Indian bank systerm

迈斯金库守护神N+1模式
一、概述：
金库作为存放现金，对安全性有高要求的场所，必须安装金库守护神系统。

迈斯金库守护神系统是在“RBS-Ⅱ”技术的基础上，根据银行金库及现金保管点分布式应用、集中式管理要求的特点，结合银行异地值守的概念，完全符合银行金库、ATM加钞间、现金保管点的管理要求，同时可通过技术的手段降低人力资源成本。

二、金库守护神N+1模式原理
①独特的“N+1”管理模式，“N”即为现场的N个人验证（N可以限定为分属不同部门或职务的人）。

“1”是分属不同地方的监控室远程值班人员。

“N”和“1”相互制约，缺一不可。

②“N”和“1”可以根据不同的系统网络状态进行不同的组合。

如网络通畅“1”为当地网点或支行监控室的值班人员。

而在网络不通畅时“1”为网点主任或者支行行长等高级别的管理人员。

③“N”和“1”也可以根据不同的时间段来进行组合，如上班时的“1”为网点或者支行监控室的值班人员，而下班时间的“1”为中心支行的监控室的值班人员。

三、金库守护神系统方案优点：18-12-418-1O13Q:2638578472张S
1、完全符合目前各类银行金库网点异地职守的管理要求，节约人力成本。

2、多种组网方式，宽带、移动GPRS通讯、3G无线网络，确保营业网点不同现场环境都能够实现统一联网管理。

组网方式灵活，且通断网情况下，开门模式能自由切换。

3、高度集成，将金库管理区域的门禁控制、视频监控、防盗报警、语音对讲整合到一套系统，大大了简化了中心值班人员的操作难度。

4、多级告警机制和多种告警方式，五级派障，电话、短信、平台及现场声光报警。

Abbey National 英国阿比国民银行Algemene Bank Nederland 荷兰通用银行BANK SINOPAC 台湾永丰银行BANK SINAR MAS 金光银行Barclays Bank PLC. 英国巴克莱银行Banque Nationale de Paris 法国巴黎国民银行Banco Do Brasil 巴西银行Bank of Tokyo 日本东京银行Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 意大利国民劳动银行Bankers Trust New Y ork Corp. 美国纽约银行家信托公司Banca Commerciale Italiana 意大利商业银行BNP PARIBAS 法国巴黎银行CITIC KA WAH BANK 中信嘉华银行COMMERZBANK 德国商业银行CREDIT LYONNAIS 法国里昂信贷银行Chase Manhattan Bank 美国大通曼哈顿银行Cooperatieve Centrale Raifferssen-Boerenleenbank 荷兰荷兰农业合作社中央银行Citibank 美国花旗银行Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce 加拿大帝国商业银行Cassa Di Risparmio Delle Provincie Lombarde 意大利伦巴省储蓄银行Chemical New Y ork Corp. 美国纽约化学银行Credit Suisse 瑞士信贷银行Credito Italiano 意大利意大利信贷银行DANSKE BANK 丹麦丹斯克银行Daiwa Bank 日本大和银行Dresdner Bank 德国德累斯顿银行Deutsche Bank 德意志银行Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 日本第一劝业银行de Caisse Nationale Credit Agricole 法国农业信贷国民银行First Chicago Corp. 美国芝加哥第一国民银行First Interstate Bancorp 美国第一洲际银行Fuji Bank 日本富士银行Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp. 香港汇丰银行Istituto Bancario SanPaolo Di Torino 意大利都灵圣保罗银行Industrial Bank of Japan 日本兴业银行Lloyds Bank PLC. 英国劳埃德银行LANDESBANK BADEN-WURTTEMBERG 德国巴登-符滕堡银行Mellon National Corp. 美国梅隆国民银行Midland Bank 英国米兰银行Morgan Guaranty Trust Corp. of New Y ork 美国摩根保证信托银行MIZUHO BANK 日本瑞穗银行Manufacturers Hanover Corp. 美国汉华实业银行Mitsui Bank 日本三井银行Mitsubishi Bank 日本三菱银行Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena 意大利西亚那银行National Westminster Bank PLC. 英国国民西敏寺银行NORDEA BANK 瑞典北欧联合银行POHJOLA BANK 芬兰波赫约拉银行PT. BANK CIMB 印尼联昌商业银行Royal Bank of Canada 加拿大皇家银行SOCIETE GENERALE 法国兴业银行Swiss Bank Corp. 瑞士银行公司Sanwa Bank 日本三和银行Security Pacific Corp 美国太平洋安全银行Sumitomo Trust & Banking 日本住友信托银行Tokai Bank 日本东海银行Toronto-Dominion Bank 加拿大多伦多自治领银行UNITED OVERSEAS BANK 新加坡大华银行UNICREDIT BANK 德国裕信银行Union Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale 德国西德意志地方银行Westpac Banking Corp. 澳大利亚西太平洋银行公司。

