联合国1973号决议英文版 UN security council resolution 1973

联合国宪章Charter of the United Nations介绍性说明Introductory Note联合国宪章是1945年6月26日联合国国际组织会议结束时在旧金山签字的，于1945年10月24日生效。

国际法院规约是宪章的组成部分。

The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.宪章第二十三、第二十七和第六十一条的修正案由大会于1963年12月17日通过，于1965年8月31日生效。

第六十一条的进一步修正案由大会于1971年12月20日通过，于1973年9月24日生效。

第一百零九条修正案由大会于1965年12月20日通过，于1968年6月12日生效。

Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965.A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assebmly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968.第二十三条修正案将安全理事会成员自十一国增至十五国。

联合国安全理事会联合国安全理事会（简称联合国安理会、安理会，阿拉伯文: ةدحتملامملأانملأاسلجم;英文:United Nations Security Council;法文:Conseil de sécurité des Nationsunies;俄文:Совет Безопасности Организации Объединённых Наций;西班牙文:Consejode Seguridadde Naciones Unidas）是联合国的六大主要机构之一。

根据联合国宪章的宗旨及原则，安理会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任，是唯一有权采取强制行动的联合国机构。

英文：United Nations Security Council (UNSC)联合国安全理事会标志法文：Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies中文：联合国安全理事会编辑本段性质联合国安全理事会（简称安理会）是联合国的6大主要机构之一。

根据联合国宪章的宗旨及原则，安理会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任，是唯一有权采取强制行动的联合国机构。

编辑本段职权安理会有权调查任何引起国际争端或摩擦的任何情况，并可提出解决这些争端的方式或办法。

会员国或接受联合国宪章的非会员国、联合国大会或秘书长，均可就国际和平与安全问题提请安理会注意。

安理会有权断定任何威胁和平、破坏和平或侵略等行为的存在，并可提出采取强制措施以维持或恢复国际和平与安全的建议或作出这方面的决定，如认为这些措施还不能解决问题，它可以通过采取关于军事行动的决议去解决这些问题。

安理会还有向联合国大会提出年度报告、特别报告、对战略性地区行使托管等职能。

在其他方面，安理会与大会分别选举国际法院法官，建议或决定应采取的措施以执行国际法院的判决，向大会推荐新会员国和联合国秘书长，向大会建议停止会员国的权利或开除会员国，参加宪章规定的修正程序。

1973号决议质疑这个世界好像没有打够，伊拉克战场、阿富汗战场至今还硝烟弥漫，利比亚战争又开打了。

若说前两场战争是美国单边主义的结果，这回可不一样啦，是联合国授权，有1973号决议为证。

于是有人说利比亚战争有理有据。

鄙人着实愚钝，左思右想实在觉得“理”不直，“据”不足。

联合国决议的信誉度有多高？联合国确有这么神圣吗？只要贴上联合国的标签就是有理有据了？其实，对美英来说，联合国不过是他们玩弄于股掌之间的一个工具而已。

用不着时，把它像绊脚石似地踢在一边，否则伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争以及其它许多战争打得起来么？用的着时，便请出这方神圣。

本来深陷那两场战争泥淖难以自拔，再“单边”开辟第三战场国内外舆论恐难过关，于是乎联合国又成了一个宝。

联合国通过的就一定公正么？为利比亚战争开道的决议并非开天辟地第一回。

遥想六十多年前的朝鲜战争，不也是联合国决议开道的么？可见联合国批准的未必都是公正的。

而公正的未必都通得过。

远的不说，2011年1月19日，联合国讨论巴勒斯坦提交的一份谴责以色列移殖民政策的决议，120个国家都赞成，人家美国一票就给否决了!回溯 2007年10月、2004年10月… 被否决的这类联合国决议知多少？公正的决议即使通过了，也可能被废除。

联大1975年11月10日曾通过3379号决议，谴责犹太复国主义是一种形式的种族主义和种族歧视，但1991年第二次海湾战争爆发前，美国与以色列做了一笔交易，用以色列不参战为交换条件，废除了这项决议。

