grammatical feature 语法特征graphology 书写法；图解法HHellenic 希腊语族heterogeneous 多质的highly－inflected 高度屈折化的homograph 同形异义词homonym 同形同音异义词homonymy 同形同音异义关系homphone 同音异义词hyperonym 上义（位）词hyponym 下义（位）词hyponymy 上下义（位）关系Iidiom 习语idiomatic expression 习惯表达idiomaticity 习语程度Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系Indo-Iranian 印伊语族inflection 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀intensity of meaning 意义强度initialism 首字母缩略词intermediate member 中间成分intimate style 亲昵语体Italic 意大利语族Jj uxtaposition of antonyms 反义词并置 L1exical context 词汇语境lexical item 词汇项目lexicography 词典学lexicology 词汇学lexis 词汇linguistic context 语言语境literary 书面的loan word 借词lexical meaning 词汇意义Mmarked term有标记项metaphor 暗喻metonymy 换喻monolingual 单语的morph 形素monomorphemic 单语素的monosemic 单义的morpheme 词素（形位）morphological structure 形态结构morphology 形态学motivation 理据motivated 有理据的Nnative word 本族语词neoclassical 新古典词的neologism 新词语notional word 实义词Oobjective meaning 客观意义obsolete 废弃词onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据Orthographic feature 拼写特征PPartial conversion 部分转化Pejoration 贬义化Perpect homonym 同形同音异义词phonetic feature 语音特征phono1ogical 音位学的phonology 音位学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase clipping 短语截短pocket dictionary 袖珍词典polysemic 多义的polysemous 多义的polysemant 多义词polysemantic 多义的polysemy 多义关系pormanteau word 拼级词positionshifting 移位prefix 前缀prefixation 前缀法primary meaning 原始意义productivity 多产性pun 双关语Rradiation 辐射range of meaning 词义范围reduplication 重叠referent 所指物reference 所指关系referential meaning 所指意义regional variety 地域变体register 语域reiteration（意义）重复。

英语词汇学重点名词解释Word a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a giving sound and meaning and syntactic function.Native w ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English language. In other words they have come to comfort to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Semantic-loans refers to words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed. Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meetthe new need.Mopheme the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Free mophemes are independent of other mophemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammarical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.Bound mophemes A mopheme that occurs with at least one other mopheme.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affix is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root.Affixation It is also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affix to stems.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Conversion the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Blending the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Clipping to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Initialisms are words pronunced letter by letter.Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the lieral sense and figurative sense of the word..Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the me aning of each morpheme in the word.Onomatopoeic motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word . I ts sound suggests its meaning.Grammarical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammarical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning the meaning giveb in the dictionary forms the core of word meaning.Connotation (Connotative meaning ) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative meaning the word meaning which is suggested by t he words before or after the word in discussion.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Radiation a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Polysemy words that have two or more than two sense.Homonymy words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or meaning.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and in spelling, but different in meaning.Synonym one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.Extension (Generalization) A process by which a word which originally had a specialized me aning has now become generalized.Narrowing (Specialication) It is also called specialication. It is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense..Amelioration ( Elevation ) is also called elevation, a term referring to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance..Transfer words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentenses in which a word appears.Extra-linguistic context is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, time, place, even the whole cultural background..Lexical context refers to the word occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Metonymy the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.Synecdoche is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.Idioms strictly speaking, idioms are expr essions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Idioms nominal in nature idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.Specialized dictionary is a dictionary concentrationg on a particular area of language or knowledge. Unabridged dictionary As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use ( actually no dictionariy can contain all the words in the language ).Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, th ey are called desk dictionaries.。