Global Shifts1Barry EichengreenUniversity of California, BerkeleyApril 2011Shifts happen. We are currently witnessing a major shift in the balance of economic, financial and political power from the advanced countries to emerging markets – from West to East, or from the West to the Rest. This is, of course, not the first time that we have observed this kind of global shift. The rise of the West from the 15th century and its concomitant, the decline of China, was itself an earlier instance, if mirror image, of this kind of shift. (See Figure 1.) The industrial revolution, which gave rise to what is sometimes called “The Great Divergence” (the growing divergence in manufacturing capability and in capacity to project power between the first countries to industrialize, principally in Europe, and other regions) marked another global shift. It is no coincidence that the first industrial nation, Great Britain, came to control fully a quarter of the world’s population and land mass by the end of the 19th century.2 There was the shift in economic power from the pioneer industrializer, Britain, to followers like Germany that contributed to the economic and geopolitical tensions helping to set the stage for World War I. There is Charles Kindleberger’s thesis that that Great Depression of the 1930s was a consequence of the global shift in power from Britain to the United States, one that left an exhausted Britain incapable of managing the world economy and an inexperienced United States unwilling to do so.3 There is the shift after World War II toward the two great superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the dominance of the U.S. over the Western world (Figure 2). There is then the relative decline of the United States owing to catch-up growth, first in Europe, next in Japan, and finally in East Asia and elsewhere, which gradually closed the per-capita-income gap. The current shift toward emerging markets like China and India (Figures 3 and 4) is usefully seen in this light.This paper examines these earlier shifts in economic and political power and asks what light they shed on the implications of today’s global shift. I inquire into the sources of the shift, describe the tensions to which it gave rise, and ask how those tensions were managed. The answer to this last question, in two words, is “not well.” Global shifts have almost always fanned economic conflict, created problems for economic management, and heightened diplomatic tensions. Sometimes they have erupted into military conflict. While the same need not be true this time, there is reason to worry that the current global shift is a source of economic and political risks. It is past due time to start thinking about both the nature of those risks and mechanisms for managing them.The causes and consequences of changes in economic fortune, both relative and absolute, probably constitute the central question of all of economic history, if not all of economics. One paper can do justice to neither the topic nor the literature. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive, I focus on a number of specific cases, those mentioned in the opening paragraph. While this requires me to touch on aspects of nearly a millennium of human history, my focus is mainly on the last two centuries, the period since the establishment of the Bank of Finland, the1 Prepared for the Bank of Finland’s 200th anniversary symposium, Helsinki, May 5-6, 2011.2 And to “rule the waves.”3 As originally advanced in Kindleberger (1973).event providing the occasion for this symposium. Coverage of these episodes is also necessarily selective and designed to highlight the themes sounded above.1.The Rise of the WestEconomic historians are unanimously of the view that Ming China was the leading economic power in 1400. No other country constructed the equivalent of the Great Wall or the Grand Canal. No other state or empire had a standing army with a million troops. China was known for its technological prowess and precocity – for its mastery of gunpower, printing, paper-making, and compasses. It was known for the long-distance commercial voyages of the great admiral Zheng He whicht served commercial purposes (many of his ships had private cabins for merchants) and also sought to extract tribute from other lands bordering the Indian Ocean.Two factors then combined to set on foot a global shift. First, the Ming Dynasty turned inward. Zheng He’s fleet was dismantled. Limits were placed on the size of newly-constructed ships. By the end of the 15th century, subjects of the Chinese empire were forbidden to construct ocean-going ships or to leave the country. The overland route west, the Silk Road, was all but closed to traffic. The Chinese met early European incursions by limiting contact to a handful of treaty ports.Why the Mings turned inward is disputed. One view is that curtailing contact with the outside world was a low-cost way of dealing with piracy and the Uighurs. Another is that from the middle of the 15th century the Mings had bigger problems close at hand, like their border dispute with what is modern-day Vietnam. Still another is that this was the ill-advised decision of a clutch of conservative officials concerned about the impact on China of foreign influence.But there is little disputing the consequences. China’s inward turn created space for other powers. Lack of contact with foreign ideas, the absence of foreign competition, and the smothering effects of tradition set China up for a long period of economic stagnation.The coincident factor was improved Western sailing, navigation and military technology. The key innovation was the caravel, a sailing ship developed by the Portuguese and then the Spanish that combined lateen (triangular) rigging, making it very maneuverable and able to sail up rivers, with square sails that made it very fast and able to cross oceans. Lateen sails came from the Arab lands, square ones from Northern Europe; the Iberians were strategically placed between the two influences. New navigational techniques developed by Arab, Indian and Jewish astronomers but systematized by the Portuguese allowed European ships to go anywhere. Finally, the Portuguese were quicker than others to adapt the use of canon to ocean-going vessels.Why Portugal, one might ask? As with the Internet, public-sector R&D played a role. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a maritime academy that fostered many of these innovations. He established an observatory at Sagres to construct accurate tables on the sun’s declination.4The early voyages down the west coast of Africa were sponsored by the4From 1500 or so there was a growing accumulation of navigational data in a variety of countries (Spain, France, England), all of which saw the publication of practical pamphlets and guides on the subject.Portuguese crown (just as Columbus’ pioneering trans-Atlantic voyage was underwritten by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain). The result was the Age of Exploration (sometimes referred, in less politically-correct terms, as the Age of Discovery), in which the Portuguese and Spanish found their way around Cape Horn to Asia and then across the Atlantic to the Americas.5While the Portuguese had a head start, the Spanish had a larger economy. The two quickly came into conflict over trading posts, trade rights, and other commercial prerogatives. There was an effort to divide the spoils – to create separate spheres of influence not unlike the Western and Soviet blocs during the Cold War or the possibility, sometimes mooted today, of Chinese and U.S. spheres of influence in Asia and the West. The first such effort, the Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, divided the newly discovered territories of Africa and the Western Hemisphere. The dividing line ran north-south along a meridian roughly down the middle of the Atlantic before bisecting what became modern-day Brazil. This was followed in 1524 by the Treaty of Zaragoza, which similarly divided Asia and the Pacific along a north-south meridian running roughly through the middles of Japan and Australia.6An unintended consequence of this spheres-of-influence strategy may be to permit the regional hegemon to grow fat and lazy. So it is said of Spain and Portugal following the conclusion of the two treaties.7This made room for hungry upstarts: England and theNetherlands. The Iberians were followed into the Indian Ocean by first the Dutch and then the English: the Dutch ended up controlling trading rights with much of modern-day Indonesia, the English with India. In the Western Hemisphere the Iberians were flanked to the north by the Dutch and, more importantly, English and French, who built their commercial empires on the basis of shipping and finance but in addition had manufactures (woolens) to export.The upstarts also relied on strong institutions – national champions that enjoyed public-sector support. In 1602 the Dutch States General established the world’s first joint-stockcompany, the Dutch East India Company, granting it not just a monopoly of trade with Asia but also the power to establish fortified trading posts, negotiate treaties, and wage defensive wars.8 The company established a centralized hub in Batavia (now Jakarta), organized nearly 5,000 voyages, and paid its shareholders an annual dividend approaching 20 per cent for twocenturies.9 5 Why Europe, more generally, one might ask? Was the Renaissance conducive to the systematization ofknowledge? Did the Black Death, by raising land-labor ratios, create surplus agricultural production that could be traded and higher living standards? These questions presumably deserve more than a footnote. At virtually the same time Queen Elizabeth granted a royal charter to the (English) East Asia Company, which like its Dutch competitor acquired monopoly rights and, eventually, a 6 The prod for this treaty was the conflict between the two countries over Malacca and the surrounding “spice islands” (the source of the region’s valuable spices). Portugal arrived first, establishing a fort at Malacca in 1511. Spain then arrived in the Moluccas from the east in 1521 as part of Magellan’s famous attempt to circumnavigate the globe, and Charles V sent another expedition to colonize the islands. There followed a year of fighting between the two countries. In 1524 the two kingdoms agreed to resolve the issue by drawing another meridian that would divide the world into two equal-sized hemispheres. To get it right, each crown appointed three astronomers, three pilots, and three mathematicians. 7 See Kindleberger (1994) and Landes (1998). 8 This, recall, was the age of mercantilism, when states sought to monopolize the trade of a region so as to generate monopoly profits which could then be used to strengthen the state’s finances and its ability to wage war. 9 Now there’s a risk premium for you.modern board of directors.10 Using Surat in India as a transit point between the Spice Islands and Europe, the East Asia Company was responsible for Britain establishing its foothold in India. These two trading concerns, as joint-stock companies and public-private partnerships, were important institutional innovations. They were the agents of the power shift from Southern to Northern Europe and of Europe’s growing influence and control over much of Southern Asia.This situation – two aspirants infringing on the turf of two established powers, and the Europeans all seeking to establish exclusive access to the minerals, precious metals, and high-value crop-lands of other regions (spice- and sugar-growing land in particular) – was a recipe for conflict among the imperialists and between the Europeans and the indigenous peoples with whom they made contact.11 In addition to nimble sailing ships and canon, the Europeans had on their side metallurgy (which furnished them with efficient swords and daggers) and infectious disease (which desimated previously isolated indigenous populations). In turn the imperialists were weakened by almost continuous internecine conflict. The rising Northern European powers fought for space and influence with both their Iberian predecessors and one another. When the English arrived in the Bandas and Moluccas, islands where cloves and nutmeg were grown, the Dutch drove them out by force.12 The Dutch fought with Sultan Agung, who headed a powerful state in central Java, over the establishment of Batang. They took Ceylon from Portugal along with most of that country’s Indian forts and trading stations. Similar stories could be told about the Western Hemisphere. Cooperation would have meant more surplus for the Europeans and indigenous peoples alike. But it was not to be.The Dutch and English, having come into conflict over foreign policy and commercial interests (it is not clear that there was a clear separation between the two matters in this period), skirmished in Europe as well. The Dutch also attracted the enmity of France, which sided with England in its mid-17th century conflict with the United Provinces and then used import tariffs to protect its infant sugar and cloth industries from Dutch competition.13 In the 18th century the French and English clashed over control of North America in the French and Indian Wars.14 Military means were used repeatedly to bolster trade and create mercantilist preserves free of foreign competition. One worries that it could happen again.2.The Great DivergenceThe industrial revolution transformed the world economy by launching per capita incomes on a sustained upward path unlike anything seen previously. It also constituted a global shift par excellence. It widened the gap in economic and military capabilities between European countries whose ambitions had been restrained by a fragile balance of power. It also transformed the conduct of warfare. Within Europe, Germany’s comparative advantage in the production of steel and, by implication, the construction of railways gave it a decisive advantage over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the colonies, the invention of the Gatling gun, another10 A Royal African Company was later formed to take charge of trade in slaves, ivory and gold in Africa.11 The scramble for scarce resources and associated possibility for conflict will resonate, presumably, with Chinese officials concerned about their country’s dependence on imported raw materials.12 Helped importantly by their native allies.13 This, from the mid-17th century, being the age of high mercantilism.14 Leading to the Seven