这是联合国有史以来的第一次。

决议呀决议，在这些为强权左右的取舍中，联合国决议的信誉能不打折扣么？决议通过了，是否严格遵守也大有文章。

1973号决议草案是英法等国提交的，但从执行的第一刻起，他们就以猛烈的空袭远离了决议，而且离得越来越离谱，对协议没有半点尊重。

更为严重的是，美英法玩起了移花接木，在徉装替联合国行道11天后，竟然把“任务”交给了北约。

联合国是和平组织，在有战乱的情况下最多也就是派遣维和部队。

联合国安理会第1737决议2007-08-21 10:47 文章来源：联合国安全理事会文章类型：转载内容分类：新闻第1737(2006)号决议2006年12月23日安全理事会第5612次会议通过，安全理事会，回顾安理会主席2006年3月29日的声明（S/PRST/2006/15）和安理会2006年7月31日第1696（2006）号决议，重申对《不扩散核武器条约》的承诺，并回顾缔约国有权按照该条约第一条和第二条的规定，不受歧视地为和平目的进行核能的研究、生产和利用，重申严重关切国际原子能机构总干事向安理会提交的许多有关伊朗核计划的原子能机构总干事报告和原子能机构理事会的决议，包括原子能机构理事会GOV/2006/14号决议，重申严重关切原子能机构总干事2006年2月27日的报告（GOV/2006/15）列举了有关伊朗核计划的若干悬而未决问题和关切，包括一些可能涉及军事核层面的问题，并严重关切原子能机构无法得出伊朗没有未经申报的核材料或核活动的结论，重申严重关切原子能机构总干事2006年4月28日的报告（GOV/2006/27）及其结论，包括原子能机构经过三年多的努力，设法澄清伊朗核计划的所有方面，在了解情况方面存在的空白依然是令人关切的问题，而且原子能机构无法在其就伊朗不存在未经申报的核材料和核活动提供保证的努力中取得进展，严重关切地注意到，原子能机构总干事2006年6月8日报告（GOV/2006/ 38）、2006年8月31日报告（GOV/2006/53）和2006年11月14日报告（GOV/2006/64）证实，伊朗既没有按第1696（2006）号决议规定全面持续暂停所有浓缩相关活动和后处理活动，也没有按《附加议定书》恢复与原子能机构的合作，亦未按原子能机构理事会的要求采取其它步骤，也未遵守安全理事会第1696（2006）号决议的规定，而这些步骤是建立信任不可或缺的，痛惜伊朗拒绝采取这些步骤，强调寻求谈判解决办法保证伊朗的核计划完全用于和平目的的政治和外交努力的重要性，注意到这一解决办法将有利于其他地区的核不扩散努力，欢迎中国、法国、德国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国和美国继续承诺在欧洲联盟高级代表的支持下，寻求谈判解决，决心采取适当措施落实安理会各项决定，以劝服伊朗遵守第1696（2006）号决议和满足原子能机构的要求，阻止伊朗发展敏感技术来支持它的核和导弹计划，直至安全理事会认定本该决议的各项目标已经实现，关切伊朗的核计划有扩散危险，以及在这方面，伊朗仍未满足原子能机构理事会的要求，仍未遵守安全理事会第1696（2006）号决议的规定，铭记安理会根据《联合国宪章》负有维护国际和平与安全的首要责任，根据《联合国宪章》第七章第四十一条采取行动，1.申明伊朗应不再拖延地采取原子能机构理事会第GOV/2006/14号决议所要求的步骤，这些步骤是对伊朗核计划完全用于和平目的建立信任和解决悬而未决问题所不可或缺的；2.决定，伊朗应不再拖延地暂停以下扩散敏感核活动：(a) 所有浓缩相关活动和后处理活动，包括研究和开发活动，由原子能机构加以核实；(b) 所有与重水相关的项目，包括建设一个重水研究反应堆，也由原子能机构加以核实；3.决定，所有国家都应采取必要措施，防止从本国领土，或由本国国民，或使用悬挂本国国旗的船只或飞机，或为在伊朗境内使用或使伊朗受益，直接或间接向伊朗提供、销售或转让可能有助于伊朗的浓缩相关活动、后处理或重水相关活动，或有助于发展核武器运载系统的所有物项、材料、设备、货物和技术，不论它们是否源于本国领土，即：(a) 列入S/2006/814号文件INFCIRC/254/Rev8/Part 1第B.2、B.3、B.4、B.5、B.6和B.7节中者；(b) 列入S/2006/814号文件INFCIRC/254/Rev8/Part 1第A.1和B.1节中者，但提供、销售或转让以下者不在此列：㈠第B.1节所列、用于轻水反应堆的设备；㈡第A.1.2节所列、轻水反应堆组装好的核燃料元件中的低浓缩铀；(c) 列入S/2006/815号文件中者，但提供、销售或转让第二类物项中第19.A.3节所列者不在此列；(d) 安全理事会或下文第18段设立的委员会（下文简称“委员会”）视需要认定的、可能有助于浓缩相关活动、后处理或重水相关活动，或有助于发展核武器运载系统的其他物项、材料、设备、货物和技术；4.决定，所有国家都应采取必要措施，防止从本国领土，或由本国国民，或使用悬挂本国国旗的船只或飞机，或为在伊朗境内使用或使伊朗受益，直接或间接向伊朗提供、销售或转让以下物项、材料、设备、货物和技术，不论它们是否源于本国领土：(a) 列入S/2006/814号文件INFCIRC/254/Rev7/Part2中者，如果国家认定它们有助于浓缩相关活动、后处理或重水相关活动；(b) 未列入S/2006/814或S/2006/815号文件的其他任何物项，如果国家认定它们有助于浓缩相关活动、后处理或重水相关活动，或有助于发展核武器运载系统；(c) 其他任何物项，如果国家认定它们有助于开展与原子能机构表示关切或认为悬而未决的其他议题相关的活动；5.决定，各国在提供、销售或转让列入S/2006/814和S/2006/815号文件、但上文第3(b)、3(c)或4(a)分段并未禁止向伊朗出口的所有物项、材料、设备、货物和技术时，应确保：(a) S/2006/814和S/2006/985号文件所列《准则》中的有关规定视情得到遵守；(b) 它们获得核实所提供任何物项的最终用途和最终使用地点的权力，并能有效地行使这一权力；(c) 它们在提供、销售或转让后的10天内通知委员会；(d) 如为S/2006/814号文件所列物项、材料、设备、货物和技术，它们还在提供、销售或转让后的10天内通知原子能机构；6.决定，所有国家还应采取必要措施，防止向伊朗提供与提供、销售、转让、制造或使用上文第3和第4段明文禁止的物项、材料、设备、货物和技术相关的任何技术援助或训练、财政援助、投资、中介服务或其他服务，并防止转让相关的金融资源或服务；7.决定，伊朗不应出口S/2006/814和S/2006/815号文件开列的任何物项，所有会员国都应禁止本国国民，或用悬挂本国国旗的船只或飞机，从伊朗采购此类物项，不论其是否源于伊朗领土；8.决定，伊朗应提供原子能机构要求提供的准入与合作，以便原子能机构能核实第2段所述活动已经暂停，解决原子能机构报告提出的所有悬而未决问题，并呼吁伊朗迅速批准《附加议定书》；9.决定，如果委员会事先逐案认定，此种物项或援助的供应、销售、转让或提供显然不会有助于伊朗发展技术，支持其扩散敏感核活动和支持发展核武器运载系统，包括这些物项或援助是用于食品、农业、医疗或其他人道主义用途的，则不适用上面第3、4和6段规定的措施，但条件是：(a) 提供这些物项或援助的合同中有适当的最终用户保证；(b) 伊朗承诺不把这些物项用于扩散敏感核活动或发展核武器运载系统；10.