翻译专业术语大全本文为翻译专业术语大全，介绍翻译领域中常见的术语及其解释。

一、翻译1. Translation 翻译：将一种语言的文本用另一种语言表达的过程。

2. Translator/Interpreter 翻译员：从一种语言转换为另一种语言的专业人士。

3. Source Language（SL）源语言：被翻译文本的语言。

4. Target Language（TL）目标语言：翻译后的目标语言。

5. Bilingual 双语的：能听说读写两种语言的人。

6. Multilingual 多种语言的：能听说读写多种语言的人。

7. Translate 翻译：将源语言文本转换成目标语言文本。

8. Interpretation 口译：将源语言口述转换成目标语言口述。

9. Localization 本地化：将一个产品从一种语言转换成另一种语言，并符合该地区的文化、政治、习俗等环境。

二、文本类型1. Technical Text 技术文本：对某种科技、专业领域的知识、技能、思想等进行描述的文本。

2. Legal Text 法律文本：含法律内容的文本，如合同、法规等。

3. Medical Text 医学文本：含医学内容的文本，如医学论文、病历等。

4. Financial Text 金融文本：含金融内容的文本，如财经新闻、报告等。

5. Literary Text 文学文本：小说、诗歌等文学作品。

6. Commercial Text 商业文本：广告、宣传资料等商业性文本。

三、翻译术语1. Translation Theory 翻译理论：研究翻译规律、方法和技巧的学科。

2. Translation Studies 翻译研究：研究翻译现象、理论和实践问题的学科。

3. Translation Criticism 翻译批评：通过对原著和译文进行分析、比较和评价来评判翻译质量的学科。

4. Translation Equivalence 翻译等值性：翻译过程中，源语言和目标语言表达方式和意义上的相当性。

《英语词汇学》教材全解析导入0.1英语词典学的本质和范围词典学是语言学的分支。

追寻词语的源头和意义。

英语词典学针对英语词汇的语形结构和等义词进行探索和研究，还有他们的语义结构，关系，历史发展，形式和用法。

英语词典学是一门理论课程。

它主要研究词汇总体的词汇理论和具体的词汇理论。

然而，它同样是一门实践课程，我们将不可避免的接触丰富的词汇和短语，并且研究大量的用法实例。

自然，将会涉及大量的练习。

02.英语词典学是语言学的分支，但是它也包括其他的学科，例如形态学，语义学，词源学，文体论，词语编纂。

每种在自己的范围之内形成学科。

形态学是研究词语形式结构的语法分支，主要通过词素结构的使用。

这是词典学主要关心的问题，因为我们将讨论词语和词语形式的变声，检查词素是如何构成词汇，词汇是如何构成句子的。

词源学传统上是用来研究词语结构和意义的起源和历史。

现代英语是来源于早年的日尔曼语族的一些语言，词汇相当少。

我们将研究这小的词汇量是如何变得庞大，并且解释词汇形式和意义上已经发生的变化。

语义学是研究不同语言等级含义的学科：词汇，句法，发声，演讲等等。

但是词典学将集中在词汇等级上。

意义和语感关系的类型如意义分歧，同名歧义，同义重复，反义词组，上下位关系和语义场都属于语义研究的范围，构成词典学的重要组成部分。

文体论是对文体的研究。

他是关注在特定环境中表达特殊效果的语言要素的选择，存在于研究领域的是：词汇，音韵学，句法学，笔迹学，我们将集中在词汇，和词汇文体价值的探索上。

词典编纂和词典学承担相同的问题：形式，意义，词汇的起源和用法，但是他们有实用上的差别。

一个词典编纂者的任务是记录使用的语言以便去把词语的真实面貌展现给读者，提供权威参考；而词汇学研究者是要获得关于词汇的知识和信息以便去增长他们的词汇知识和语言使用的能力。

尽管英语词汇学覆盖宽泛的学术领域，我们的任务却是明确的和一致的。

那就是在不同的方面和不同的角度研究英语单词。

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能poetic 诗学功能emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能），Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈），Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. V ocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性Free variation自由变体assimilation同化regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties ofhuman language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of timein history.3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In otherwords, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “correctand standard” behavior in using language.5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean thatthere is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists oftwo levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicateabout things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlyingsystem of rules in a language.10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker ina real communicational context.ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that havelittle meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.V owels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come veryclose together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstructionof the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concernedwith the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish twowords.20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappingarticulations are involved.plementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds never occur in thesame environment, they are in complementary distribution.24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do notcontrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes onephonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to anotherare called vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individualunit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, orapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none ofthem is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions orproperties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of alexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguisticelements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36.Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words andsentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upperterm in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词,and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。

