写作讲义

常用句型与短语1. It is very important that… extremely2. Teacher and students are~~ as well as3. One important point is being left out… vital / essential4. The advantages derived from A is more important than the disadvantages of B…carry more weight than5. The most important reason is fundamental6. A may be better than B be superior tomerits8. It may produce a great rise in9. There is every possibility thatclear. obvious / apparent22.A number of factors could lead to the failure… account for23.No amount of sacrifice can make up for…. compensate for24.The smallest improvement can bring about… slightest25.It is almost impossible that… inconceivable26.One of the burning questions our society face confrontare coming to realize…too hard may be harmful to students…. It goesThe question issue30. There is no effective approach to the problem of… but…might be usefulbeneficial31. The future is not quite encouraging prospect32. However right the arguments may be, sound33. He makes an excuse to avoid trouble… fabricates34. He had great success in achievements35. Let us pray for the sick, the old and the poor…needy36. She couldn’t stop laughing at. resist37. I am surprised at his statement that…. be amazed at38. The best treatment for grief is hard work… remedy39. He took a vow to give up alcohol abstain from58、危害harm----endanger/damage/threaten59、获得get -----obtain/acquire/derive from60、解决solve----settle/resolve/tackle61、问题/危机/灾难problem---difficulty/crisis/disaster62、著名的famous ----distinguished/prestigious63、充足的enough----sufficient/adequate/abundant64、出色的good/great-----remarkable/marvelous/impressive65、严重的bad -----serious/severe/grave66、快乐的happy-----delighted/in good mood/in high spirits67、很多的many----innumerable/countless/a large number of68、表明，揭示：Show ----indicate reveal reflect, demonstrate, imply, suggest, illustrate图表写作常用词汇：表格图table；图表chart, diagram, graph, column描述：show, describe, illustrate, reveal, represent, indicate, display数字figure; 数据statistic; 百分比percentage; 比例proportion一般have 10%; at 20%; over 40%在面积上in area最高peaks; reached a peak/high point最低bottomed out; reached the bottom变化increase; jump; rise; climb; decrease; fall; drop; decline; reduce; fluctuate; remain; steady; stable; stay; same程度sudden/suddenly; rapid/rapidly; dramatic/dramatically; significant/significantly; sharp/sharply; steep/steeply; gradua l/gradually; slow/slowly; slight/slightly; stable/stably; almost; nearly; approximately; exactly; precisely；increase by /decrease by (写出变化幅度)合计200美元add up to $200 总数达：add up to占世界总人数的20% make up 20% of从……增加到rose/grew/climbed from…to增加到grew up to增至最高峰：Rise to a high of减少到decrease to 跌至最低谷：drop to a low of相当于……的3倍three times as ….as大幅度增长increase sharply 飞速：rapidly；sharply；steeply高居榜首Top the list/head the chart饼状图/圆形图（pie chart）稳固下降steady decline由…组成：consist of/be made up of /be composed of占44%比例：account for /make up 44 percent位居第一：rank the first 仅次于is second to居第二位：in second spot 倒数第一is the last one第二大部份rank the second/the second largest section与..相比：compared with A与B成比例A be in proportion to B 差不多：About/around/roughly 多达as many as正好：Exactly/precisely 水平：level off柱状图（bar chart）递增：on the rise/increase 急剧上升: grow sharply;递减：on the decline/decrease曲线图（graph/chart/diagram）从图表上看：From these graphs得到结论：draw a conclusion十大功能段落1）话题引出段Nowadays, there is a growing concern over the issue of ……People in growing numbers are directing/paying their attention to ……With the development of ……, the problem of …has become increasingly serious. When it comes to ……, people’s notions may vary from one to another.Recently, a heated discussion has sprung up as to ……Traditional virtue/value has it that……, yet people are……currently.2）图画图表描述段As is vividly shown in the picture,……It is clearly depicted in the picture that……This picture depicts a thought-provoking scene of ……According to the figures given in the chart,…..The chart above provides a series of essential figures, illustrating the changes taking place in a time span of …years.3) 观点对比段Opposite voices are now rising in the debate. Some people firmly believe that……. On the contrary, quite a few people argue that……The controversial issue has aroused opposite opinions. One focuses on …….. ;the other opinion revolves around……4）利弊列举段Every coin has two sides, and this issue is no exception. Above all, …In addition…More importantly… However, the negative influence it renders should not be neglected. ..not only …but alsoIs this phenomenon a blessing or a curse.? The following list of advantages and disadvantages can explain everything.5）举例说明段For instance;Take…for an example;The following illustrations can serve as strong evidence of the phenomenon.6）原因列举段Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it.Having taken everything into consideration, we may attribute the sharp change to three aspects.7）意义阐释段The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to….The fact/phenomenon that…… indicates that … …Having scrutinized the details of the picture, we can discuss the implications subtly conveyed from it.8）归纳结论段In conclusion, In my opinion,As far as I am concerned,Taking into account all the analyses above, we may confidently come to the conclusion that……9）预测趋势段There is no denying that ……will continue increasi ng/decreasing in the better/worse direction.Undoubtedly, the tendency reflected from the chart will undergo a continuous increase/decrease in the near future.10）建议措施段Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some drastic measures.As far as I am concerned, two effective measures must be immediately taken to pull through the crisis.