Years’ War in Europe and indirectly, it is often said, to the French Revolutionary Wars.byproduct of the industrial revolution, gave the Europeans a powerful advantage in their effort to secure colonial control of additional portions of Africa and Asia.15Thus, it is no coincidence that the industrial revolution was followed by the new imperialism of the second half of the 19th century: by the partition of Africa by the European powers and their further colonial expansion into Asia. Crude Marxian accounts sometimes explain this new wave of colonialism and imperialism as a function of the voracious appetite of 19th century industrial economies for raw materials and the desire of governments to secure exclusive access to the same.16 But modern economic histories cast doubt on the notion that empire paid: any benefits to the imperialists, including those associated with favored access to raw materials, were swamped by military and other costs.17What industrialization did was greatly enhance the ability of industrial nations to project power and control other lands.18 With the railway and the steamship (practical for ocean-going voyages in the second half of the 19th century, not incidentally coincident with the new imperialism), it became possible to deploy military force more quickly. Machined canonry (now breech rather than muzzle loaded) and rifles (notably the caplock rifled musket) were for the 19th century what steel swords and daggers had been for the 16th and 17th. These innovations were decisive, for example, in the First Opium War of 1839-42.19 With the Great Divergence in per capita incomes, it became possible for the industrial powers to raise larger and better equipped standing armies. European control of the interior of Africa or India might have been paper thin, but it would have been unimaginable in the absence of industrialization. Like 21st century Europeans who prefer to take part of their higher living standards in the form of increased leisure time, their 19th century predecessors sought to take a part in the form of colonial conquest.This desire was a source of frustration to countries late to the great global game, Germany in particular. With the growth of its industry, and its comparative advantage in military-relevant heavy industry in particular, Germany became as capable as any European power at mobilizing and projecting force. But the process of industrialization reached critical mass later than in Britain or France.20 German unification had to wait for Bismarck to incorporate the southern states. Thus, by the time Germany emerged as an industrial and military power of the first rank, the process of colonial partition was largely complete.Germany therefore had to content itself with a few remaining scraps in West Africa, East Africa and the Pacific. It pushed against French and Spanish control in North Africa, precipitating the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905 by insisting that France adopt an open door policy for its protectorate, to little avail. It was left to advance its expansionist aims in and around Europe, notably attempting to expand its influence over the declining Ottoman Empire by completing the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, something that in turn became a geopolitical15 The descendant of the hand-cranked Gatling gun was the automatic Maxim gun, invented in 1884.16 An interpretation that has obvious implications for China’s actions in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. There is also the more sophisticated variant of the hypothesis due to Eric Williams (Williams (1966).17 For the balance sheet see Davis and Huttenback (1986).18 David Landes in his 1998 book and earlier writings makes this argument most forcefully.19 See for example Hacker (1977).20 The classic account being Clapham (1936).flashpoint.21 Some accounts describe Germany’s ambitions in terms of the need of an industrial economy to secure a reliable supply of energy and raw materials (oil in the case of the Ottoman Empire), something that will resonate with observers of China today. Most, however, understand it more in terms of naked imperial ambition.22 Be this as it may, the result was the tensions and tangled alliances that set the stage for World War I.Finance was enlisted not just in the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway but more widely in the effort to advance geopolitical goals. Then like now, that influence might be more subtle than overt. Modern observers alarmed by the rise of sovereign wealth funds wonder whether those funds’ governmental masters are encouraging them to invest in ways that are geopolitically expedient as well as economically remunerative. Before World War I, they saw governments, like those of France and Germany, encouraging private lending to Czarist Russia or the Ottoman Sultan with the goal of alliance building. Hints were dropped that the government would take it as a favor if an investment bank underwrote bond issues on behalf of such borrowers on favorable terms.23 Sometimes governments might intervene directly to encourage or halt issuance on behalf of foreign governments. Between 1897 and 1901, for example, the French government intervened with the Crédit Lyonnais, discouraging it from issuing bonds on behalf of the Russian government until the Russian and French general staffs had agreed on the particular strategic railways to whose construction the proceeds would be put.Employing finance for military and strategic purposes meant that it was not always allocated in ways that maximized returns. The fact that the French and German governments regularly intervened in the operations of the Paris and Berlin markets, whereas the British government employed a more hands-off attitude, helps to explain why the rate of return on French and German lending was generally lower than comparable returns on British overseas investment.24 While financial might creates strategic opportunities for governments, in other words, exploiting those opportunities also has costs.25With governments intervening in private financial affairs before the fact, they also felt some compulsion to come to the aid of the bondholders if and when things went wrong. Gunboats might then be dispatched to collect payments from defaulting debtors. Just how But while Mitchener and Weidenmier (2005) argue for the importance of these “supersanctions,” they identify just 6 episodes of direct military intervention out of 43 default episodes spanning the 19th century. Other authors argue that when governments intervened militarily in response to default, they were in fact using financial events as a pretext for intervention desired on other grounds. They suggest that other mechanisms – ex ante monitoring by investment banks with reputations to protect and ex post exclusion from the bond market by a cohesive cartel of issuers – were more important for enforcing contracts.2621 See Jastrow (1917).22 Something to which today’s China, which prefers to keep a relatively low-key profile internationally, has not obviously fallen prey.23 For accounts of the practice see Feis (1930).24 This point is argued and documented in Fishlow (1986).25 Something for the managers of sovereign wealth funds to bear in mind.26 