实验语音学期末考 - 副本

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language design features:1.Arbitrariness 2.Duality3.Productivity4.Displacement5.Cultural transmissionLinguistics is the scientific study of language.The scope of linguistics:phonetics语音学the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified.(Phonetics studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. ) Phonology音系学the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning(It identifies the set of speech sounds for each language, how they are arranged to form meaningful units, and the function of each sound.)morphology 形态学:the study of the form of words(It identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and looks into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words)syntax 句法学the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences(It investigates the rules governing the combination of words into sentences and identifies the permissible sequences in a language and the relationships between elements in sentence structure.)semantics语义学:the study of meaning pragmatics 语用学:the study of meaning in context of use(It looks into the relation between linguistic expressions on the one hand and objects, persons and events to which the words refer on the other. It also studies the ways in which the meaning in a language is structured and distinguishes different types of meaning.)historical linguistics 历史语言学:the study of language change (It is concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.)Parole 言语---- the realization of langue in actual use. Competence 语言能力---- the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language二Phonetics：A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription Articulatory phonetics发音语音学----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”;Auditory phonetics声学语音学----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”;Acoustic phonetics听觉语音学---from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to anotherSpeech organs: three important areas：Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; The oral cavity ---- the mouth; Nasal cavity ---- the nose.Phonology音系学Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonology：Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answerquestions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.四Syntax句法学：a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Morphology形态学refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Derivational morphemes派生语素---- are affixes added to an existing form to create a word.Inflectional morphemes曲折语素---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaningMorphological rules：The rules that govern the formation of words。

【优质】语言学期末考试试卷1. 围绕SFL,TG Grammar, FSP, Saussure 四个知识点，结合课本367及368页相关问答题准备复习。

2．理解并一定识记以下相关概念和名词：categorization ，interpersonal function，duality，semantics，recursiveness，language linguistics，image schema，competence，allophone，inflection，syntax3. 会自己分析诸如课本368页22题，367页14题的题型。