常用于开头的句式1．With the rapidly growing popularity of, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.例句：With the rapidly growing popularity of computers in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.2．Recently, sth. /the problem of…has been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern.例句：Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter. 3．With the development of…, more and more people come to realize that…例句：With the development of high education, more and more people come to realizethat knowledge plays a role of extreme importance in modern society.4．In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in…例句：In the past few years, there has been a decline in the number of species.5．It is a traditional practice to…in our society.例句：It is a traditional practice for young people to be financially dependent on their parents for anything like marriage and housing.6．It has long been considered only right and proper/perfectly justified to…例句：It has long been considered only right and proper for the old to assume full responsibility for the growth of young.7．No one would deny that/everyone would agree that/there is no doubt that…例句：Everyone would agree that, although our age entirely overshadows all previous ages in means of obtaining knowledge, reading still takes its leading role in all senses. 8．To sb’s mind/ in sb’s eyes, sth. seems/ means…例句：In the eyes of the public, official corruption means taking bribes. But such corruption comes in many different forms.9．Now it is widely belie ved that…例句：Now it is widely believed that examinations are the best possible measure for the selection of the qualified.10．The birth/ invention of…has made an enormous/ essential difference to… But is does not mean that…例句：The birth of the computer has made an essential difference to the human progress. But it does not mean that this wonder dose no threat to our society.11．Sth. has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.例句：The genetic engineering has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.12．What would our society be like if there were no…？例句：What would our society be like if there were no public morals?13．Should we put sth. above sth. else? /Should we attach as much weight to sth. as to. sth. else?例句：Should we put intellectual development above moral education?14．Sth. is just the same as…/is compared to…/is like…例句：Life in the middle of marriage if often compared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attract each other and in late years they need each other.15．In our life, there often appears such an occasion when…/on which…例句：In our daily life, there often appears such an occasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at the same time, begin to do great damage to other fields.16．One of the great men one said that…/There is an old saying that…例句：A gifted American psychologist once said that it is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—more comfort, more happiness.17．According to the recent survey/statistics, there is…percent of…例句：According to a recent survey made in a certain university, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3 percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition or having to miss classes because of illness each term.18．Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about…is under way in China. Some people believe that…, whereas others argue that…例句：Nowadays, a heated debate about whether one should step forward bravely in the event of crime is under way in China. Some people believe that one should step forward bravely no matter how dangerous it is, whereas others argue that one should put his or her own safety above anything else.19．When it comes to…, most people contend that…, but other people consider that…例句：When it comes to fake commodities, most people contend that people should battle against the falsehood of the fakes, but other people consider that buying fake commodities means nothing but “unlucky” which is hard to avoid.20．There are many advantages and disadvantages in…例句：There are many advantages and disadvantages in owning a car.常用于结尾的句式1．It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to…例句：It is hoped that we should pay more attention to the problems of unemployment. 2．Only in this way/only when/only through…, will/can we…例句：It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.3．As long a s…, we will be able to…/the problems is bound to…例句：As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses, all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life.4．