See inter alia Mauro, Sussman and Yafeh (2006) and Flandreau and Flores (2007).3. The Rise of the United StatesThe other global shift at this time was the rise of the United States. From an economic speck at the outset of the 19th century, the U.S. by 1914 had grown into the world’s largest economy and leading exporter. But while economic change was rapid, political adjustments lagged behind. The North American colonies had been settled by Europeans who had sought to distance themselves from the Old World. George Washington in his farewell address had emphasized the desirability of “as little political connection as possible” with foreign nations (while at the same time acknowledging the value of “extending” commercial relations).Isolationist instincts, in other words, ran deep. Even the Monroe Doctrine, which warned the European powers against attempting to advance their colonial ambitions in the country’s Latin American backyard, can be interpreted in isolationist terms: it promised as a quid pro quo that the U.S. would not participate in wars among the European powers. The notable exception was U.S. occupation of the Philippines resulting from the Spanish-American War. That the precipitating event that led the U.S. to disregard its long-standing tradition of non-interventionism was an incident on an island, Cuba, a scant 90 miles from the rising power’s shores is perhaps worth recalling (Taiwan being only 81 miles from the Chinese mainland).27 In defeating the Spanish, the U.S. in fact took control not just of the Philippines but also Guam and Puerto Rico. Whether this was a momentary fall from grace or an emerging economic power for the first time displaying geopolitical ambitions is disputed.28But there is no question that the U.S. was, by this time, seeking to more actively assert its economic interests. Before long it was seeking to alter the structure of international markets so that they worked to its advantage (or at least didn’t disadvantage it to the same extent). A long-standing bone of contention was that the trade credit required by U.S. exporters and importers was almost entirely denominated in sterling and sourced in London. This put U.S. producers and merchants at a competitive disadvantage; not only did they have to pay two commissions, one to their local bank and the other to its London correspondent, but they also bore the exchange risk. One of several rationales that combined in 1913 to cause the establishment of the FederalReserve System (overcoming another deep-seated American aversion, this one to concentrated financial power) was the desire to create a market in securitized trade credits (“tradeacceptances”) denominated in dollars and sourced domestically.29Almost immediately the Fed took steps to develop this market, passing the necessaryregulations while discounting acceptances and purchasing them outright. As a result of this initiative (and as a byproduct of disruptions to the London market caused by World War I), in a scant ten years the acceptance market in New York matched its rival in London in both size and liquidity.30 27 Cuba not having achieved independence in the second decade of the 19th century, it was effectively exempted from the Monroe Doctrine. The dollar became as a true international currency; by the mid-1920s central banks 28 On the first view, see Bemis (1962); proponents of the second include Kennedy (1987), Mead (1987) and Nye (1990). 29 As emphasized by Broz (1997). 30 The relevant document is provided by Eichengreen and Flandreau (2010).around the world held as large a fraction of the foreign exchange reserves in dollars as in sterling.31The U.S. competed with Britain throughout the 1920s in seeking to bring more countries into its financial orbit. As governments prepared to return to the gold standard, the Fed, in the person of Benjamin Strong, influential governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, encouraged them to contract stabilization loans in New York rather than London.32 Receiving a stabilization loan was the first step in establishing ongoing relations with a financial center. But while he governor himself may have been strongly internationalist in orientation, the U.S. otherwise reverted to its previous stance of quasi-isolationism following the war. The Congress famously refused to approve President Wilson’s request to join the League of Nations. Not wishing to become entangled in the reparations dispute, the U.S. did not join the Bank for International Settlements in 1930 (although it did provide finance for its early operation). The country’s diplomats did little to slow the progress of German rearmament or otherwise to do anything to prevent the war clouds from gathering over Europe.U.S. tariff policy was inappropriate for what was now the world’s leading trading nation, a country with an interest in the maintenance of an open trading system that should have led by example. Here the greater villain was probably the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 rather than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, but neither helped.33 The mistake was to allow trade policy to be politicized. Herbert Hoover ran for the presidency in 1928 on a platform that promised to raise tariffs on imports of farm products, agricultural prices having been depressed for much of the decade. Once the tariff bill got to the Congress, there was nothing to prevent members from adding all manner of protection for manufactures so as to build as wide a coalition as possible.34Yet to say that the United States disregarded the case for international economic cooperation would not be accurate. The Fed famously kept interest rates low in order to encourage capital to flow toward Britain and aid that country’s efforts to return to gold in 1924-5. It made a credit line available to the Bank of England.35 It hosted a meeting of central bankers on Long Island in 1927, where other countries holding sterling as reserves committed not to taking gold from the British. In the summer of 1931, with the spread of the financial crisis, President Hoover offered a moratorium on inter-allied war debt payments in order to facilitate a moratorium on German reparations.31 This from a starting point in 1914 where the dollar accounted for a negligible proportion of global reserves (Eichengreen and Flandreau 2009). Elsewhere I have suggested what the U.S. accomplished in ten years – moving from a point where its currency played no international role to one where it was the leading invoicing, investment and reserve currency – may also be possible for China (Eichengreen 2011).32 Chandler (1958) and Clarke (1967) document his efforts.33 With the U.S. not a member of the League of Nations, the League’s efforts to negotiate a tariff truce in the 1920s were to little avail.34 See Schattschneider (1935). The Fordney-McCumber Tariff had similarly been intended to raised depressed farm-gate prices but had also been expanded to provide protection for manufactures by the time it was passed by the Congress. When efforts turned to rolling back tariffs in the 1930s, a change in institutions, in the form of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, made a substantial difference.35 One that, in the event, was not drawn.。

