第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧（教学安排：6课时）无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。
翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。
经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。
合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。
常用的翻译方法和技巧：直译和意译词义的选择省略法和增补法词类转译法重复法正反、反正表达法分译法和合译法直译和意译英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。
无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范直译(metaphrase/literal translation)在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。
to kill two birds with one stoneto shed crocodile tears如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。
直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。
汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。
例如：lady-killer talk show mad cow diseasebird flu chain reaction cat walkhumor second-hand car tittuphippy yuppie shock例1原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time.译文：例2原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.例3原文：Italian gourmets are protesting against the invasion of foreign foods on the dinner table.译文：例4原文：In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.译文：例5原文：But when I look at the Third World and think “What can I do to solve this?”, my reaction isn’t to say “Let’s bring population down immediately”.译文：例6原句：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.译文：例7原文：People are always talking about “the problem of yo uth.” I f there is one, then it is older people who create it, not the young people themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is where the rub is.译文：直译不等于死译、硬译，直译也需要灵活变通，不能只求形式对等而破坏原文内容。