呼吁所有国家对从事、直接参加或支持伊朗扩散敏感核活动或发展核武器运载系统的人在本国入境或过境保持警惕，并为此决定所有国家都应将本决议附件（下文简称“附件”）指认的人，以及安全理事会或委员会指认的其他从事、直接参加或支持伊朗与扩散有关的核活动或发展核武器运载系统的人，包括通过参与采购上文第3段和第4段明文禁止并在其规定措施范围内的物项、货物、设备、材料和技术这样做的人，在本国入境或过境的情况通知委员会，除非这种旅行是为了从事与上文第3(b)㈠和㈡分段中的物项直接有关的活动；11.强调上段的规定绝不要求一国拒绝本国国民入境，各国在执行上段规定时，应该考虑人道主义因素以及实现本决议目标的必要性，包括事关《原子能机构规约》第十五条的情况；12.决定，所有国家都应冻结于本决议通过之日及此后任何时间在本国境内，为附件指认的人或实体，以及安全理事会或委员会指认的其他从事、直接参加或支持伊朗扩散敏感核活动或发展核武器运载系统的人或实体，或代表他们或根据其指示行事的人，或由他们拥有或控制的实体，所拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源，包括通过非法手段拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源；如果而且当安全理事会或委员会将这些人或实体从附件中除名时，则应停止对它们适用本段的措施，还决定，所有国家都应确保本国国民或本国领土内的任何人或实体都不向这些人或实体，或使其受益，提供资金、金融资产或经济资源；13.决定上文第12段规定的措施不适用于相关国家认定的下列资金、其他金融资产或经济资源：(a) 为基本开支所必需，包括用于支付食品、房租或房屋抵押贷款、药品和医疗、税款、保险费及水电费，或专门用于支付与提供法律服务有关的合理专业服务费和偿付由此引起的相关费用，或国家法律规定的为惯常置存或保管冻结的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源应收取的费用或服务费，但相关国家须先将酌情授权动用这类资金、其他金融资产和经济资源的意向通知委员会，且委员会在收到该通知后五个工作日内未作出反对的决定；(b) 为非常开支所必需，但条件是相关国家已先将这一认定通知委员会并得到了委员会的批准；(c) 是司法、行政、仲裁留置或裁决的对象，在此情况下，这些资金、其他金融资产和经济资源可用来执行留置或裁决，但该项留置或裁决须是在本决议通过之日前作出的，受益人或实体不是根据上文第10和12段指认的人或实体，且相关国家已就此通知委员会；(d) 为与第3(b)㈠和㈡分段中规定的物项直接相关的活动所必需，且相关国家已就此通知委员会；14.决定，各国可以允许将按上文第12段规定冻结的账户的应计利息或其他收入，或在这些账户必须遵守本决议规定之日前根据合同、协定或债务应该支付的款项，并入这些帐户，但条件是，任何此类利息、其他收入和付款都要遵守这些规定并被冻结；15.决定，上文第12段所列措施不应阻止被指认的个人或实体支付根据被列入名单前签订的合同应该支付的款项，但条件是，相关国家已认定：(a) 该合同与上文第3、4和6段所述任何被禁物项、材料、设备、货物、技术、援助、培训、财政援助、投资、中介服务或服务无关；(b) 该项付款不是直接或间接付给根据上文第12段指认的人或实体；且相关国家已提前十个工作日，将其进行支付或接受付款或酌情为此目的批准解冻资金、其他金融资产或经济资源的打算，通知了委员会；16.决定，原子能机构向伊朗提供的或在其主持下向伊朗提供的技术合作，只能用于食品、农业、医药、安全或其他人道主义用途，或为与上文第3(b)㈠和㈡分段中规定的物项直接有关的项目所必需，但不得为上文第2段所述扩散敏感核活动提供此类技术合作；17.呼吁所有国家保持警惕并防止在本国境内或由本国国民在那些有助于伊朗扩散敏感核活动和发展核武器运载系统的学科里，向伊朗国民提供专业授课和培训；18.决定根据安理会暂行议事规则第28条，设立一个由安理会全体成员组成的安全理事会委员会，执行以下任务：(a) 向所有国家，特别是该区域国家和生产上文第3和第4段所述物项、材料、设备、货物和技术的国家索取关于它们为切实执行本决议第3、4、5、6、7、8、10和12段规定的措施而采取的行动的信息，以及委员会认为在这方面有用的任何其他信息；(b) 向原子能机构秘书处索取关于原子能机构为切实执行本决议第16段规定措施采取的行动的信息，以及它认为在这方面有用的任何其他信息；(c) 审查据称违反本决议第3、4、5、6、7、8、10和12 段规定措施行为的信息，并采取适当行动；(d) 审议要求给予上文第9、13和15段所述豁免的申请，并作出决定；(e) 在必要时确定要为上文第3段之目的开列的其他物项、材料、设备、货物和技术；(f) 在必要时指认其他须遵守上文第10和12段规定措施的个人和实体；(g) 在必要时颁布准则，协助执行本决议规定的措施，并在此类准则中规定，各国在可能时要提供信息，说明个人和（或）实体符合第10和第12段所列标准的理由，并提供进行辨识的有关信息；(h) 至少每隔90天向安全理事会报告工作和本决议的执行情况，并提交其意见和建议，特别是如何提高上文第3、4、5、6、7、8、10和12段规定措施的效力；19.决定，所有国家应在本决议通过后60天内向委员会提出报告，说明为切实执行上文第3、4、5、6、7、8、10、12和17段采取的措施；20.表示深信，上文第2段所述的暂停以及伊朗全面、可核查地满足原子能机构理事会提出的要求，将有助于通过外交途径，谈判解决问题，保证伊朗核计划完全用于和平目的，强调国际社会愿积极致力寻求这一解决办法，鼓励伊朗按上文的规定，与国际社会和原子能机构重新接触，并强调此种接触将对伊朗有益；21.欢迎中国、法国、德国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国和美国承诺在欧洲联盟高级代表支持下，谈判解决这一问题，鼓励伊朗考虑这些国家2006年6月提出的、经安全理事会第1696（2006）号决议认可的建议（S/2006/521），以期达成一项长期全面协定，以便在相互尊重的基础上与伊朗发展关系和开展合作，并对伊朗核计划纯属和平性质建立国际信任；22.重申决心加强原子能机构的权威，大力支持原子能机构理事会发挥作用，赞扬并鼓励原子能机构总干事和秘书处不断作出专业和公正的努力，在原子能机构框架内解决伊朗其他所有悬而未决问题，强调原子能机构有必要继续开展工作，澄清与伊朗核计划有关的所有悬而未决问题；23.请原子能机构总干事在60天内向原子能机构理事会提交报告，主要说明伊朗是否已全面地、持续地暂停本决议所述及的一切活动，以及伊朗遵守原子能机构理事会所要求采取的一切步骤和本决议上述规定的进程，并同时向安全理事会提交此报告，供其审议；24.申明，安理会将根据上文第23段所述在60天内提交的报告，审议伊朗的行动，并申明：(a) 如果而且只要经原子能机构核实，伊朗已暂停所有浓缩相关和后处理活动，包括研究和开发活动，安理会将暂停执行各项措施，以便开展谈判；(b) 一旦安理会认定并经原子能机构理事会确认，伊朗已经全面履行了安全理事会有关决议为其规定的义务并满足了原子能机构理事会的要求，就会终止本决议第3、4、5、6、7、10和12段规定的措施；(c) 如果上文第23段提到的报告表明伊朗未遵守本决议，安理会将根据《联合国宪章》第七章第四十一条进一步采取适当措施，劝服伊朗遵守本决议和满足原子能机构的要求，并强调，如有必要采取这种补充措施，则须作出进一步的决定；25.决定继续处理此案。