印度国家银行印度国家银行（State Bank of India）印度国家银行（SBI）简介印度国家银行是印度最大的商业银行。

现今的印度国家银行是通过1955印度国家法案合并而成的。

印度帝国银行成立于1921年，由三家银行组成，分别是加尔各答银行（Bank of Calcutta，1806）, 孟买银行（Bank of Bombay，1840）和马德拉斯布银行（Bank of Madras，1843）。

由此可见，拥有着非常完善银行体制的印度国家银行始从于19世纪，至今为止已超过200多年。

作为一个保守的传统银行常常被局限于对期票打折扣事例及支持政府政策执行。

由此我们的得到了跳跃性的成长，而且同时也成为了在印度，无论是资产还是人际网络都是最大的银行。

随着印度整个国家在50年代的发展，银行更加致力于农村发展和公共部门工业的发展。

印度国家银行在60和70年代通过农业融资集中于发展投资商和支持绿色革命的机械上。

在80年代，银行集中于发展国际贸易而扩展了整个国内和国际的网络。

解除繁琐的管制和加大银行的自由度为我们整个银行机制在90年代面临市场竞争铺下了道路，同时也争取到了很多国际外汇储备。

印度国家银行增加了市场融资，并且在承担一定基础风险下扩大了个人投资度。

现今，整个银行凝结自身，努力将其转化为一个百分之百以计算机处理且执行银行核心解决方案。

在现今这个世界上很少有哪个金融机构能够像印度国家银行这样有着古老和权威气质。

银行的其中的一个优势是能够适应世界的变化以及及时处理所需的问题。

并且很少违反银行的法规法则，或是背离银行规定去延续或扩展其业务。

印度国家银行200年发展史从上世纪20年代开始，印度银行业经历了一番大整合。

其中，最著名的，是19 21年在英国殖民当局的要求下，加尔各答银行（BankofCalcutta，1806）、孟买银行（BankofBombay，1840）和马德拉斯布银行（BankofMadras，1843）合并产生了印度帝国银行。

奇异有趣的“特殊银行”在现代社会，银行是人们处理金融交易和储蓄的重要场所，但是在世界各地却存在一些奇特而有趣的“特殊银行”，它们不同于传统的银行业务，提供着各种奇特的服务和体验，吸引着大量游客前来参观和体验。

让我们一起来看看这些奇异有趣的“特殊银行”究竟有哪些独特之处。

首先要介绍的是位于美国拉斯维加斯的“世界钞票博物馆”，这是一家专门收藏和展示各种国家和地区纸币的博物馆。

在这里，游客可以欣赏到来自世界各地的稀有纸币、古老纸币和珍稀纪念纸币，了解各种国家的货币文化和历史，感受不同国家的风情和风貌。

博物馆内还有许多互动体验项目，让游客可以亲自体验印钞、装订纸币、设计纸币等过程，是一家充满趣味和知识性的“特殊银行”。

接下来是位于德国柏林的“博物馆岛”的“德意志中央银行博物馆”，这是一座专门介绍货币、金融和经济的博物馆。

在这里，游客可以学习到有关货币的起源、演变和各种形式，深入了解货币在经济发展中的重要作用。

博物馆内还有着大量珍贵的历史文物和货币藏品，展现了德国货币和金融业的发展历程，是一家颇具文化内涵和历史价值的“特殊银行”。

除了博物馆，还有一些“特殊银行”是以特色服务和体验吸引人们的关注。

位于日本东京的“猫咪银行”，这是一家特色的猫咪主题储蓄银行，顾客可以在这里储蓄、取款和理财，与此同时还可以与各种各样的猫咪亲密接触。

银行里不仅有着各种可爱的猫咪，还有设计精美的猫咪主题装饰和周边商品，为人们带来了一种轻松愉悦的储蓄和体验方式。

还有位于巴西里约热内卢的“足球主题银行”，这是一家以足球为主题的银行，银行内部装饰充满了足球元素，顾客可以在这里办理各种金融业务的感受到足球的魅力和活力。

银行还举办着各种足球相关的活动和赛事，吸引了大量热爱足球的人们前来参与，是一家充满运动和娱乐氛围的“特殊银行”。

还有不少“特殊银行”以其独特的设计和建筑吸引着人们的目光。

位于斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉发的“半透明玻璃银行”，这是一座由半透明玻璃打造的银行建筑，内部的环境和氛围都给人以一种现代化和艺术化的感觉，吸引了大量游客前来参观和拍照留念。

尤努斯格莱珉银行观后感(中英文实用版)Document: Reflections on Yunus Grameen Bank Visit中文：在最近的一次旅行中，我有幸参观了位于孟加拉国的尤努斯格莱珉银行（Yunus Grameen Bank），这次参观给我留下了深刻的印象。

这家银行是由诺贝尔和平奖得主穆罕默德·尤努斯（Muhammad Yunus）博士创立的，主要服务于那些无法从传统银行获得贷款的农村贫困人口。

English:During a recent trip, I had the privilege of visiting the Yunus Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, an experience that left a profound impression on me.Founded by Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr.Muhammad Yunus, the bank primarily serves rural populations who are unable to access loans from traditional banks.中文：尤努斯格莱珉银行采用了独特的微贷模式，向妇女提供小额贷款，帮助她们创业和增加收入。

