《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习

新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.语言识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递书上1.1.3语言学界里几个重要的概念区别（5-12）：5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

●语言学家：1.F.de Saussure P4Swiss linguist. He distinct the langue and parole in the early 20thcentury <course in general linguistics>写了《普通语言学》强调研究语言（what linguist should do is to abstract langue from parole）2.N ChomskAmerican linguist distinct competence and performance in the late 1950s强调研究语言能力（competence）和索绪尔的相似点●Saussure和chomsky不同之处：索绪尔从社会学角度（sociological view）他的语言概念属于社会习俗范畴（social conventions）；乔姆斯基是从心理学角度（Psychological view），认为语言能力是每个个体大脑的特征（property of mind of each individual）3.现代语言学基本上是描述性的（descriptive），传统语法是规定性的（prescriptive）4.现代语言学中共时性研究更重要（synchronic）Phonetics(语音学) Phonology（音位学）●发音器官1.pharyngeal cavity2.oral cavity3.nasal cavity●speech and writing are the two media or substances 言语和文字是自然语言的两种媒介和物质（言语比文字更加基础）●语音学从哪三个角度研究?(1)说话者角度articulatory phonetics 发声语音学（历史最悠久）(2)听话者角度auditory phonetics 听觉语音学(3)研究语音的传播方式acoustic phonetics 声学语音学●主要现在用IPA标音标，但是语言学家会用严式标音（narrowtranscription）书上举了两个字母的例子{l} leap，feel ，health {p} pit，spit （送气，不送气）p h来表送气●语音的分类：元音（voiced sound）和辅音●voiceless●元音的分类：（1）根据舌头哪一个部位最高，分为front、central、back（2）嘴巴的张合度，分为闭元音、半闭元音、半开元音、开元音（3）不圆唇的（所有前和中元音+{a：} ）和圆唇的（rounded）后元音●Segment 和syllable 前面数有几个元音辅音；后面数有几个元音●语音学和音位学的区别（1）语音学家关注{l} 的发音，清晰舌边音和模糊舌边音（2）音位学家关注{l}分布模式，即在什么位置发这个音如{l} 在元音后或辅音前，发模糊舌边音feel、quilt{l}放在元音前发清晰的舌边音leap注意：Phonology is concerned with the sound system of a particular language.(关注某种语言的语音系统)Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages in general.一、区分音素，音位，音位变体●音素：phone（1）在单词feel[fi:ł],leaf[li:f],tar[tha:],star[sta:]中,一共有7个音素,分别是[f],[i:],[ł],[l],[th].[t],[a:].（2）英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

