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第三章词语英译1.这姑娘是漂亮。
This girl is really beautiful.2.此人是书就读。
This man reads every book he can reach .3.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?4.是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。
这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,which stands for fortune.7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。
We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。
... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵……As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.11.……三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。
（新编汉英翻译教程第二版）第三章词语英译第三章词语英译1.这姑娘是漂亮。
This girl is really beautiful.2.此人是书就读。
This man reads every book he can reach .3.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?4.是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。
这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,which stands for fortune.7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。
We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。
... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵……As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.11.……三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。
Subordination分清主从1. Nominative AbsoluteA. n. + present participle phrase◆到处都可以看见人们穿着节日服装，满脸笑容。
Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dresses, their faces shining with smiles.◆天气要是合适的话，我们明天要到西山去玩。
Weather promising, we’ll go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.B. n. + past participle phrase◆他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着。
He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.◆他做完作业后回家去了。
His work done, he went home.C. n. + adjective phrase◆他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。
He came into my room, his nose red with cold.◆老头坐了下来，由于痛苦脸色发白，两颊上还带有泪痕。
The old man sat down, his face pale with pain and traces of tears on his cheeks.D. n. + adverbial phrase◆她伸出双手，掌心向上。
She put out her hands, palms up.◆他袜子穿反了。
He put on his socks, wrong side out.E. n. + n.◆数以千计的船民被淹死，其中许多是小孩。
Thousands of boat people were drowned, many of them children.◆他的第一个剧本成功后，又写了另一个剧本。
第3章Unit 3 Geography本单元的课文和练习文章都是描述地理风貌的，在翻译时尽量使用客观性的语言，不参杂个人情感，甚至可用无主句。
在翻译风土人情时往往涉及的知识面较宽，需要译者在帄时多注意积累，这样翻译才能到位，不聊中 啊?BR> 在语言对比方面的重点是：一、动词无论是英语还是汉语，动词是最常用的词了。
因此要做好翻译工作，译好动词的重要性更是显而易见的了。
（一）要选译适当的动词。
英语和汉语虽然在动宾搭配方面有许多共同之处，但是仍然存在着不少的差别。
如to cut wheat割麦子；to cut cake切蛋糕；to cut finger-nails剪指甲。
因此在翻译时要各自的表达习惯选择适当的动词。
例1) He is in trouble. 他有麻烦了。
例2) Helen was so aggressive while talking about her dog.当海伦谈到她的狗时，兴致勃勃。
(省略动词)例3) I saw her wandering in the street wearing sun glasses and a thick jacket. 我看见她戴着太阳镜，穿着厚茄克，在街上闲逛。
例4) Please keep me informed as soon as you got the news. 请你一得到消息就通知我。
（二）英语的非动词形式转译成汉语的动词。
英语主谓机制突出，一个句子往往动词少，名词多，尤其是抽象名词用得多，常靠词的形态变化来表达意思；汉语没有形态变化，重动态描写，所以汉语动词用得多，表达意思时往往借助动词，按时间及逻辑顺序层层交待。
在英译汉时，英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。
1. 英语中具有动作意义的名词或由动词转化过来的名词，汉译时往往可转化为动词。
例1) They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
Chapter 3THERE was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor−boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week−ends his Rolls−Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing−brushes and hammers and garden−shears,repairing the ravages of the night before.Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruitier in New York every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulp less halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler's thumb.At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby's enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors−d'oeuvre,spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another.总是有悠扬的音乐在夏夜的晚上从我隔壁传出。
第三章当代西方翻译理论自20世纪70年代以来，西方翻译理论流派纷呈，翻译学研究空前繁荣，翻译思想异常活跃，翻译研究呈现出学科相互渗透、不同翻译思想既对立有互为补充的多元特征。
重点人物：奈达将当代翻译理论的流变表述为从语文学，语言学，交际学到社会符号学的发展轨迹根茨勒将当今翻译理论分为北美翻译培训派，翻译科学派，早起翻译研究派，多元体系派和结构主义派五大流派曼迪将当代西方的翻译研究大致分为翻译的功能理论，话语与语域理论，多元系统理论，文化研究和翻译的哲学研究贝克尔概括为交际与功能研究，语言学研究，心理语言与认知研究和符号学研究本章概括为：语文学翻译研究翻译的语言学研究多元系统理论翻译的哲学研究翻译的文化研究第一节翻译学传统与语文学翻译研究纽马克20世纪50年代以前统称“前语言学”翻译研究，认为这段时间缺少对翻译的完整性与系统性，属于“前科学”的研究，纽马克以重大翻译活动为标志划分翻译理论发展阶段。
斯坦纳1，古典翻译理论至18世纪末泰特勒和坎贝尔翻译三原则的发表2，从施莱尔马赫至20世纪中叶3，第二次世界大战后至70年代，以翻译语言学派的兴起为标志，以维纳，奈达，穆楠和卡特福德为代表4，二十世纪七十年代至今，其标志是新兴学派林立，跨学科研究蓬勃发展谭载喜将漫长的西方翻译史划分为六个时期：1）发轫于公元前四世纪的肇始阶段；2）罗马帝国的后期至中世纪；3）中世纪时期；4）文艺复兴时期；5）近代翻译时期，即十七世纪至二十世纪上半叶；6）第二次世界大战以后至今。