这种模式不仅改变了借款人的生活，也促进了整个社区的经济发展。

我对银行工作人员的热情和专业精神感到钦佩，他们不仅在业务操作上表现出高效率，还在社会责任方面做出了积极贡献。

English:The Yunus Grameen Bank employs a unique micro-lending model, providing small loans to women to help them start businesses andincrease their incomes.This model not only transforms the lives of borrowers but also promotes economic development in the entire community.I was impressed by the enthusiasm and professionalism of the bank"s staff, who demonstrated high efficiency in business operations and made positive contributions to social responsibility.中文：参观过程中，我有机会与几位贷款受益人交谈，听她们讲述自己的故事。

英国的银行体系介绍英国是世界上金融业最发达的国家之一。

伦敦是英国的金融中心，也是世界上主要的国际金融中心之一。

接下来小编为大家整理英国的银行体系介绍，希望对你有帮助哦!In the United Kingdom, financial institutions are categorized into two ma]or groups: the Recognized Banks and the Licensed Deposit Institutions. The criteria for each category are determined by the Bank of England~——the Central Bank. The Bank of England will consider the size of the institution, its management and also the number of participants who effectively direct the business, before decisions are made on the status of the financial institutions who apply for bank licenses in the United Kingdom.Let us look at the Recognized Banks.These banks provide a wide range of highly specialized banking services. According to the Banking Act 1979. "Recognized Banks" must satisfy the Bank of England of their high reputation and of their integrity, management and financial prudence. The wide range of services include: i. the acceptance of sight and time deposits); ii. loan and overdraft facilities; iii. foreign currency exchange and documentary credits and collections~; iv. financial advice for corporations and individuals; v. investment management and arrangements for the purchase and sale of securities.As for Licensed Deposits institutions, they only provide a limited range of services. The prime services are still based on the acceptance of deposits from the public although they are not required to satisfy the rules laid down for Recognized Banks. To obtain a license, the institution must satisfy the Bank of England'srequirement that all directors, controllers or managers of the institution must be an appropriate and proper person to hold that position and to conduce banking business in a proper manner.Let us now look at the major types of financial intermediaries~ in the United Kingdom.To begin with, we shall examine the role of the Clearing Banks. These are the dominating financial intermediaries in retail banking business~ in the United Kingdom. They handle the clearing functions of banks, and are responsible for most of the country' s cash distribution and money transfer functions, which include cheque payment services and also electronic fund transfers, etc.; The retail branch network of these banks is extensive with over 10,000 branches all over the country.Another type of financial intermediaries in the United Kingdom are discount houses. Discount houses provide a primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount market to implement its monetary policy. Because of their easy access to the money market, discount houses act as market-maker in bills since they are the major underwriters of the weekly issuers of the Treasury bills of the Bank of England. Therefore, discount houses not only provide short-term funds for the government, they provide a channel for banks to adjust their portfolio holdings, i.e., their liquidity positions.The third type of financial intermediaries in the UK are the merchant banks~ and acceptance houses. Originally developed to handle businesses connection with trade, these merchant banks later expanded into foreign trade, foreign exchange and also bullion dealers. Many of the merchant banks are also acceptance houses. Indeed, their functions have now expandedconsiderably into major overseas operations, specializing in company financial advice, takeovers and mergers, underwritings which include the provision of additional capital through share floatation.Finally, we should look at foreign banks in England. As a major international financial centre, London has acted as a magnet to over 450 foreign banks, which have set up representative offices, branches, or subsidiary companies. Business focus on these foreign banks cover foreign currency dealings, international finance deals to foreign companies and governments, trade finance services to business.英国是世界上金融业最发达的国家之一。

55
科 学 大 观 园
勤局的形象。

系统很混乱，银行发行，由此产生很多类型的法定流通货币。

据记载，1862年之前，美国没有政府发行的纸币，纸币由各州多达1400家银行印由此导致假币泛滥。

《纽约时报》称，那一年流通中的纸速贬值，很多南方人倾向于用北方货币，但南方很少有人见过这种新票子，于是给了造假者以可
乘之机。

纸币比金属货造，利润更高，而选择纸币为主
56
科 学 大 观 园
事实上，假币同样横行北方，到1864年，估计北方有一半纸币是假的，导致美国金融系统面临崩溃的危险。