End-of-term Quiz and ReviewChapter I1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.2. If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.3. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.4. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. It is abstract and stable; it is not the language people actually use.7. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.8. Competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.9. Performance refers to the actual realization of ideal user’s knowledge in linguistic communication.10. Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11. Arbitrariness, as one of the features of language, means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.12. Productivity, as one of the features of language, means that language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13. Duality, as one of the features of language, means that language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.14. Displacement, as one of the features of language, means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.15. Cultural transmission, as one of the features of language, means that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.16. Emotive (情绪性) is a language function used by the addresser to expresseshis/her attitudeto the topic or situation of communication, e.g. "I hate whatever they are planning for me! "17. Conative (意动性) is a language function used by the addresser to influence the addressee'scourse of action or ways of thinking, e.g. "Why not go and see another doctor?"18. Referential (指称性功能) is a language function used by the addresser to convey a messageor information, e.g. " As far as I know, the earth's resources are being astonishingly wasted. "19. Poetic (文学性) is a language function used by the addresser to use language for the solepurpose of displaying the beauty of language itself, e.g. poetry.20. Phatic (交际性) communion is a language function used by the addresser to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee, e.g. "Hi! How are you this morning?"21. Metalinguistic (元语言的) is a language function used by the addresser to use language to make clear the meaning of language itself, e.g. "Let me tell you what the word 'anorexia means. "Chapter II22. The three branches of phonetics include articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.23. The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity - the throat, the oral cavity - the mouth, and the nasal cavity - the nose.24. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only.25. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符号).26. pit is transcribed as [ph1t] and the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.27. spit is transcribed as [spit] and the [p] sound is unaspirated.28. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they can be classified, etc.29. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.30. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.31. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit.32. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of the phoneme.33. If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast, e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit].34. Allophones complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. For instance, the clear always occurs before a vowel while the dark always occurs between a vowel and a consonant, or at the end of a word. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.35. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning. For example, in English, pill and billare identical except in /p/ and /b/. So these two sounds represent different phonemes, and they are the minimal pairs.36. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.37. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, and green.38. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. This is called deletion rule.39. Stress, tone and intonation are the suprasegmental features that occur above the level of the segments.40. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the content words of a language.41. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly.42. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" or "functional" words.43. The number of conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.44. The most important component of a word structure is the morpheme – the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.45. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.46. A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.47. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. An example is a used before a word beginning with a consonant and an before a word beginning with a vowel.48. Affixes are bound morphemes and they do not belong to a lexical category such as nouns or verbs.49. Derivational morphemes are so called because when they are conjoined to other morphemes or words, new words are derived, or formed.50. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.51. The XP rule: XP--(specifier) X (complement)52. In the example, “a story about a sentimental girl”, the PP is a complement.53. Complements are attached to the right of the head in English.54. Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers (shortened as Cs).55. The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.56. The construction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.57. “XP → (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement) (Mod)” is the expanded XP rule.58. The S rule is made of NP+VP59. Sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take an inflection (dubbed "Infl") as their heads.60. Inflection indicates the sentence's tense and agreement.61. Infl is a sentence head that takes an NP (the subject) as its specifier and a VP category as itscomplement.62. A yes-no question requires a transformation, a special type of rule that can move an elementfrom one position to another.63. A transformation known as inversion moves the auxiliary from the Infl position toa position to the left of the subject.64. The position the auxiliary occupies is the same as the position that a complementizer occupies.65. Do insertion is to insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position66. Deep structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties.67. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence, surface structure results from appropriate transformations.68. In Wh Movement, we move the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.69. According to naming theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.70. The limitations of naming theory are applicable to nouns only and there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world.71. The conceptualist view holds the interpretation of meaning is linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.72. The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.73. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.74. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.75. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.76. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.77. The same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy.78. Homonymy (同音（形）异义性) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.79. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.80. Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.81. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.82. A predication consists of argument and predicate.83. Pragmatics is defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.84. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.85. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized86. The meaning of a/an utterance is concrete, and context dependent.87. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.88. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.89. representatives means stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.90. directives means to trying to get the hearer to do something.91. Commissives means committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.92. Expressives means expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.93. Declarations means bringing about immediate changes by saying something.94. The primary speech act is the speaker's goal of communication.95. The secondary speech act is the means by which the speaker achieves his/her goal.96. According to the maxim of quantity, speakers should not make his/her contribution more informative than is required.97. The maxim of quality requires that speakers do not say what they believe to be false.98. Be relevant is the maxim of relation.99. According to the maxim of manner, speakers should avoid ambiguity and be brief. 100. Pragmatic failure occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communicative purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of communication.。

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes a nd analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__escriptive_____.(prescriptive /lay down rules)2.Chomsky defines “competence”(语言能力) as the ideal user’sknowledge__________ of the r ules of his language.3. Langue(语言) refers to the a__bstract________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例）and application of the rules.43. D____uality_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a__rbitrary_______ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_______.8. Human capacity for language has a g enetic___ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. Performance __(语言能力)__ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known asa__pplied______ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocialfunction of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant (时刻)is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate （当前）situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．Affricate_(破差音)_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.28．A_rticulatory_（发音）________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds.30．Of all the speech organs, the t _ongue___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__lace_____ of articulation(发音部位).32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly （可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s__top______.33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone（音调）, intonation（语调）, etc.34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential (序列) ____ rules.35．The transcription （标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription （宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow____ transcription. （严式）36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)________.37．P_honology__________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in allthese words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal （咽腔）cavity, the oral(口腔)_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T__one（音调）_____ are pitch （音调）variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动）of the vocal cords （声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s__entence_______ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the p hysical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acoustic(声学)B. articulatoryC. Auditory（听觉）D. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar（齿龈）stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrast （音位对立）B. in complementary distribution （同一音位的不同变体）C. the allophones（音位变体）D. minimal pair （对小对立体）9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal （鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless andvoiced _______, respectively.( C )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesIV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀) are removed.2. Morpheme (词素)____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. Bound_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_erivational_________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may case change its part of speech.6. C_ompound_________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than twowords to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” an“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as acompound_______.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speechof __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elemD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. Suffixes(后缀)C. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbsun-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional, “aspect”,“case”“number”, “gender”,15. Morphemes that represent “tense”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –fulV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Chapter 4：SyntaxII. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight. Chapter 5 SemanticsII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Semantics________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R_eference____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_______.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_omophones____(同音异型异义)_____.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship （关系）between the twoitems are called relational_______ opposites.(关系反义)7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.8. Relational_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.9. C omponential(成分分析)____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaningof a word can be divided into meaning components.10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken tobe labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman”　differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and selltulip” is ________.violet” and “15. The relationship between “A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposesIV. Answer the following questions.1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each ofthe following pairs of antonyms belong?deep/shallow（gradable antonyms）married/single (complementary antonyms)sour/sweet(gradable antonyms) teacher/student(r elational opposites)asleep/awake(c omplementary antonyms)2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?(dialectal synonyms;stylistic synonyms;synonyms in emotive and evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms;semantically different synonyms)3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?Chapter 6：PragmaticsII.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.P__ragmatics_______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.2.The notion of context_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary(言外之力)_______ point,but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course ofcommunication, it becomes an u___________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a_bstract______, and decontextualized.6.C_onstatives_______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thusverifiable.7.P_erformatives_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state,and were not verifiable.8. A locutionary(言内)_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. Itis the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 9.An illocutionary___（言外）_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’sintention; it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e_xpressives___(表达类)____ is to express feelings or attitude towards anexisting state.11.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle(合作原则): the maxim ofquantity_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim ofmanner.III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. Intrinsic（内在的）D. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a_________concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive8. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary act（言后行为）D. A performative act9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do something （directives命令）B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of action（commissives承诺）D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.（expressives）10. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle11. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted(嘲笑),_______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature (含义)12. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specifiedin the utterance.A. directivesB. expressives （feeling attitude）C. commissivesD. representatives13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. utterenceD. sentence15. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the studyof meaning, _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. contextIV. Answer the following questions.1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing whilemaking an utterance. Give an example.2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show howflouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?3. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the Englishused by Chinese learners of English.。