1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约文章属性•【缔约国】•【条约领域】环境资源能源•【公布日期】1973.11.02•【条约类别】公约•【签订地点】伦敦正文1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约（签订日期１９７３年１１月２日生效日期１９７３年１１月２日）简介该公约简称“７３防污公约”（ＭＡＲＰＯＬ７３）。

１９７３年在伦敦召开了国际海洋污染会议，会议从１０月８日开始，至１１月２日结束。

经过７１个与会国详细审议，会议于１１月２日通过了“１９７３年国际防止船舶造成污染公约及其议定书、附则和附录”，以及“干预公海非油类物质污染议定书”。

“７３防污公约”一直没有达到生效的条件。

截止１９９１年１２月３１日，批准、接受、认可或加入该公约的国家有２０个（按加入日期顺次排列）：＜font size=+1＞缔约国交存文件日期约旦１９７５．３．１７肯尼亚１９７５．９．１２突尼斯１９７６．５．４也门１９７９．３．６乌拉圭１９７９．４．３０秘鲁１９８０．４．２５英国（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８０．５．２２挪威（除附则Ⅳ外）１９８０．７．１５南斯拉夫１９８０．１０．３１哥伦比亚１９８１．７．２７德国１９８２．１．２１意大利１９８２．１０．１匈牙利１９８３．１２．１６比利时（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８４．３．６保加利亚（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８４．１２．１２贝宁１９８５．１１．１英国＊（加入附则Ⅲ和Ⅴ）１９８６．５．２７文莱达鲁萨兰（附附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８６．１０．２３安提瓜和巴布达１９８７．２．９越南（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９９０．１２．１８香港（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８５．４．１１人岛（除附则Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ外）１９８６．７．１开门岛（除附则Ⅳ外）１９８８．６．２３百慕大（除附则Ⅳ外）１９８８．６．２３直布罗陀（除附则Ⅳ外）１９８８．１２．１＊由英国批准时声明＜/font＞公约主要内容该公约由二十项条款、二份议定书和五个附则组成：公约条款陈述了主要法律条例，包括公约的义务、定义、适用范围、证书检查、事故报告、签字和加入、生效、修正等。

