AVL 415 滤纸式烟度计内部综合培训周渊/ AVL 中国
27.10.2012
颗粒（及烟度）组成和测量设备
碳氢（机油）
碳“ C “
碳氢(燃油）
金属和其他
硫
水
稀释颗粒由SPC472 或者CEC 全流稀释通道测量
黑碳“ C “通过415s 滤纸烟度计测量
439 不透光烟度计用于测量的烟度包括：-黑烟=碳”c”
-蓝烟=可见的“碳氢蒸汽”-白烟=可见的“水蒸气”（取决于温度和浓度）
Composition of Diesel Particulates
在发动机试验台架上柴油排放测量系统的应用范围
测量仪器滤纸式烟度计415/415S
部分流系统SPC 472
不透光度计
439检测的成分全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）
烟密度应用ECE R 49, ESC, ETC
EEC 91542, ISO 161838
法规的认证试验, 研发ECE R 24 HD EURO III, ELR 法规的认证试验研发,生产累积测量
累积测量
实时在线
测量方法研发,生产,特殊法规试验"C",黑烟
全流系统AVL CEC Series CFV CVS
气体排放全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）
研发,
ECE R 49, ESC, ETCEEC 91542, ISO 16183,
ECE R 86, EEC 70720,
CFR 40, part 86法规的认证试验
实时在线累积测量
碳烟测量的基本概念和基本原理
1.碳烟颗粒（Soot Particle)是在碳氢化合物高温下裂解或燃烧产生的(直径>1nm)。
2.碳烟颗粒测量是通过光学方法确定与被采集烟度大小成比例的滤纸黑度
滤纸黑度PB(Paper Blackening) PB= 10*(1-Rb / Rw)
Rb为采过烟度的滤纸反射值，Rw为干净滤纸反射值
3. 碳烟可用三种结果表征：
•滤纸烟度数FSN（Filter Smoke Number),无量纲，0-10,由ISO 10054定义FSN = PB 在405mm有效烟柱采样长度，100kpa, 25度条件下
（BOSCH烟度数SZ = PB, ）
•碳烟浓度（mg/M3)
•污染级（%）仅日本用
光学方法确定与被采集烟度大小成比例的滤纸黑度
Influence to Results Due to Flow Resistance on the Loaded Filter Paper
AVL Smoke Meter 415 / 415S Vs AVL409 ( or local)
Comparison FSN / Bosch Number
Bosch Number:Sampling Volume:330 cm3
Filter Area:8,14 cm2 (d=32 mm) Effective Length:40,5 cm
FSN:Effective Length:40,5 cm Temp. at Filter Area:25 °C Press. at Filter Area: 1 bar
AVL415:
Diesel Smoke Measurement withNew Sampling Technology
•Internal temperature, pressure
and flow sensors secure high
reliability and comparibility of the
measurement results
•High accuracy and best
reproducibility also for lowest
smoke values
•Variable sampling volume
•Continues sampling (constant
sampling velocity)
•Flexible power supply for different
test applications
•automatic calibration, convenient
operation
Filter Method –Effective Length
Dead volume
S a m p l e v o l u m e
Filter area
E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
Sample volume –Dead volume –Leak volume
Filter area
Effective length =(ISO DP10054规定)
Filter Method Effective Length
Filter Smoke Numbers vs. Carbon Particulate
Filter Paper Loading vs. Paper Blackening Plotted for Different PB Ranges
Correlation between FSN and soot Concentration
If “c” part is more than 15%, can quick calculate as following:
Relation Between Opacity and FSN
Relation at low smoke FSN
Example of Sensitivity and Zero Stability
Opacimeter values at low soot emission
0.10
0.050.00k
(m )-
10102030
Time –minutes
0.12
0.130.200.37FSN =Note: This is why so many 415S were used in R&D
AVL 415S Smoke Meter
•High sensitivity by variable sample
volume ( resolution 0.01 FSN,
repeatability better 0.05 FSN )
•Big filter paper roll with 1200
measurements per roll
•Integrated paper spool device
as standard
•Optional heating ( instrument
and sampling hose )
•Conform to newest CE level
and Protectionclass IP 34
Smoke Meter 415 Functional Diagramm
NEW DESIGN
ELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE
MECHANICAL ENCLOSURE
GAS PATH
AUTOMATIC WORKING SEQUENCE
SHOP AIR PURGING
OPTION HIGH PRESSURE UP TO 3000mbar
PARTICLE TOWER
OPTION STRATEGY
SMOKE METER 415S G002
Heating1CH or 2 CH Special
Sampling 110VAC
Advanced
Shop Air
Filter Paper remain
RSI –
TCP IP +
PC SOFTWARE
In Screen
Real 3000mbar
Special Sampling
6 x D 6 x D 5 x D 3 x D
3
5
42
1
7
6D
1AVL 排放柜_催化转换器前5AVL 415 S 滤纸式烟度计2AVL 排放柜_催化转换器后6发动机3AVL 472 颗粒取样器7
催化转换器
4
AVL 439透光式烟度计
部分流排放直采系统_采样点布局图
1.
从排气管到稀释通道须上斜方式安装（以避免冷凝水留在设备中）。
采样软管下方应有支架。
2.220V 供电
3.
允许排气背压范围: -100 mbar . . . +400 mbar ( special sampling option can be up to 800 mbar / 3000 mbar)
4.
采样探头：位置及前后直管段（见上图）
415S 安装要点
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
200
400
600
800
Back pressure up-stream of DPF [mbar]
F i l t e r S m o k e N u m b e r
AVL409 Æ415 (1995) Æ415S ( 2001) Æ415S G02 (2006) Æ415A ( 2010?)
415S control and operating methods
1.CDH integration in PUMA Open
2.By 4210 or In Screen
3.(standalone PC software)
4.Hyper terminal: 9600,8,1,none,xon/xoff; Windows key; CTL_B SPACE then
CTL_C
Practice …..
CALIBRATION:
(to see 415S Calibration procedure or Application note)
1.415S volume calibration & adjustment by 408S tester
2.2. Optical heat calibration check via FSN standards: < +/-1.5% (2% max)
Special service ( Only AVL staff):
DONGLE:
COM1 PIN6/7 bridged Firmware download mode (plug in and switched on 415S,
then removed)
COM1 PIN4/5 bridged service mode (or hold press paper feed and switched on)
FSN<0.5时的精确测量
•环境空气干净（<10ug/m3 -0.001FSN)
•用压缩空气反吹后做零点检查
•测量时间长一些（如15秒或2，5升）
•取多次测量的平均值
使用要点
•安装位置及采样设置（1升=6秒）
•滤纸保存条件
温度为15 -38度，湿度为30 -65%
•正常维护保养：检漏，清洁光测头，检查死体积设置和标定体积，润滑走纸和压紧机构
415S的标定或比对
1.用AVL408S量筒，通过肥皂泡法进行动态体积标定
2.用AVL的标定灰片进行光测头的检查
3.415S之间的比对认证
4.AVL可提供415S的标定，维护服务
多谢！。