1865年战争结束后，在财政部部长休·麦卡洛克统克利夫兰的安全。

在此之前的1881年，总统加菲尔德遇刺身亡。

1898年美西战争期间，美国总统麦金莱也受到特勤局保护，特勤局在战争结束后依然对其提供有。

Banking In India>Banking In India Essay:A bank is a financial body that accepts deposits and channels them into lending through loans or capital markets. Banks thus, connect customers with lack of funds 1 and those with extra capital.“Money plays the largest part in determining the course of history.” -Karl MarxLong and Short Essays on Banking In India for Kids and Students in EnglishGiven below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Banking In Indi a’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Banking In India of 400-500 words. This long essay about Banking In India is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Banking In India of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.Long Essay on Banking In India 500 Words in EnglishBelow we have given a long essay on Banking In India of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.The word ‘bank’ was borrowed from European languages, literally meaning ‘bench’ or ‘counter’. Banking system evolved in the 14th century in Italy. By the 18th century, merchants of London had started storing their gold with goldsmiths who charged a fee and issued receipts. A banker is a person who discharges his duties inthe form of operating customer accounts and, paying and collecting cheques.Banks borrow money by accepting the l money deposited in current accounts, by accepting term deposits and issuing securities on banknotes and bonds. They also create pew capital by giving loans. Banking activities can be for retail, in which the customers and small businesses are involved directly with the bank; for businesses for large corporate houses and for investments.There are various types of banks such as commercial banks (which are engaged solely inbanking activities), investment banks (for capital market activities), cooperative banks (non-profit banks), postal savings banks (associated with postal systems) and private banks (managing the assets of high net worth people).In India, banking has its origin in the Vedic period. It is believed that the transition from money lending to banking must have occurred even before Manu, the great Hindu Jurist, who laid down rules relating to rates of interest. During the Mughal period, the indigenous bankers played a very important role in lendingmoney and. financing foreign trade and commerce.The first bank in India, though elemental, was established in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases. They are Early Phase from 1786 to 1969 of commercial banks; Nationalisation of Commercial Banks upto 1991, prior to Indian banking sector reforms and New Phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial & Banking Sector Reforms after 1991.The General Bank of India was set-up in the year 1786. The East India Company established the Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started as private shareholders banks, for mostly European shareholders. For the first time exclusively by Indians, Punjab National Bank Ltd was set-up in 1894 with Headquarters at Lahore. During the first phase, the growth was very slow and banks also experienced periodic failuresbetween 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100 banks, mostly small.To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the Government of India came up with the Banking Companies Act, 1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act, 1949 as per amendment Act of 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965). Reserve Bank of India was vested with extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central Banking Authority. RBI is the Central Bank of the country since 1935. It regulates and controls credit,issues licenses and functions as the banker of all banks and the government.During those days, public had lesser confidence in banks. As an aftermath, the deposit mobilisation was slow. Instead of banks, the savings bank facility provided by the Postal department was considered comparatively safer. Moreover, funds were largely given to traders. Government took major steps in the Indian Banking Sector Reforms after Independence. In 1955, it nationalised Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. Itformed the State Bank of India, to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State Governments all over the country.It was on the efforts of the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi that 14 major commercial banks in the country were nationalised in 1960’s. The second ph ase of nationalisation, with Indian Banking Sector Reforms, was carried out in 1980 with the nationalisation of seven more banks. This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under government ownership. After thenationalisation of banks, the branches of the public sector banks in India rose to approximately 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by 11000%.Banking in the support of government ownership, gave the public implicit faith and immense confidence about the sustainability of these institutions. The third phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking sector in its reforms measure. In 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set-up to suggest measures for banking sector reforms. Today, the country isflooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put in to give a satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net banking have been introduced. The entire system has become more convenient and swift. Time is given more importance than money. The financial system of India has shown a great deal of resilience. It is sheltered from any crisis triggered by external macroeconomics shock, unlike other East Asian Countries that had to suffer. This is largely due to flexible exchange rate regime, high foreign exchange reserves and reforms in the capital markets and banks. Presently, in India, the banking sector issegregated as public or private sector banks, cooperative banks and regional rural banks. Bouquet of services are available at the customer’s demand in today’s banking system. Different types of accounts and loans, have been facilitated with the advent of plastic money and money transfer across the globe. The last decade experienced a complete change in the financial and banking sector. The capital and financial markets, banking and non-banking institutions and financial instruments were redressed towards development.Short Essay on Banking In India 350 Words in EnglishBelow we have given a short essay on Banking In India is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) is the tenth largest bank in the world in terms of development. With the advancement of technology, banking sector has become easier, faster, accurate and also timesaving. ATMs, Mobile Banking, SMS Banking and Net Banking are only the tips of an iceberg.The enhanced role of the banking sector in the Indian economy, the increasing levels of deregulation along with the ascending levels of competition have facilitated globalisation of the Indian banking system and placed numerous demands on banks. Operating in this demanding environment has exposed them to various challenges. The last decade has witnessed major changes in the financial sector new banks, new financial institutions, new instruments, new windows, and new opportunities and along with all this, new challenges.While deregulation has opened up new vistas for banks to augment revenues, it has entailed greater competition and consequently greater risks. Demand for new products, particularly derivatives, requires banks to diversify their product mix and also affect rapid changes in their processes and operations in order to remain competitive in the globalised environment.Developing countries like India have a huge population. Banking must reach out to people even in the remote fragmented locations. Banks are also suffering from diminishing employeesatisfaction. Losing out on potential and valuable customer base would be one of the consequences. Top level executives and human resource departments of various banks need to spend time and effort towards retention of their key employees. Banks have also come under the scanner recently, due to various scams and malpractices. The arrest of the Chairman of Syndicate Bank is the latest case in sight.The banking sector also introduced the All-Women’s Bank, known as Bhartiya Mahila Bank, in New Delhi. It was inaugurated by the then PM Manmohan Singh on 19th November, 2013, tocommemorate the 94th birthday of Indira Gandhi. India will be the third nation after Pakistan and Tanzaniya, to have a bank dedicated to women. The bank will offer concession on loan rates to women. It would also motivate people interested in entrepreneurship to locally train women in vocational skills. The other goal is to promote ownership of assets among women customers, as assets serve as a back-up in cases of domestic violence.However, the present governor of RBI, Raghuram Rajan has assured that this case shouldn’t be extrapolated to the entire system.Banks shouldn’t be just money-lending institutions, they should be ‘banks with a conscience’.Banking In India Essay Word Meanings for Simple Understandingchannel –a course into which something may be directedRetail – the sale of goods to ultimate consumers, usually in small quantitiesIndigenous – originating in and characteristic of a particular region or countrySegregated –to separate or set apart from others or from the main body or groupDistinct – different in nature or quality, dissimilar。