4.其他参见老师最后一次课梳理的内容。

1.Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form (signifier) and an idea (signified), and it is the central fact of language. By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.2.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasized the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third, it looked on language as a tool performing anumber of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.3.What is the Prague School best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the noti on of “phoneme”as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinctive features, he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2) relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarised as: a) bilateral opposition; b) multilateral opposition; c) proportional opposition; d) isolated opposition; e) privative opposition; f) gradual opposition; g) equippolent opposition; h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition.4.What is the essence of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)? FSP is a theory that refers to a linguistic analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole. From a functional point of view, some Czechoslovak linguists believed that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer –it is their rallying point, the ground on which they meet. This is called the Theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the Rheme. It is believed that the movement from the Theme to theRheme reveals the movement of the mind itself. Language may use different syntactic structures, but the order of ideas remains basically the same. Based on these observations, they created the notion ofFunctional Sentence Perspective (FSP) to describe how information is distributed in sentences. FSP deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known (or given) information and new information in discourse. The known information refers to information that is not new to the reader or hearer, and the new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or hearer. 5. What is the tradition of the London School? The London School has a tradition of laying stress on the functions of language and attaching great importance tocontexts of situation and the system aspect of language. It is these features that have made this school of thought known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. It is an important and admirable part of the London School tradition to believe that different types of linguistic description may be appropriate for different purposes.6. What is the difference between Malinowski and Firth on context of situation? Malinowski distinguished three types of context of situation: situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity, narrative situations, and phatic situations. Firth defined the context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. Recognising that sentences can vary infinitely, Firth used the notion of “typical context of situation”, meaning that social situations determine the social roles participants are obliged to play; since the total number of typical contexts of situation they will encounter is finite, the total number of socialroles is also finite. He put forward the idea that in analysing a typical context of situation, one has to take into consideration both the situational context and the linguistic context of a text. 7. What is important about Firth’s prosodic analysis? Prosodic analysis, or prosodic phonology, is Firth’s second important contribution to linguistics. Since any human utterance is a continuous speech flow made up of at least one syllable, it cannot be cut into independent units. Phonological description only deals with paradigmatic relations, leaving syntagmatic relations out of consideration. Firth pointed out that in actual speech, it is not phonemes that make up the paradigmatic relations, but phonematic units. There are fewer features in phonematic units than in phonemes, because some features are common to phonemes of a syllable or a phrase (even a sentence). When these features are considered in syntagmatic relations, they are all called prosodic units, which include features such as stress, length, nasalisation, palatalisation, and aspiration. In any case, these features cannot be found in one phonematic unit alone.8.What is the relation between Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar?Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar are two inseparable components for an integral framework of Systemic-Functional linguistic theory. Systemic Grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. This network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which theyserve.Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind Functional Grammar is systemic..9What is special about Systemic-Functional linguistics?Systemic-Functional linguistics aims to provide taxonomy for sentences, a means of descriptively classifying particular sentences. Although it may not seem as influential as Chomsky’s transformational-generative theory in some parts of the world, it is much more relevant to the needs of various groups of people who deal with language. Halliday believesthat language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. Systemic-Functional linguistics is based on two facts: (1) language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realise different semantic functions in social interaction; and (2) language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomsky’s approach that takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic competence as the object of study.11.(1) she (Person: third person; Number: singular) (2) we (Person: first person; Number: plural) (3) always (Modality: frequency) (4) a perception process (Transitivity: mental process: internalized process) (5) an action process (Transitivity: material process)12.Analyze the following Relational-process sentences according to their mode and type. (1) Linguistics is a difficult course. (Type: intensive; Mode: attributive) (2) This laptop is Professor Huang’s. (Type: possessive; Mode: identifying)15.What are the special features of American structuralism? American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics thatdeveloped in a very different style from that of Europe. While linguistics in Europe started more than two thousand years ago, linguistics in America started at the end of the nineteenth century. While traditional grammar plays a dominating role in Europe, it has little influence in America. While many European languages have their own historical traditions and cultures, English is the dominating language in America, where there is no such a tradition as in Europe. In addition, the pioneer scholars in America were faced with the urgent task of recording the rapidly perishing native American Indian languages because there was no written record of them. However, these languages were characterised by features of vast diversity and differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. To record and describe these exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the nature of language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistic theory during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language should be described without reference to the alleged universality of such categories as tense, mood and parts of speech. Firstly, structural grammar describes everything that is found in a language instead of laying down rules. However, its aim is confined to the description of languages, without explaining why language operates the way it does. Secondly, structural grammar is empirical, aiming at objectivity in the sense that all definitions and statements should be verifiable or refutable. However, it has produced almost no complete grammars comparable to any comprehensive traditionalgrammars. Thirdly, structural grammar examines all languages, recognising and doing justice to the uniqueness of each language. But it does not give an adequate treatment of meaning. Lastly, structural grammar describes even the smallest contrasts that underlie any construction or use of a language, not only those discoverable in some particular use.16. How is behaviourist psychology related to linguistics? For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “behaviourism”. Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult’s use of language is also a process of “stimulus-response”. When the behaviourist methodology ent ered linguistics via Bloomfield’s writings, the popular practice in linguistic studies was to accept what a native speaker says in his language and to discard what he says about it. This is because of the belief that a linguistic description was reliable when based on observation of unstudied utterances by speakers; it was unreliable if the analyst had resorted to asking speakers questions such as “Can you say …in youlanguage?”17. What is Harris’s most important contribution to linguistics? Harris’s Methods in Structural Linguistics (1951) makes the maturity of American descriptive linguistics, for he gave the fullest and most interesting expression of the “discovery procedure”approach characterised by accurate analytical procedures and high degree of formalisation. He formulated a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basis of structuralanalysis. This method has greatly influenced American descriptive linguistics and Harris is therefore regarded as one of the most distinguished linguists in the post-Bloomfieldian era. 18. What is the theoretical importance of Tagmemics? Tagmemics is a special name for the technique of linguistic analysis developed by Pike, the most significant figure in continuing the structuralist tradition. For Pike, a language has its own hierarchical systems independent of meaning. Not only are there hierarchies in language, but that everything in the world is hierarchical, consisting of different layers in the system from small to big, from bottom to top, from simple to complex, from part to whole. The ultimate aim of tagmemics is to provide a theory which integrates lexical, grammatical, and phonological information. This theory is based on the assumption that there are various relations in language, and these relations can be analysed into different units. However, to believe that language is part of human behaviour, one needs to recognise that language cannot be strictly formalised. Since no representational system can account for all the relevant facts of language, tagmemics accepts various different modes of representation for different purposes, and does not insist that there is only one correct grammar or linguistic theory.19. What are the main features of Stratificational Grammar? Lamb’s Stratificational Grammar consists of three levels: phoneme, morpheme, and morphophoneme. It sees the complex relationship in language as series of connected stratal systems on the assumption that while the system of relationships are not directly observable, it is generalizable. In this grammar, there is no direct relation between a concept and its sounds, and that there are various strata that make up a number of stratal systems.Among these, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic, morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom.20.How many stages of development has Chomsky’s TG Grammar undergone?Chomsky’s TG Grammar has seen five stages of development. The Classical Theory aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard Theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory. The Extended Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. The Revised Extended Standard Theory (or GB) focuses discussion on government and binding. The latest is the Minimalist Program, a further revision of the previous theory. The development of TG Grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers. Although TG Grammar has involved putting forward, revising, and cancelling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models, its aims and purposes have been consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.21. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device? Chomsky believes that languageis somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge25. What is special about TG Grammar?The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his innateness hypothesis, based on his observations that someimportant facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. Chomsky’s TG Grammar has the following features. First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure –a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.- 高氯酸对阿胶进行湿法消化后, 用导数火焰原子吸收光谱技术测定阿胶中的铜、“中药三大宝, 人参、鹿茸和阿胶。