大三英语词汇学引论笔记英语词汇学引论笔记英语词汇学引论笔记之“名词解释篇”1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of “say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).英语词汇学引论笔记14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally definedas the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)--to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II.Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone--phone, professional--pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.*Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.*Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenation英语词汇学引论笔记Radiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

nepenthes 猪笼草 neper 奈培 nephalism 完全禁酒 nephalist 禁酒主义者 nephanalysis 云层分析 nepheline 霞⽯ nephelinite 霞岩 nephelitic 霞⽯的 nephelometer 浊度计 nephelometry 测量悬液 nephew 外甥 nephogram 云图 nephograph 云图拍摄机 nephology 云学 nephometer 云量仪 nephoscope 云观测器 nephralgia 肾痛 nephrectomize 进⾏肾切除⼿术 nephrectomy 肾切除术 nephric 肾的 nephridial 肾的 nephridium 肾 nephrite 软⽟ nephritic 肾脏的 nephritis 肾炎 nephrocardiac 肾脏和⼼脏的 nephrocele 肾突出 nephrogenous 肾内产⽣的 nephroid 肾形的 nephrolith 肾结⽯ nephrolithotomy 肾⽯切除术 nephrology 肾病学 nephron 肾单位 nephropathy 肾病 nephropexia 肾固定术 nephrosis 肾变病 nephrostome 肾孔 nephrotic 肾病的 nephrotomize 进⾏肾切开⼿术 nephrotomy 肾切开术 nephrotoxic 肾中毒的 nepotic 任⼈唯亲的 nepotism 偏袒 nepotist 任⼈唯亲的⼈ nepotistical 重⽤亲属的 Neptune 海王星 Neptunian 海神的 neptunium 镎 neral 橙花醛 nerd 书呆⼦ nereis 沙蚕属 Nereus 海神 neritic 浅海的 Nero 尼禄 neroli 橙花油 Neronian 暴虐的 nerval 神经的 nervate 有叶脉的 nervation 脉状 nerve cell 神经元 nerve center 神经元 nerve centre 神经中枢 nerve fiber 神经元 nerve fibre 神经纤维 nerve gas 神经毒⽓ nerve impulse 神经冲动 nerve oneself 振作 nerve 神经 nerve-racking 伤脑筋的 nerve-wracking 极端令⼈头疼的 nerved 有勇⽓的 nerveless ⽆⼒的 nervily 神经过敏地 nervine 神经的 nerviness 厚颜的 nerving 神经切除 nervosity 神经过敏 nervous breakdown 神经失常 nervous 神经紧张的 nervure 叶脉 nervy 有勇⽓的 nescience 不可知论 nescient ⽆知的 Ness Loch 洛克湖 ness 海⾓ nest egg 为养⽼ nest 嵌套 nested 嵌套的 nesting 嵌套 nestle 挨靠 nestling 婴⼉ Nestorian 基督教派的 net ball 落球 net Event 上事件 net return 纯收益 net Net-volution 互联⾰命 net.person 上⾓⾊ netball 球赛 netbios 络系统 Netcropper 牟利技术⼈员 netful 满 Nethead 有经验的Internet⽤户 nether 下⽅的 Netherlander 荷兰⼈ Netherlandish 荷兰的 Netherlands East Indies 荷兰东印度群岛 Netherlands 荷兰 nethermore 较低的 nethermost 最下⾯的 netherward 向下 Netiquette 络礼节 netlike 状的 netman 球选⼿ netnews 络新闻 netop 朋友 NetPC 络计算机 netsuke 悬锤 netted 状的 netting nettle rash 风疹 nettle 荨⿇ nettlefish 海蜇 nettlesome 烦⼈的 netty 状的 network card 卡 network connections 络连接 network distributed 络分布 network drive 络驱动器 network printer 络打印机 network readezvous point 络透明 network settings 络设定 network 络 networkware 络件 Neufchatel 法国⼲酪 neumatic 纽姆符号的 neumes 纽姆符号 neural 神经的 neuralgia 神经痛 neuralgic 神经痛的 neuralgiform 像神经痛的 neurasthenia 神经衰弱 neurasthenic 神经衰弱的 neurasthenically 神经衰弱地 neuration 脉序 neuraxitis 脑炎 neuraxon 轴突 neurectomy 神经切除 neuridine 精液素 neurilemma 神经鞘 neurilemmal 神经膜的 neurine 神经碱 neurite 神经突 neuritis 神经炎 neuroanatomical 神经解剖学的 neuroanatomy 神经解剖学 neuroblast 成神经细胞 neurocoele 神经管腔 neurocyte 神经细胞 neurodermatitis 神经性⽪炎 neurofibril 神经原纤维。