In the course of time/In a long run/In the long term, sth. is more likely/bound/sure to…例句：In a long run, the practice of birth control is believed to do a great benefit to the future of China.5．In a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that…in time to come.例句：In a word, there is every chance that this wise move in economic construction will acquire a broader significance in time to come.6．Anything/anyone that/who…will have to…例句：Anyone who has a strong bias against China will have to threat her with increased respect.7．It is high time that…例句：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.8．We should do our best in eliminating…例句：We should do our best in eliminating air pollution.9．The problem is not…; the problem is…例句：The problem is not that we cannot do it; the problem is that we hate to do such nasty things.10．In order to…, we must…为了……我们必须例句：In order to make our world a better place in which to live, we must learn to live in harmony with all wildlife species.11．All the above evidence/expe rience/ facts goes to show that…例句：All the above evidence goes to show that the birth of computer has benefited our life greatly.12.No surprising/ It is apparent that the task of…demands/ requires/deserves immediate/serious/considerable attention/ consideration.例句：It is, therefore, apparent that the task of fighting against corruption requires considerable consideration now.13．We can come to the conclusion that…例句：We can come to the conclusion that living on campus is the best way of learning independence, and of understanding other people and society at large.14．We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future…例句：We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future, no child is forced out of school because of poverty.15．My suggestion is that…; otherwise…例句：My suggestion is that effective measures should be taken to check population growth; otherwise, the potential consequences are unimaginable.16．As for me, I have always been taking care to… So, I…例句：As for me, I have always been taking care to choose a goal and a right path before doing anything important. Then I will work hard and perseveringly. So, I have made some achievements and I will do better.17．So I believe a…tomorrow…will be achieved through efforts of every person.例句：So I believe a safe tomorrow of less car accidents will be achieved through efforts of every person.18．Therefore, we should not only…but…as well.例句：Therefore, we should not only realize that competition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to go hand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use of cooperation as well.19．In short, …are the major problems to be solved to…例句：In short, shortage of water, decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution are the major problems to be solved to increase grain production.20．Who is to say that…?例句：Who is to say that our scientists may not provide a better theory?常用图表作文的句式：1．According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that…例句：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in people’s diet over the period from 1988 to 1998.2．We can see/We have noted/It can be seen from the table/chart/graph that…例句：We have noted from the graph that there is a wide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of the world.3．The graph/table/chart shows/indicates/reveals/points out that…例句：The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China.4．As is shown/can be seen in the chart/graph/diagram released by the government…例句：As we can see in the diagram released by the government, the rapid growth of population has resulted in the extinction of many wildlife species.5．After considering the information in the graph/table/chart, we might concludethat…例句：After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years.6.The chart/graph/table shows a minimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/suddenincrease/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those of last year/10 years ago/last century…例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the number of wildlife species compared with that of last century.7．This year, the products of…dropped to half/was cut in half/doubled/tripled.例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled.8．The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to…例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in 1985 to 8245 in 1995.9．No increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of …例句：No increase is shown in 1988; then came a sharp increase of 8 million. 10．Sth. is twice/three/half as large/high/much as sth. else.例句：The production of cotton is twice as much as that of wheat.11．The table/chart/graph represents the development and changes in …例句：The table represents the development and changes in agriculture structure in the past 30 years.12．By comparison with… it dropped/decreased from…to…/ by…例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent.13．There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop.图表作文As is shown in the table (or in the picture), … dropped from … in 1994 to … in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, … has great increased (or decreased) in the past … years (or decades), reaching … in 1996. From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline (or rise) in … It is clear that …There are at least two good reasons for … On the one hand, … Let’s have an example to illustrate the great increase in … On the other hand, … is due to the fact that … In addition, … is responsible for … Maybe there are some other reasons to show … But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.议论文As is known to all, it is important to be/do…. I think there are at least two reasons for … For one thing, … For another, …… Let’s take … for example …. From what I have mentioned above we can see that without … we cannot … It is clear that, … plays an important part in …Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter. Some people think that … According to them, all of us should … Others argue that … In their opinion, nobody can … without … Compared with …, … has a lot of advantages over … There is no doubt that … As a consequence, …In short, I firmly support the view that … It is because … So my conc lusion is that …前5段是开头的模版后5段是结尾的模版中间2～3段没有模版2～3段：观点（1句话的理由）＋细节＋例子（3～5句）+总结（1句话）1.What are the main/critical/most important factors to consider when we try to find out/identify the best solution for/choice of......? The first impression for most of us would be ..., because it is obvious that ... No one could deny the ... of ..., but we have to admit .... when we ... If we believe..., we will realize that....Therefore, .... cannot be ignored and the new conclusion would be .... Examples are found in various fields, from ... to ..., and from ... to ...2.No one will doubt that people should ...., because .... Thus, many people tend to believe that ... But we will go too far to assume that ..., as there are other factors, such as..and .. , that we should also take into consideration. If we turn our sight to ...., we will have to agree that.. Among those stories that best exemplify the conclusions are... and .... 3.When the topic comes to ...., people normally champion the idea that... Their argument is based on the fact that.... I agree with..., because obviously it is ..... However, we come to realize that ... and ... are omitted in this wildly accepted idea if we try to put ... in a bigger picture. Therefore, it is more accurate to say that... The ... and .... are the evidence that illustrate the new theory.4.What is the ......? Some argue that it is ... that, while others believe that only ... could… The former draw the conclusion because they pay a close attention to...; the latter, however, put an emphasis on ... We find merits in both of these two seemingly different ideas. It is almost impossible to decide which one is better, if we forget to define.... The choice is very clear, however, when we concentrate on ... The stories of ... and ... enhance the argument, in the sense that....5.It is easy to jump to the conclusion that.... when we are talking about... The answer, unfortunately, is not that clear cut if we are not able to stick to a consistent standard. If we value ... more than..., we will have not doubt to choose...; and the final decision will be ... when the proponents focus on its ... The answer lies in the ... , and if we believe that... then we believe that... The anecdotes of ... , ..., and ... are solid evidence of this conclusion.结尾1.It is always challenging to decide which one is a better choice of ..... While the advantages of AAA, such as XXX and YYY, are so obvious, we should not forget that our priority is to ...... So the answer would be BBB, provided the focus is limited to ZZZ. [restate or paraphrase the main conclusion ]2.It might be controversial to say that AAA, because the merits of BBB could not be ignored when.... Admittedly, BBB is the prevailing idea among...... who..... But as much as we value BBB under the circumstances such as ...., we have to accept that BBB if.... Therefore, [restate or paraphrase the main conclusion ]3.The XXX is a legitimate concern. No one could deny that it is AAA......, and AAA is also...in .... But the focus of .... who.... is not on XXX, or even on YYY. The primary concern when those... who talking about is ZZZ, which obviously gives more credits to BBB. Although AAA is an alternative when...., BBB [restate or paraphrase the main conclusion ]4.The reason behind these ..... is that more and more people have realized that the critical impacts brought by AAA. Although it is also possible to understand why they sometimes chose BBB when..., AAA is always a safe approach. [restate or paraphrase the main conclusion ]5.Whether ...... is unclear, because..... We would prefer, however, that AAA.....if we put XXX on the top of our list of main determinants. In other words, we need to prioritize.... Should we recognize that the XXX is more powerful that YYY when...., the choice between AAA and BBB would not be tough at all. [restate or paraphrase the main conclusion ]。