一、声学1.声波: 机械振动或气流振动引起周围弹性的介质发生波动的现象。

2.声源：引起声波的物体3.媒质：传播声波的物质(主要指空气媒质和某些液体、固体媒质)4.声音：声音是声源振动引起的声波传播到听觉器官所产生的感受。

（环节：声源振动声波传播听觉感受）5.声速C：声波在媒质中每秒中内传播的距离称为声速。

6.声压：大气静止时存在着一个压力，称为大气压强（Pa）。

当有声波存在时，局部空间产生压缩或膨胀，在压缩的地方压力增加，在膨胀的地方，压力减小，于是就在原来的静态气压上附加了一个压力的起伏变化，这个由声波引起的交变压强称为声压。

声压的大小表示声波的强弱。

在一定时间内，瞬时声压对时间取均方根值称为有效声压。

正常人能听到的最弱声音为2*10-5pa，称为参考声压7.声压级：声学中用声压级来描述声波的强弱，单位为dB（分贝）SPL=20lgPe/Pr（dB ）参考声压级Pr为0dB，人耳能听到的最弱声音1.响度(音量）：人耳对声音强弱的主观感觉称为响度。

2.响度级：对于强度相同而频率不同的声音，人们会有不同的响度感觉。

将某一频率的声音与1KHz的声音比较,当两者的响度一样时, 1KHz 声音的声压级(以2*10^5 Pa为0dB的相对分贝数)就是该声音的响度级，单位为phon3.等响度曲线：将频率相同，人们听起来有同等响度的声压级分别连接起来组成一簇曲线，就成为等响曲线。

4.听觉等响特性是反映人们对不同频率的纯音的响度感觉的基本特性，通常用等响曲线来表示。

（1）人耳对3～4 kHz频率范围内的声音响度感觉最灵敏。

人耳对低频和高频声音的灵敏度都要降低。

（2）声压级越高，等响曲线越趋于平坦，声压级不同，等响曲线有较大差异，特别是在低频段。

所以，在放音时，特别是小音量放音时，就需要等响控制电路来补偿。

5.音调：人耳对声音频率的主观感觉6.音色：由于每个人的讲话声和乐器的演奏声都是复音，即由基频与谐频声音组成的声音。

语言专业期末试题及答案一、选择题1.以下哪个选项是对于语言学研究对象的定义最准确的？A. 文字B. 语言C. 语法D. 语音答案：B. 语言2.下面哪个选项是对于语言习得和语言学习的描述最恰当的？A. 语言习得是指通过接触环境中的语言而获得的非有意识的语言能力；语言学习是指通过系统学习而获得的有意识的语言知识和技能。