转] 专业中文词汇英语翻译1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）八卦 trigram阴、阳 yin, yang道 Dao（cf. logo）江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world）e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道 Daoism（Taoism）上火 excessive internal heat儒学 Confucianism红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded不搞一刀切no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge铁交椅 iron (lifet ime) post’s; guaranteed leading post脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）国庆节 National Day中秋节 Mid-Autumn Day/Festival春节 Spring Festival元宵节 Lantern Festival儿童节Children’s Day端午节 Dragon Boat Festival妇女节Women’s Day泼水节 Water-Splashing Day教师节Teachers’ Day五四青年节 Youth Day3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）馄饨 wonton锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)花卷 steamed twisted rolls套餐 set meal盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away米豆腐 rice tofu魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu米粉 rice noodles冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 火锅 chafing dish八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding粉丝 glass noodles豆腐脑 jellied bean curd4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）中国电信 China Telecom中国移动 China Mobile十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan中国电脑联网 Chinanet三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project希望工程 Project Hope京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程 Decent-Life Project安居工程 Economy Housing Project扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign西部大开发 Go-West Campaign5 、特有的一些汉语词汇禅宗 Zen Buddhism禅 dhyana; dhgaya混沌 chaos道 Daosim, the way and its power四谛 Four Noble Truth八正道 Eightfold Path无常 anity五行说 Theory of Five Elements无我 anatman坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation空 sunyata虚无 nothingness双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英) 小品 witty skits相声 cross-talk噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt夜猫子 night people; night-owls本命年 this animal year of sb.处世之道 philosophy of life姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）还愿 redeem a wish (vows)6 、具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国 Mainland China红宝书 little red book红色中国 socialist China四化 Four Modernizations终生职业 job-for-life铁饭碗 iron rice bowl大锅饭 communal pot关系户 closely-related units外出打工人员 migrant workers关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment7 、中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items）宣纸 rice paper衙门 yamen叩头 kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼 pailou；pai-loo武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫 kungfu ；kung fu中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）1.After you. 你先请!2.Don't take it to heart. 别往心里去，别因此而费神3.We'd better be off.我们该走了4.Let's face it.面对现实吧（当你不愿意躲避困难时，就用它吧）5.Let's get started.咱们开始干吧6.I'm really dead.我真的要累死了（有的时候当你的课业负担太重的时候，不妨对你的英语老师说吧）7.I've done my best.我已经尽力了8.Is that so?真是那样的吗？9.Don't play games with me.别跟我耍花招（某人说，这句话的意思难道不是“不要跟我一起玩游戏”吗？汗死！）10.I don't know for sure.我不确切知道（这比说“I don’t know的效果好很多呢）11.I'm not going to kid you.我不是跟你开玩笑的12.That's something.太好了，太棒了（嘿嘿，有没有觉得That’s good很土呢？）13.Do you really mean it.此话当真14.You are a great help.你帮了大忙了。