本章节将西方翻译理论粗略的分为古代和近现代两个阶段，基本上属于奈达的语文学的翻译研究1，古代翻译理论公元前3世纪到欧洲中世纪结束为止（约公元476年~公元1453年）公元前285年，72学者对《圣经》的翻译，众多学者，有影响的翻译理论家：西塞罗、贺拉斯、哲罗姆和奥古斯丁。
人物：西塞罗，贺拉斯，哲罗姆，奥古斯丁西塞罗认为：翻译必须符合听众和读者的语言习惯，并能打动读者听众，翻译要传达的事原文的意义和精神，并非原文的语言形式，文学翻译是再创作，译者必须具备文学天赋或素质。
第三周，英汉语言对比与翻译一，翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.”1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中说：“译本与原作，文字既不侔，规则又大异。
各种文字各有特色，各有无可模仿的优点，各有无法补救的缺陷，同时又各有不能侵犯的戒律。
像英、法，英、德那样接近的语言，尚且有许多难以互译的地方；中西文字的格远过于此，要求传神达意，铢两悉称，自非死抓字典，按照原文句法拼凑堆砌所能济事。
”11. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:1他也谈到了改变句法结构和保留句法结构之间的辩证关系：“我不是说原文的句法绝对可以不管，在最大限度内我们是要保持原文句法的，但无论如何，要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍不失为中文。
这一点当然是不容易做到的，……”11. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:30就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题，傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神，那么翻译真是太容易了。
不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑，而且结果是削足就履，两败俱伤。
”11. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:2刘宓庆：“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得多。
……即既实现意义对应，又实现形式对应。
这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根本办不到的。
基本上，汉外互译必须放弃拘守形式的努力而倾全力于意义。
”1思果说：“千万不能跟英文走。
” 2 1.刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001: 78.)2.思果. 翻译研究[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001:23)二，汉语的线性序列与英语的空间结构1，关于英汉语言的比喻英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构（grapevine structure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；英语句子的结构: 汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboo structure）。
1 1. 王寅. 英汉语言宏观结构区别特征. 载方梦之、马秉义编选《汉译英实践与技巧》[M]. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 42“波浪形”结构：汉语的句子关系往往是并列、并行的，因此是以时序或逻辑顺序排列的。
子句与子句之间的关系须透过上下文才能决定，所以句子是意合的；而且连词的使用也不像英语中普遍，结构也较为简练明快。
汉语的句式称之为“流水句”，整个句子像由一个一个独立的子句，按时间顺序或逻辑顺序层层推进。
因此，有人把汉语句子结构比作“波浪形”结构，每个子句犹如波浪，前浪推后浪，宛如“万顷碧波，层层推进”。
“枝杈形结构”：英语采用主从关系的形合法(use of hypotaxis)。
英语可以通过连词(如状语从句)、关系词(如定语从句)和分词、动名词及不定式等构成句子，因此构成方式是形合的；英语利用关系代词引出包孕句(embedded clause)，语法结构采用层次结构，关系紧凑严密。
也就是说，英语的句子结构是在一个主句中，可在不同的地方插入各种从属结构，层层展开。
从属结构包括动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种从句。
有人把英语句子结构比作树状的“枝杈形”结构，犹如“参天大树，枝叶横生”。
1 1. 郭建中. 汉英/英汉翻译:理念与方法[J]. 上海翻译, 2006(01)：18-19英语造句着重用关联词语将句子的主干与上下左右勾连，进行空间搭架，因此可以称为“营造学手法”（architectural style），而汉语造句偏重从动词着眼，将各部分根据时间顺序一一予以安排，因此，可以称为“编年史手法”（chronicle style） 1 1.林同济. 从汉语词序看长句的翻译. 载方梦之、马秉义编选《汉译英实践与技巧》[M]. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 433-4陈安定：英语句子好比“一串珍珠”，而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，灿烂夺目。
”1比喻归纳：“英语句子好比一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝。
而汉语（句子）好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛。
” 2 1，2. 陈安定. 英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司1998: 7; 5以上比喻可以说基本上代表了英汉对比研究领域对这英汉两种语言各自总体特征的认识。
这里我们把它们统一为汉语的线性序列结构和英语的空间结构。
天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。
Mt. Tianmu, densely forested and scarcely populated, is like a fairyland where heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.densely forested and scarcely populated,Mt. Tianmu, is like a fairylandwhere heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.理论认识层面：翻译就是重构(Translating is restructuring.)。
Nida: “To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.”1Nida: “If all languages differ in form (and this is the essence of their being different languages), then quite naturally the forms must be altered if one is to preserve the content.”1 1. Nida, E.A. &Taber. C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: Brill, 1982：5. Delisle：Translation is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques and a knowledge of two languages. 1“…and re-expression (to reconstruct the text in another language [writing techniques].”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；83“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1“Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.” 2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52实践指导意义：翻译成功的关键之一，就是要实现句子结构之间的转换。
汉译英时，要把汉语的线性序列，转换成英语的空间结构，这能在很大程度上避免所谓的Chinglish。
英译汉时，要把英语的空间结构，转换成汉语的线性序列，这能在很大程度上避免所谓的“欧化”句子。
四，对英汉比喻的错误定位把汉语的线性序列和英语的空间结构与英汉语形合与意合对应起来，把上述提及到的比喻都认为是形合和意合的形象表达。
而形合与意合的内涵实际上是关于句子衔接的问题，主张在汉译英时添加应有的连接词，或者在英译汉时省略连接词。
连接词的使用与否不能保证译成的汉语就是线性序列的，或者译成的英语就是空间结构的。