UN security council resolution 1973 (2011) on Libya – full textRead the full text of the resolution passed at UN headquarters in favour of a no-fly zone and air strikes against Muammar GaddafiThe Security Council,Recalling its resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011,Deploring the failure of the Libyan authorities to comply with resolution 1970 (2011), Expressing grave concern at the deteriorating situation, the escalation of violence, and the heavy civilian casualties,Reiterating the responsibility of the Libyan authorities to protect the Libyan population and reaffirming that parties to armed conflicts bear the primary responsibility to take all feasible steps to ensure the protection of civilians, Condemning the gross and systematic violation of human rights, including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, torture and summary executions,Further condemning acts of violence and intimidation committed by the Libyan authorities against journalists, media professionals and associated personnel and urging these authorities to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law as outlined in resolution 1738 (2006),Considering that the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity,Recalling paragraph 26 of resolution 1970 (2011) in which the Council expressed its readiness to consider taking additional appropriate measures, as necessary, to facilitate and support the return of humanitarian agencies and make available humanitarian and related assistance in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Expressing its determination to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian populated areas and the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance and the safety of humanitarian personnel,Recalling the condemnation by the League of Arab States, the African Union, and the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference of the serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that have been and are being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Taking note of the final communiqué of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference of 8 March 2011, and the communiqué of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union of 10 March 2011 which established an ad hoc High Level Committee on Libya,Taking note also of the decision of the Council of the League of Arab States of 12 March 2011 to call for the imposition of a no-fly zone on Libyan military aviation, and to establish safe areas in places exposed to shelling as a precautionary measure that allows the protection of the Libyan people and foreign nationals residing in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Taking note further of the Secretary-General's call on 16 March 2011 for an immediate cease-fire,Recalling its decision to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, and stressing thatthose responsible for or complicit in attacks targeting the civilian population, including aerial and naval attacks, must be held to account,Reiterating its concern at the plight of refugees and foreign workers forced to flee the violence in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, welcoming the response of neighbouring States, in particular Tunisia and Egypt, to address the needs of those refugees and foreign workers, and calling on the international community to support those efforts, Deploring the continuing use of mercenaries by the Libyan authorities, Considering that the establishment of a ban on all flights in the airspace of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya constitutes an important element for the protection of civilians as well as the safety of the delivery of humanitarian assistance and a decisive step for the cessation of hostilities in Libya,Expressing concern also for the safety of foreign nationals and their rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Welcoming the appointment by the Secretary General of his Special Envoy to Libya, Mr Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib and supporting his efforts to find a sustainable and peaceful solution to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Determining that the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security,Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,1. Demands the immediate establishment of a cease-fire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of, civilians;2. Stresses the need to intensify efforts to find a solution to the crisis which responds to the legitimate demands of the Libyan people and notes the decisions of the Secretary-General to send his Special Envoy to Libya and of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union to send its ad hoc High Level Committee to Libya with the aim of facilitating dialogue to lead to the political reforms necessary to find a peaceful and sustainable solution;3. Demands that the Libyan authorities comply with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law and take all measures to protect civilians and meet their basic needs, and to ensure the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance;Protection of civilians4. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in cooperation with the Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory, and requests the Member States concerned to inform the Secretary-General immediately of the measures they take pursuant to the authorization conferred by this paragraph which shall be immediately reported to the Security Council;5. Recognizes the important role of the League of Arab States in matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security in the region, and bearing in mind Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, requests the Member States of the League of Arab States to cooperate with other Member States in the implementation of paragraph 4;No fly zone6. Decides to establish a ban on all flights in the airspace of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in order to help protect civilians;7. Decides further that the ban imposed by paragraph 6 shall not apply to flights whose sole purpose is humanitarian, such as delivering or facilitating the delivery of assistance, including medical supplies, food, humanitarian workers and related assistance, or evacuating foreign nationals from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, nor shall it apply to flights authorised by paragraphs 4 or 8, nor other flights which are deemed necessary by States acting under the authorisation conferred in paragraph 8 to be for the benefit of the Libyan people, and that these flights shall be coordinated with any mechanism established under paragraph 8;8. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, to take all necessary measures to enforce compliance with the ban on flights imposed by paragraph 6 above, as necessary, and requests the States concerned in cooperation with the League of Arab States to coordinate closely with the Secretary General on the measures they are taking to implement this ban, including by establishing an appropriate mechanism for implementing the provisions of paragraphs 6 and 7 above,9. Calls upon all Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, to provide assistance, including any necessary over-flight approvals, for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 above;10. Requests the Member States concerned to coordinate closely with each other and the Secretary-General on the measures they are taking to implement paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 above, including practical measures for the monitoring and approval of authorised humanitarian or evacuation flights;11. Decides that the Member States concerned shall inform the Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States immediately of measures taken in exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 8 above, including to supply a concept of operations;12. Requests the Secretary-General to inform the Council immediately of any actions taken by the Member States concerned in exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 8 above and to report to the Council within 7 days and every month thereafter on the implementation of this resolution, including information on any violations of the flight ban imposed by paragraph 6 above;Enforcement of the arms embargo13. Decides that paragraph 11 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall be replaced by the following paragraph : "Calls upon all Member States, in particular States of the region, acting nationally or through regional organisations or arrangements, in order to ensurestrict implementation of the arms embargo established by paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), to inspect in their territory, including seaports and airports, and on the high seas, vessels and aircraft bound to or from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, if the State concerned has information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer or export of which is prohibited by paragraphs 9 or 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) as modified by this resolution, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, calls upon all flag States of such vessels and aircraft to cooperate with such inspections and authorises Member States to use all measures commensurate to the specific circumstances to carry out such inspections";14. Requests Member States which are taking action under paragraph 13 above on the high seas to coordinate closely with each other and the Secretary-General and further requests the States concerned to inform the Secretary-General and the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) ("the Committee") immediately of measures taken in the exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 13 above;15. Requires any Member State whether acting nationally or through regional organisations or arrangements, when it undertakes an inspection pursuant to paragraph 13 above, to submit promptly an initial written report to the Committee containing, in particular, explanation of the grounds for the inspection, the results of such inspection, and whether or not cooperation was provided, and, if prohibited items for transfer are found, further requires such Member States to submit to the Committee, at a later stage, a subsequent written report containing relevant details on the inspection, seizure, and disposal, and relevant details of the transfer, including a description of the items, their origin and intended destination, if this information is not in the initial report;16. Deplores the continuing flows of mercenaries into the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and calls upon all Member States to comply strictly with their obligations under paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) to prevent the provision of armed mercenary personnel to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;Ban on flights17. Decides that all States shall deny permission to any aircraft registered in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or owned or operated by Libyan nationals or companies to take off from, land in or overfly their territory unless the particular flight has been approved in advance by the Committee, or in the case of an emergency landing;18. Decides that all States shall deny permission to any aircraft to take off from, land in or overfly their territory, if they have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the aircraft contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited by paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) as modified by this resolution, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, except in the case of an emergency landing;Asset freeze19. Decides that the asset freeze imposed by paragraph 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall apply to all funds, other financial assets and economic resourceswhich are on their territories, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Libyan authorities, as designated by the Committee, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them, as designated by the Committee, and decides further that all States shall ensure that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by their nationals or by any individuals or entities within their territories, to or for the benefit of the Libyan authorities, as designated by the Committee, or individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them, as designated by the Committee, and directs the Committee to designate such Libyan authorities, individuals or entities within 30 days of the date of the adoption of this resolution and as appropriate thereafter;20. Affirms its determination to ensure that assets frozen pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall, at a later stage, as soon as possible be made available to and for the benefit of the people of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;21. Decides that all States shall require their nationals, persons subject to their jurisdiction and firms incorporated in their territory or subject to their jurisdiction to exercise vigilance when doing business with entities incorporated in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or subject to its jurisdiction, and any individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, and entities owned or controlled by them, if the States have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that such business could contribute to violence and use of force against civilians;Designations22. Decides that the individuals listed in Annex I shall be subject to the travel restrictions imposed in paragraphs 15 and 16 of resolution 1970 (2011), and decides further that the individuals and entities listed in Annex II shall be subject to the asset freeze imposed in paragraphs 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011);23. Decides that the measures specified in paragraphs 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall apply also to individuals and entities determined by the Council or the Committee to have violated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011), particularly paragraphs 9 and 10 thereof, or to have assisted others in doing so; Panel of experts24. Requests the Secretary-General to create for an initial period of one year, in consultation with the Committee, a group of up to eight experts ("Panel of Experts"), under the direction of the Committee to carry out the following tasks:(a) Assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate as specified in paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution;(b) Gather, examine and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organisations and other interested parties regarding the implementation of the measures decided in resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution, in particular incidents of non-compliance;(c) Make recommendations on actions the Council, or the Committee or State, may consider to improve implementation of the relevant measures;(d) Provide to the Council an interim report on its work no later than 90 days after the Panel's appointment, and a final report to the Council no later than 30 days prior to thetermination of its mandate with its findings and recommendations;25. Urges all States, relevant United Nations bodies and other interested parties, to cooperate fully with the Committee and the Panel of Experts, in particular by supplying any information at their disposal on the implementation of the measures decided in resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution, in particular incidents of non-compliance;26. Decides that the mandate of the Committee as set out in paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall also apply to the measures decided in this resolution; 27. Decides that all States, including the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, shall take the necessary measures to ensure that no claim shall lie at the instance of the Libyan authorities, or of any person or body in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, or of any person claiming through or for the benefit of any such person or body, in connection with any contract or other transaction where its performance was affected by reason of the measures taken by the Security Council in resolution 1970 (2011), this resolution and related resolutions;28. Reaffirms its intention to keep the actions of the Libyan authorities under continuous review and underlines its readiness to review at any time the measures imposed by this resolution and resolution 1970 (2011), including by strengthening, suspending or lifting those measures, as appropriate, based on compliance by the Libyan authorities with this resolution and resolution 1970 (2011).29. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.。