B. 语言习得和语言学习是同一个概念，指的是通过不同的方式学习和掌握新的语言。

C. 语言习得是指通过系统学习和实践获得的语言能力；语言学习是指通过社交环境中的语言接触而获得的语言技能。

D. 语言习得是指通过无意识接触语言环境而自然习得的语言能力；语言学习是指通过专门的语言课程学习语言技能。

答案：A. 语言习得是指通过接触环境中的语言而获得的非有意识的语言能力；语言学习是指通过系统学习而获得的有意识的语言知识和技能。

3.下列哪个选项是语言层次结构的描述最准确的？A. 语音 - 词汇 - 句子 - 文章B. 词汇 - 句子 - 语音 - 文章C. 文章 - 句子 - 词汇 - 语音D. 语音 - 文章 - 句子 - 词汇答案：A. 语音 - 词汇 - 句子 - 文章4.以下哪一个选项是对于词汇意义最恰当的描述？A. 词汇是用来表达意义和概念的基本单位。

B. 词汇是一种具体的语言形式，用来传达语言信息。

C. 词汇是语言中的规则配对，用来识别特定的语言结构。

D. 词汇是语言中的声音和符号，用来构成句子。

答案：A. 词汇是用来表达意义和概念的基本单位。

5.以下哪个选项是对于语法的定义最准确的？A. 语法是指语言表达的结构、规则和原则。

B. 语法是指一门学科，研究语言的产生和变化。

C. 语法是指语言的音节、词汇和句子的组成规律。

D. 语法是指语言使用中的语音和语义规则。

答案：A. 语法是指语言表达的结构、规则和原则。

二、简答题1.请简要解释语音学的研究范畴。

答：语音学研究的是语音及其相关现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

语言学概论期末考试试卷（参考答案）语言学概论期末考试试卷一、填空题（每空1分，共15分）1、现代语言学之父是，他的代表作是。

2、美国语言学家创立了高度形式化的生成语法。

3、人耳能听到的声音频率范围在赫兹之间。

低于赫兹的声音叫“次声”，高于赫兹的声音叫“超声”。

4、本书讨论的语汇学主要包括两个方面的内容：一是，二是。

5、语法是语言中关于词的和词的规则。

6、各种文字的字符大体上可以归纳成三大类，即、和。

7、文字起源于和。

二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1、人类最重要的交际工具是（）A．文字B．语音C．语言D．手势、表情等非言语手段2、语言是（）A．写成的作品或发表的言论B．个人说的行为和结果C．从言语中概括出来的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和D．说话3、应用语言学最早是指（）A．计算语言学B．语言教学C．交际语言学D．心理语言学4、汉语普通话的辅音音位[ ]的区别特征是（）A．舌叶清擦音B．舌面中浊擦音C．舌面前清擦音D．舌面后清擦音5、“拼死拼活”和“风风火火”是（）A．成语B．惯用语C．歇后语D．谚语6、“所以”是一个（）A．词B．词组C．句子D．语素7、词类的本质属性是（）A．形态B．意义C．分布D．结构8、由语法形式表达的语义叫做（）A．理性意义B．非理性意义C．词汇意义D．语法意义9、下面几个词语具有贬义色彩的是（）A．成果B．勾结C．顽强D．鼓励10、在述谓结构中（）是处于支配地位的核心成分A．情态B．命题C．谓词D．变元三、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）1、能指2、韵律特征3、向心词组4、语系四、简答题（每小题7分，共21分）1、义素分析的步骤2、为什么说语言学理论和应用研究应该区分？3、划分词类有哪些标准？五、分析题（每小题8分，共16分）1、在[ ]里写出相应的音标，在（）里写出包含这个音的例子（语种不限）。

如：舌尖中不送气浊塞音：[d]（英：dog狗）（1）舌根浊鼻音：[ ]、（）（2）舌尖前不送气清塞擦音：[ ]、（）（3）舌面后清擦音：[ ]、（）（4）舌尖后送气清塞擦音：[ ]、（）（5）双唇不送气浊塞音：[ ]、（）（6）唇齿浊擦音：[ ]、（）2、下面几组英语片段中的划线部分都是通过一定语法手段表示了不同的语法意义，属什么语法范畴，以及采用了什么语法手段。

第二章语音复习笔记I．语音学和音系学的定义1．语音学语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。