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性Prescriptivebehavior, to tell people what they should say and what It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖　should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点a social activity carried out in a certain socialnguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘senvironment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集 (1-6章)2021-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2021I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE: 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the courseof its history. 4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not onlystudies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.17. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.1浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution. 27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear somenatural relationship to their meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.2. Chomsky d efines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.3. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.43. D_________ is one of the design features of human language whichrefers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.2浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集8. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12 12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice thatcanbest complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study. A.synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to languageteaching and learning is called _____. A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language peopleactually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness 5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as____________. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing3浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires hismother tongue D. All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians foradopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logicalconnection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD.ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This feature is called_________, A.displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ earlylast century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth 13.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object isgood proof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. culturalIV. Answer the following question:1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?4浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese andEnglish.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream ofsounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantareas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.11. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds calledvoicing.12. English consonants can be classified in terms of place ofarticulation and the partof the tongue that is raised the highest.13. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types intowhich theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Chapter one Introduction1.1什么是语言学1.1.1定义语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3（1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.（2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.（3）Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.（4）Langue and parole 语言和言语必考名解P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.（5）Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

第1章导言I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following does NOT state how the linguist discovers the nature and the rules of the underlying language system?A. He has to collect and observe language facts.B. He has to display and then generalize some similarities of the language facts.C. He has to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.D. He has to deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study.【答案】D【解析】语言学家为了找出潜在的语言系统中的实质和规则，须要收集和观察语言事实，找出某些语言事实的相似性并对其作出概括；然后，对语言结构进行某种假设，再对照所观察到的事实进行反复验证以充分证明它们的有效性。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.【答案】D【解析】语言的区别性特征有五个：arbitrariness（任意性），productivity（多产性）或creativity（创造性），duality（二重性），displacement（移位性），cultural transmission （文化传递性）。

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第1章导言
1.1复习笔记
1.2课后习题详解
1.3考研真题与典型题详解
第2章音位学
2.1复习笔记
2.2课后习题详解
2.3考研真题与典型题详解
第3章形态学
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题详解
3.3考研真题与典型题详解
第4章句法学
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题详解
4.3考研真题与典型题详解
第5章语义学
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题详解
5.3考研真题与典型题详解
第6章语用学
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题详解
6.3考研真题与典型题详解
第7章语言变化
7.1复习笔记
7.2课后习题详解
7.3考研真题与典型题详解
第8章语言与社会
8.1复习笔记
8.2课后习题详解
8.3考研真题与典型题详解
第9章语言与文化
9.1复习笔记
9.2课后习题详解
9.3考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言习得
10.1复习笔记
10.2课后习题详解
10.3考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言习得
11.1复习笔记
11.2课后习题详解
11.3考研真题与典型题详解第12章语言与大脑
12.1复习笔记
12.2课后习题详解
12.3考研真题与典型题详解。