联合国秘书长潘基文世界难民日英语演讲稿三篇Speech 1:Ladies and gentlemen,Today, we gather here to commemorate World Refugee Day, a day to raise awareness about the challenges faced by refugees worldwide. As the Secretary-General of the United Nations, it is my duty to shed light on this pressing issue and advocate for the rights and well-being of millions of displaced individuals.Refugees are not merely statistics; they are human beings with dreams, hopes, and aspirations. They have been forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, or natural disasters, often leaving behind everything they hold dear. It is our moral responsibility to stand in solidarity with them and ensure their protection.The current global refugee crisis is the largest since World War II, with over 80 million people forcibly displaced from their homes. This staggering number demands immediate attention and action from the international community. It is not enough to simply provide shelter and food; we must address the root causes of displacement and work towards sustainable solutions.Firstly, we must strengthen peace and security efforts to prevent conflicts and protect civilians. By investing in diplomacy and mediation, we can prevent the escalation of conflicts and save countless lives. We must also ensure that perpetrators of violence and human rights abuses are held accountable for their actions. Secondly, we must address the underlying factors that drive displacement. Poverty, inequality, and lack of access to basicservices are often contributing factors. By promoting inclusive and sustainable development, we can create conditions that enable people to stay in their communities and rebuild their lives.Furthermore, we must enhance international cooperation and burden-sharing. No single country can bear the entire responsibility of hosting and supporting refugees. By sharing the burden and resources, we can alleviate the strain on host countries and provide better assistance to those in need.Lastly, we must prioritize the education and well-being of refugee children. Education is not a luxury; it is a fundamental right that every child deserves. By investing in quality education for refugee children, we empower them to build a better future for themselves and contribute to the societies they live in.On this World Refugee Day, let us recommit ourselves to the principles of compassion, empathy, and solidarity. Let us remember that refugees are not a burden, but rather an asset to our societies. By embracing diversity and inclusion, we can create a world where no one is forced to flee their home and every individual can live in peace and dignity.Thank you.Speech 2:Distinguished guests,Today, we gather here to commemorate World Refugee Day and shed light on the challenges faced by millions of displaced individuals around the world. As the Secretary-General of the United Nations, it is my privilege to address this pressing issue and call for greater action and solidarity.Refugees are not faceless individuals; they are mothers, fathers, children, and grandparents. They have been uprooted from their homes and communities, often enduring unimaginable hardships along the way. It is our collective responsibility to provide them with the support and protection they need to rebuild their lives.The plight of refugees is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach. Firstly, we must ensure that refugees have access to basic services such as shelter, healthcare, and education. Humanitarian aid and assistance are vital in meeting their immediate needs and alleviating their suffering.We must also work towards addressing the root causes of displacement. This includes addressing conflicts, promoting respect for human rights, and addressing the impact of climate change. By investing in peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and sustainable development, we can create conditions that enable people to stay in their homes and communities.Furthermore, we must strengthen international cooperation and solidarity. No single country can address the global refugee crisis alone. By working together, we can share best practices, resources, and experiences to provide better protection and assistance to refugees.It is also crucial that we challenge the negative narratives and stereotypes surrounding refugees. Refugees are not a burden; they bring resilience, skills, and diversity to our societies. By embracing their talents and contributions, we can create more inclusive and prosperous communities.Lastly, we must prioritize the empowerment and participation of refugees in decision-making processes that affect their lives.Refugees are not passive recipients of assistance; they are active agents of change. By involving them in discussions and policies, we can ensure that their voices are heard and their rights respected.On this World Refugee Day, let us reaffirm our commitment to upholding the rights and dignity of refugees. Let us remember that our response to the refugee crisis is a reflection of our humanity and compassion. By standing together, we can build a world where no one is forced to flee their homes and all individuals can live in peace and security.Thank you.Speech 3:Esteemed audience,Today, we gather here to commemorate World Refugee Day, a day dedicated to raising awareness about the challenges faced by refugees worldwide. As the Secretary-General of the United Nations, it is my duty to advocate for the rights and well-being of millions of displaced individuals and call for greater action to address the global refugee crisis.Refugees are not statistics; they are human beings with stories of resilience, hope, and determination. They have been forced to leave their homes due to conflicts, persecution, and violence, often risking their lives in search of safety and protection. It is our moral obligation to offer them compassion, support, and a chance to rebuild their lives.The current refugee crisis is a defining challenge of our times. With over 80 million people forcibly displaced, it is essential thatwe work together to find sustainable solutions and address the root causes of displacement.Firstly, we must prioritize peace and security efforts to prevent conflicts and protect civilians. We cannot ignore the devastating impact of conflicts on individuals and communities. By investing in diplomacy, mediation, and conflict resolution, we can save lives and prevent the displacement of millions.Secondly, we must promote inclusive and sustainable development to address the underlying factors that contribute to displacement. Poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunities are often push factors that force individuals to leave their homes. By investing in education, healthcare, and economic empowerment, we can create conditions that allow people to thrive in their own communities.Furthermore, we must ensure that the rights of refugees are respected and protected. This includes ensuring access to justice, healthcare, and education. We must also combat discrimination, xenophobia, and racism, which often exacerbate the challenges faced by refugees.International cooperation is crucial in addressing the global refugee crisis. No single country can bear the burden alone. By sharing responsibilities, resources, and expertise, we can provide better protection and assistance to refugees and support host countries in their efforts.Lastly, we must recognize the potential and contributions of refugees. They are not a burden; they are individuals with skills, talents, and experiences that can enrich our societies. By embracing diversity and inclusion, we can create more vibrant and resilient communities.On this World Refugee Day, let us reaffirm our commitment to the principles of compassion, solidarity, and respect for human rights. Let us remember that refugees are not mere statistics but individuals who deserve our support and understanding. By working together, we can build a world where no one is forced to flee their homes and all individuals can live in peace and dignity. Thank you.。