2．语音学研究的三大领域(1）发音语言学研究语音的发生。

(2)声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。

(3)感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。

3．音系学音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。

换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

Ⅱ．发音器官1．发音器官是人体参与语音发生的那部分，包括肺、气管、喉、鼻和口。

2．清音在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动，这样所发出的音叫做清音。

3．浊音在发音过程中，发音时声带振动，这样所发出的音叫做浊音。

4．国际音标(1)国际音标是一个标准的、被国际上广泛接受的语音描述系统。

（2)它的基本原则是用不同的字母符号来表示不同的发音.(3)经过几次修正，目前国际音标仍然被语音学家和语言学家广泛使用.Ⅲ．辅音和元音1．定义(1)发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞,由此产生的音叫做辅音。

（2)发音时，声道不受任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞,由此产生的音叫做元音。

2．辅音(1）发音方式和发音部位①发音方式指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位时的方式。

②发音部位指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍.（2）辅音的分类①按发音方式分类,辅音可分为爆破音、鼻音、擦音、近音、边音、颤音、触音和闪音以及塞擦音。

爆破音：［p,b,t，d，k，g]鼻音：［m，n，n]擦音:[f，v,o，6,s，z，J，3，h］近音：［w，J，j］边音：［l]颤音：［ts，dz，tr，dr］②按发音部位分类，辅音可分为双唇音、唇齿音、齿音、齿龈音、齿龈后音、卷舌音、硬腭音、软腭音、小舌音、咽音和声门音。

双唇音：［p，b，m］唇齿音：［f，v］齿音：[0，6］齿龈音：［t，d，n，s，z，j，l]齿音后音:[f,3］硬腭音：[j]软腭音：[k，g，n]声门音:［h］3．元音（1）基本元音基本元音是指一系列约定俗成的、固定不变的元音特质,目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。

2011-2013学年《语音信号处理》期末考试试题适用班级：时量：120分钟闭卷记分：考生班级：姓名：学号：注：答案全部写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效！一、填空题：（每空2分）1、矢量量化系统主要由编码器和译码器组成，其中编码器主要是由搜索算法和码书构成。

P1012、基于物理声学的共振峰理论，可以建立起三种实用的共振峰模型：级联型、并联型和混合型。

P183、语音编码按传统的分类方法可以分为波形编码、参数编码和混合编码。

P1374、对语音信号进行压缩编码的基本依据是语音信号的冗余度和人的听觉感知机理。

P137-1385、汉语音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三部分组成。

P106、人的听觉系统有两个重要特性，一个是耳蜗对于声信号的时频分析特性；另一个是人耳听觉的掩蔽效应。

P227、句法的最小单位是词，词法的最小单位是音节，音节可以由音素构成。

P98、复倒谱分析中避免相位卷绕的算法，常用的有微分法和最小相位信号法。

P629、语音信号处理也可以简称为语音处理，它是利用数字信号处理技术对语音信号进行处理的一门学科，包括语音编码、语音合成、语音识别、说话人识别和语音增强等五大分支。

P310、语音信号处理也可以简称为语音处理，它是以数字信号处理和语音学为基础而形成的一个综合新的学科，包括发音语音学、声学语音学、听觉语音学和心理学等四大分支。

P2，611、语音的四大要素：音质、音调、音强和音长。

P912、人类发音过程有三类不同的激励方式，因而能产生三类不同的声音，即浊音、清音、和爆破音。

P813、元音的一个重要声学特性是共振峰，它是区别不同元音的重要参数，它一般包括共振峰频率的位置和频带宽度。

14、语音信号的倒谱分析就是求取语音倒谱特征参数的过程，它可以通过同态信号处理来实现。

P56二、判断题：（每小题2分）√×1、预测编码就是利用对误差信号进行编码来降低量化所需的比特数，从而使编码速率大幅降低。

（×）P1432、以线性预测分析-合成技术为基础的参数编码，一般都是根据语音信号的基音周期和清/浊音标志信息来决定要采用的激励信号源。

《英语语音》期末考试试卷及答案(word版可编辑修改)编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（《英语语音》期末考试试卷及答案(word版可编辑修改)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为《英语语音》期末考试试卷及答案(word版可编辑修改)的全部内容。

《英语语音》考试试卷（A卷、闭卷）题　一二三四五六七八九总分号得　分阅卷人I. Of the four words，try to find the one which has different word stress (15%)（）1。