目　录第1章　导　言1.1　复习笔记1.2　课后习题详解1.3　考研真题与典型题详解第2章　音位学2.1　复习笔记2.2　课后习题详解2.3　考研真题与典型题详解第3章　形态学3.1　复习笔记3.2　课后习题详解3.3　考研真题与典型题详解第4章　句法学4.1　复习笔记4.2　课后习题详解4.3　考研真题与典型题详解第5章　语义学5.1　复习笔记5.2　课后习题详解5.3　考研真题与典型题详解第6章　语用学6.1　复习笔记6.2　课后习题详解6.3　考研真题与典型题详解第7章　语言变化7.1　复习笔记7.2　课后习题详解7.3　考研真题与典型题详解第8章　语言与社会8.1　复习笔记8.2　课后习题详解8.3　考研真题与典型题详解第9章　语言与文化9.1　复习笔记9.2　课后习题详解9.3　考研真题与典型题详解第10章　语言习得10.1　复习笔记10.2　课后习题详解10.3　考研真题与典型题详解第11章　第二语言习得11.1　复习笔记11.2　课后习题详解11.3　考研真题与典型题详解第12章　语言与大脑12.1　复习笔记12.2　课后习题详解12.3　考研真题与典型题详解第1章　导　言1.1　复习笔记本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2. Important distinctions in Linguistics语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与识别特征4. Functions of language语言的功能本章考点：1. 有关语言学的常考考点语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1。

The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic语言学的一些重要区分3。

The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4。

Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴.语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data， conducted with reference to general theory of language structure）2。

The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics(语音学)： the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology（音系学)：the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.（语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式）Morphology(形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax（句法学)：the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language。

页眉内容《语言学概论》学习指导第一章III. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can not be foundin animal communication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language inmodern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?第二章语音学一、导读2.1 语音研究人类交际包括两种形式：语言交际(linguistic communication) 和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。

非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。

语言交际包括口语（spoken language）和书面语(written language)。

在多数情况下，人们主要是通过口语进行交际。

口语交际的媒介是语音(speech sounds)，也就是说人们通过声道（vocal track）发出的音来表达意义。

这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学(phonetics)。

口语交际是一个复杂的过程。

可以想象，当人们交际时，语音首先被说话者发出，然后，它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。

也就是说，口语交际包括三个基本步骤：语音的发出→语音在空气中的传导→语音的接收。

根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。

对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics)，研究语音的产生。

对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics)，研究语音的物理特征。

对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学(auditory phonetics），研究和语音感知有关的内容。

新编简明英语语言学教程引言英语是世界上最广泛使用的第二语言，拥有超过20亿的非母语使用者。

因此，研究英语语言学对于理解这一全球语言的结构和运作方式至关重要。

本文将介绍一部新编的简明英语语言学教程，旨在帮助学习者系统地学习和理解英语语言学的基本概念和原理。

第一章：语言和语言学本章将介绍语言学的定义和目标，解释语言的基本概念，如语音、语法、语义和语用。

通过对语言学的基础知识的介绍，学习者将能够理解英语语言学的主要研究领域和方法。

第二章：音系学音系学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

本章将介绍英语语音的分类和描述，包括元音、辅音和重音等内容。

同时，还将讨论声调、音位和音变等语音学的重要概念。

第三章：形态学形态学研究词的内部结构和变化规律。

本章将介绍英语的词形变化和构词法，帮助学习者理解单词的构成和词义的变化。

通过学习形态学，学习者将能够更有效地记忆和运用英语中的词汇。

第四章：句法学句法学研究句子的结构和组成规则。

本章将介绍英语句子的基本结构和常见句法规则，如主谓结构、宾语和定语从句等。

学习者将通过理解句法学的知识，提高英语句子的构建和理解能力。

第五章：语义学语义学研究词和句子的意义。

本章将介绍英语词汇的意义分类和语义关系，如同义词、反义词和上下位关系等。

同时，还将讨论句子的真值条件和语义角色等语义学的重要概念。

第六章：语用学语用学研究语言在社交交际中的使用和理解。

本章将介绍英语中的言外之意、语体、礼貌原则和会话分析等语用学的重要概念。

通过学习语用学，学习者将能够更好地理解英语中的语用规则和言语行为。

第七章：历史语言学历史语言学研究语言在时间上的变化和发展。

本章将介绍英语的历史演变和变异，帮助学习者了解英语的词汇、语法和语音的变化过程。

通过学习历史语言学，学习者将能够更深入地理解英语的发展历程。

结论新编简明英语语言学教程是一部全面介绍英语语言学基本概念和原理的教材。

通过系统地学习该教程，学习者能够掌握英语语言学的核心内容，提高对英语语言的理解和运用能力。