United NationsThe United Nations UN is an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193.The UN Headquartersis situated inManhattan, New York City and enjoys extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.Its objectives includemaintaining international peace and security,promoting human rights,fostering social and economic development,protecting the environment,providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.联合国之宗旨为：一、维持国际和平及安全；并为此目的：采取有效集体办法,以防止且消除对于和平之威胁,制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏；并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势;二、发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据之友好关系,并采取其他适当办法,以增强普遍和平;三、促成国际合作,以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化及人类福利性质之国际问题,且不分种族、性别、语言或宗教,增进并激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重;四、构成一协调各国行动之中心,以达成上述共同目的;一、本组织系基于各会员国主权平等之原则;二、各会员国应一秉善意,履行其依本宪章所担负之义务,以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益;三、各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端,俾免危及国际和平、安全及正义;四、各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立;五、各会员国对于联合国依本宪章规定而采取之行动,应尽力予以协助,联合国对于任何国家正在采取防止或执行行动时,各会员国对该国不得给予协助;六、本组织在维持国际和平及安全之必要范围内,应保证非联合国会员国遵行上述原则;七、本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件,且并不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决；但此项原则不妨碍第七章内执行办法之适用;The UN has six principal organs:the General Assembly the main deliberative assembly;the Security Council for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security; the Economic and Social CouncilECOSOC for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development;the Secretariat for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN; the International Court of Justice the primary judicial organ;the United Nations Trusteeship Council inactive since 1994.UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF.The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by South Korean Ban Ki-moon since 2007. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's work.大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会、托管理事会、国际法院、及秘书处;Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City.The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague海牙The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.联合国英文缩写：UN是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织,致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权、公民自由、政治自由、民主及实现持久方面的合作;联合国成立于结束后的1945年,用以取代,去阻止战争并为各国提供对话平台;联合国下设了许多附属机构以实现其宗旨;到2012年为止,联合国共,包括除以外所有得到的不包括、、、、等;在联合国遍及世界的办事处中,联合国及其专门机构通过全年举行定期会议来决定实体和行政议题;联合国由六大主要机构组成：主要的、以决定对和平与安全的某些决议、以协助促进国际经济和社会的合作和发展、为联合国提供所需的研究、资讯和设施、主要的司法机构以及当前不活跃;其他重要的还有、和;联合国的行政首长是,当前由担任;联合国的经费由会员国分摊和自愿捐赠;联合国有6种官方语文,分别为：、、、、、;背景和建立在联合国建立的之前一个世纪,为了规制国家之间的冲突,许多国际协约组织和会议被建立起来,例如和;在的惨痛损失之后,宣布建立以保证国家间的和谐相处;这一组织解决了一些领土争端,并在一些领域建立了国际架构,例如邮政、航空、鸦片控制等,其中一些后来被吸纳进了联合国的体系中;然而国际联盟对于殖民地当时占世界人口的一半的代表权不够,并且诸如美国、苏联、德国和日本在内的列强参与度亦不足；它没能阻止1931年日本对满洲的入侵,1935年的,1937年,德国在领导下的扩张,以及最终导致的;创立一个新的世界性组织的最初完整构想可以追溯至1939年的;美国总统首先使用了“联合国”一词,用于描述;1942年1月1日,26国政府签订,联合国一词得到首次正式使用;1945年4月25日,在旧金山召开,50国政府及诸多非政府机构参与并起草了;1945年10月24日,当时的安理会五大常任理事国法国、中华民国、苏联、英国和美国及多数其他签署国46国共同批准了宪章,联合国正式宣告成立;1946年1月6日,联合国大会第一次会议51个国家代表出席以及安理会在英国伦敦的举行;大会选定纽约作为,其设施于1952年完工;联合国总部同联合国在、和的总部一样,被指定为国际领土;同时,大会还选举了挪威外相为第一任联合国