A。

balloon B. Bamboo C。

bedroom D. belief（）2。

A。

discipline B. Diffuse C. Discover D. dismiss（）3. A。

Difference B. diverse C。

devote D。

delay（）4. A. radiation B. relax C. remarkable D. repeat（）5. A。

blacksmith B。

DoorbellC。

Blackboard D。

good-looking（）6。

A. primary school B。

National DayC. lawn tennisD. shoe factory（）7. A. working people B. crying babyC。

flying fish D。

dining-room（）8。

A。

business man B. shopping centerC。

大学mooc英语语音(XXX(武汉))章节测验期末考试答案本文没有格式错误，但是有一些明显有问题的段落需要删除。

青春应该早为，不能永远年轻。

这是我们常听到的一句话。

研究英语语音是非常重要的，因为它是英语研究的基础之一。

本文主要介绍了XXX（武汉）的英语语音课程和解忧书店的第一至第四单元检测题目。

在研究英语语音时，需要了解发音规则、连读规则、变音规则、重读规则等。

英语DJ音标一般有44个或48个音素（音标），其中/tr。

dr。

ts。

dz/是四个差额音素。

在标记音标时，采用的是宽式音标体系。

在第二单元检测中，我们可以了解到一些元音的发音规则，比如字母组合-oo-的发音应该是/u:/、/ʌ/、/u/。

在第三单元检测中，我们可以了解到双元音构成的音节数量不确定，而发音流畅的三元音需要适时添加半元音/w/或/j/。

最后，在第四单元检测中，我们需要判断一些单词的发音是否正确，比如/'flauwә/可以理解成flower或者flour。

研究英语语音需要耐心和练，希望大家可以通过本文了解到更多有关英语语音的知识。

下面哪个单词的重音位置不同于其他三个？A。

XXXB。

tomatoC。

potatoD。

avocado正确答案：B你选对了2单选(1分)单词"photograph"的重音在哪个音节上？A。

第一音节B。

第二音节C。

第三音节D。

第四音节正确答案：B你选对了3多选(1分)下列哪些因素可以影响英语单词的重音位置？A。

单词的词性B。

单词的词义C。

单词的词源D。

单词的拼写正确答案：A、B、C你选对了4判断(1分)在英语中，重读音节和非重读音节的元音发音是完全相同的。

正确答案：×你选对了在口语中，连读是指相邻两个单词之间的边界模糊，发音连续的现象。

正确答案：√你选对了4多选(1分)下列哪些情况下可以进行连读？A.当一个单词以辅音字母结尾，后一个单词以元音字母开头时。

B.当一个单词以元音字母结尾，后一个单词以辅音字母开头时。

语言专业期末试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的正确定义？A. 一种用于交流思想和情感的符号系统B. 一种仅用于书面表达的工具C. 一种仅用于口头交流的方式D. 一种只存在于特定文化中的符号系统答案：A2. “语言学”是一门研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源和发展B. 语言的构造和功能C. 语言与文化的关联D. 所有以上选项答案：D3. 以下哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 语调C. 词汇D. 音节答案：C4. 在句法学中，下列哪个术语描述的是句子结构的规则？A. 词汇B. 语法C. 语义D. 语音答案：B5. 语用学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的书写规则C. 语言的使用和语境D. 语言的词汇量答案：C6. 以下哪个选项是“方言”的正确定义？A. 一种特定的语言B. 一种语言的变体C. 一种语言的书面形式D. 一种语言的口头形式答案：B7. 语言的“借词”通常指的是：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 从其他语言借用的语法结构C. 从其他语言借用的发音规则D. 从其他语言借用的书写系统答案：A8. 以下哪个选项是“双语”的正确定义？A. 能够同时使用两种语言B. 能够阅读两种语言C. 能够书写两种语言D. 能够理解两种语言答案：A9. 以下哪个是“翻译”的正确定义？A. 将一种语言的文本转换为另一种语言B. 将一种语言的语音转换为另一种语言C. 将一种语言的书写转换为另一种语言的语音D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. “语码转换”是指：A. 在不同语言之间切换B. 在不同方言之间切换C. 在不同语境中使用不同的语言形式D. 在不同文化中使用相同的语言形式答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. 语言是一种_______，它包括语音、语法、语义和语用四个层面。

答案：符号系统12. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学和_______。