秘书长联合国大会是联合国的主要合议性团体,包括,每年定期举行会议,但紧急会议亦可以召开;大会由一位由成员国中产生,根据区域进行轮换和21位副主席主持;第一次会议于1946年1月10日在伦敦西敏卫理公会中央礼堂召开,有51个国家的代表参会;大会对于重要问题的投票需要到场且投票的三分之二多数才能通过;重要问题的例子包括关于和平和安全的建议、主要机构的选举、接纳、暂停和开除会员,以及预算事宜;其他问题则由简单多数决定;每个国家只有一票;除预算事项外,通过的决议对于会员没有约束力;大会可以对联合国范围内的一切事项提出建议,但关于和平和安全的事项则属安全理事会考量;决议草案由八个委员会进行讨论之后交付大会审议;这八个委员会分别是：•总务委员会–监督委员会,由大会主席、副主席和委员会主席组成•全权证书委员会–负责确定各会员国代表的全权证书•第一委员会裁军与国际安全•第二委员会经济和金融•第三委员会社会、人道主义和文化•第四委员会特殊政治和非殖民化•第五委员会行政和预算•第六委员会法务安全理事会的职责是维护国家之间的和平与安全;联合国的其他主要机构只有对会员国提出“建议”的权利,而安理会则有权提出具有强制性的决议,在宪章第二十五条规定下,会员国必须接受并履行;安理会的决议被称为;安理会由15个会员国组成,其中包括5个常任理事国——中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国和美国——以及10个非常任理事国——阿根廷2014年任期结束、澳大利亚2014年、乍得2015年、智利2015年、约旦2015年、立陶宛2015年、卢森堡2015年、尼日利亚2015年、韩国2015年及卢旺达2015年;其中五个常任理事国对于联合国决议具有,因此常任理事国能够阻止一项决议的通过,但无法阻止讨论;十个非常任理事国任期两年,根据原则由大会从成员国中选出;安理会的主席每个月根据字母顺序进行轮换;联合国秘书处由主持,由来自全球的公务人员协助运作;它为联合国机构召开的会议提供研究、信息和设施,并根据安理会、大会、经社理事会和其他机构的指示进行工作;现任秘书长在事实上是联合国的发言人和领导人;根据联合国宪章,这一职位是这一组织的“行政首长”;宪章第九十九条规定秘书长可将“其认为可能威胁国际和平及安全之任何事件”提请安理会注意,之后的秘书长将之解读为为这一职位提供了在全球范围推动行动的机会;秘书长一职已经发展成为联合国管理者和会员国间争端及国际问题的调停者两项职责的结合;秘书长在安理会具有否决权进行推荐之后由大会进行任命;这一职责没有具体的要求,但如今已形成惯例应有一至两个五年任期,应根据地区轮转任命,且不应来自安理会五大常任理事国;现任秘书长为,他在2007年接替了,并在此后获得连任,将于2016年年底结束任期;国际法院ICJ位于荷兰海牙,是联合国的主要司法机构,于1945年根据联合国宪章建立起来,并在1946年作为的继承者开始运行;国际法院由15名法官组成,法官任期9年,由大会任命,必须来自不同的国家;国际法院的所在地是海牙的,与私立国际法研究中心共享一座建筑;它的主要目的是对国家之间的争端进行裁决;法院开庭审理过战争罪行、非法国家干涉、种族清洗以及其他一些事宜;其他联合国机构可以请求国际法院提供司法建议;联合国经济及社会理事会ECOSOC在推动国际经济和社会合作及发展方面对大会进行协助;经社理事会有54个成员国,由大会选出,任期三年;主席同样选举产生,任期一年,来自经社理事会中中等或较小的成员国;理事会每年7月召开一次会议,会议地点在纽约或是日内瓦;它的主要职责是收集信息、为会员国提供建议,与专门机构进行协调并提供建议;由于协调机构的职责较为宽泛,因此经社理事会时常被批评为不够集中及无关痛痒;经社理事会的下属机构包括联合国土著问题常设论坛为联合国机构就问题提供建议、联合国森林论坛协调和推广可持续森林管理、联合国统计委员会协调各机构间的信息收集以及可持续发展委员会协调联合国机构及非政府组织推动;经社理事会同时还为非政府组织提供顾问权,至2004年,已经有超过2,200个组织获得了顾问地位;联合国机构通过两种方式取得经费：成员国的与;联合国及其机构两年一度的来自各成员国的会费;联合国大会审查联合国的经费,并确定各国应付的会费款额;各国的会费主要是依照各国的经济实力以及其他一些因素来决定的;会费由经常性预算、维和费用和费用三部分组成;联合国的特别专案不在常规经费预算之内,这些专案是通过成员国的捐款来运作的;捐款的很大部分是为所需要国家提供农产品,但主要还是资金的支援;联合国大会确立的原则是,联合国不应该在经费上过度倚赖任何国家;为此每财政年度联合国的会费设有“封顶”价格,规定各成员国所付会费的最高价;2000年协定的部分规定,单个会员国的会费占经常性财政预算最高额度从原先的25%降低到22%,目前这是承担的经费额度,而其他所有成员国的会费则更低,下限为0．001％;联合国缴纳比例每三年修改一次,会费比额编制方法的制定依据支付能力、同时给予人均国民收入低的国家适当宽减的原则;2010年至2012年,每年的会费总额约25亿美元;联合国宪章第十九条规定：凡拖欠本组织财政款项之会员国,其拖欠数目如等于或超过前两年所应缴纳之数目时,即丧失其在大会投票权;大会如认拖欠原因,确由于该会员国无法控制之情形者,得准许该会员国投票;自联合国成立以来,一直是向联合国提供最多经费的国家,同时也是拖欠会费次数最多、金额最大的国家;近年来比较明显的变化有：的会费比额从2000年的%降为2013年的%；则从2000年的%上升为2013年的%2013年缴纳约1亿3119万美元;2011年11月1日,获准加入,作为对此事的“回应”,美国、中止向联合国教科文组织缴纳会费;2013年11月9日,美国、以色列等5个国家因为拖欠联合国教科文组织会费,丧失了在联合国教科文组织的投票权;军事制裁结束之后,联合国开始在国际安全、维持和平等方面扮演较为积极的角色；近年来维持和平任务简称“”的派遣频率以及规模不断突破历史新高,相关费用也已成为该组织财务支出的最大宗;然而受限于“国家”仍为国际舞台上最主要行为者的现实环境,联合国对于强国的行为仍无力约束,一些与强国利益没有直接相关的事务,也难以动员各国参与落实联合国的决议;例如：1990年代在,以及2007年南部发生的惨案,联合国均无法做出立即而有效的处置;2003年美国绕开联合国的议事程式,片面决定出兵攻打,严重威胁联合国权威,但是安理会只能事后追认;2006年军队进攻南部,原驻该地的未能发挥作用,安理会通过决议要求停火,亦未能立即落实;对于、、等国家进行试爆的行为,安理会均决议反对,但是、还是事实上拥有的国家;2009年以色列军队进攻地区,并攻击联合国该驻地设施与人员,安理会亦未能立即而有效的处置;否决权部分人士认为大国所拥有的有可能被滥用;例如在时期,和之间的政治冲突,以及近年来许多国际事件在欧美与中俄的立场迥异,动用否决权的使用上,即表现得十分明显;特别是在安理会中,五大享有的否决权,被美国和苏联多次运用;中华民国重返联合国问题主条目：关于重新加入联合国问题,不同政治立场人士对此存在争议,由于牵扯到复杂和争议的而无法取得共识;中华民国方面观点中华民国是一个实际主权独立的国家,且主权与治权从未及于台澎金马中华民国目前实际统治之领土,不能代表2300万人民,故而中华民国长年争取;中华人民共和国方面观点世界上只有,台湾是中国的一部分,中华民国已于1949年灭亡;中华人民共和国政府于1971年根据即取代中华民国在联合国的中国席位与一切权力,是代表中国的唯一合法政府,故中华人民共和国所行使之中国代表权自然包含台湾等地区,联合国不应允许中华民国返联;。