概括大意与完成句子--职称英语考试辅导《综合类》第三部分讲义7

职称英语--概括大意与完成句子复习概括大意与完成句子在试卷的第三部分，1篇短文（300-450词），题目分两部分一是概括大意，二是完成句子。

一共8分每小题1分。

概完的理论性解题技巧：1)读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。

读每段话时，并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。

这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。

应该抓住该段话的主题句。

2)如果主题句比较复杂（如复合句），应重点看主句部分。

有时主题句是比较复杂的复合句，如果理解有困难，应集中精力看主句部分，正确答案应来自主句。

主题句中，常常有如下的句式：Although／While／Despite／Despite the fact …，中文意思是：“虽然……，但是……”。

前面是个让步状语从句，后面是主句，要说明的观点在主句中。

3)如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句。

show，suggest是“表明”、“说明”的意思，其后的宾语从句往往是要说明的观点，是该段话的主旨。

4)如果主题句是not only … but also句型，应重点看but also后面的部分。

not only ... but also的意思是“不仅……而且……”，常用来承上启下。

not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨。

所以，应重点看but also后面的部分。

5)问句不会是主题句。

问句通常作为引题，是过渡性的句子。

所以，在做Headings题时，如果某个段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句的问句，应该忽略，不用阅读，肯定不是主题句。

6)举例子的句子不会是主题句.。

英文文章讲究以理服人，经常用例证即举个例子来论述自己的观点。

所以，在阅读文章中，经常有以Forexample开始的句子。

请同学们注意，举例子的句子是用来解释说明观点的，它不会是段落的主题句。

所以，在做Headings题时，如果某个段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是举例子的句子，应该忽略，不用阅读，肯定不是主题句。

第三部分概括大意与完成句子概括大意●文章及段落结构有三种：总述---分述：主题句在段首分述---总述：主题句在段尾分述---分述---分述，但主题词贯穿●四种正确选项关键词的设计----- 借用段落主题词----- 段落主题词改变词性----- 利用段落主题词的同义词----- 利用一新词对段落主题（主题句意/主题词）进行概括常用的概括词：way, use, definition, culture, history, explanation, finding, relationship, type, effect, factor, clue, comparison, significance, benefit, importance, composition, advantage, comment, contrast, basics, measure, action, indication, classification, criticism, effort, feature, discovery, description, difference, association, birth, means, origin, conclusion.完成句子题干是一段原文全部或部分内容的精华缩写；●空格部分主要测试考生的归纳、概括能力，及通过上下文判断生词或跃过生词理解全文的能力；●两种测试方式：原文原词和等语境同义改写。

等语境同义改写：指题干的空格处应填上的单词或词组短语意群是对原文某个信息点的同义改写或对原文某些信息点的总结与归纳。

2010年考试真题分析Natural Gas（AB级）1（27）Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth's surface.It is a fossil fuel（矿物质燃料），meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago.The main component of natural gas is methane（甲烷）.2 The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure（基础设施） has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential，commercial and industrial customers worldwide.Today，natural gas service is available in all 50 states in the U.S.，and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries。

第三部分概括大意与完成句子第一篇：美国签订了全球烟草协议美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。

该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。

卫生和人类服务大臣托米?汤普森本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议（FCTC)。

在美国能够实施其条款之前参议院还必须要批准这个协议。

FCTC是由世界卫生组织制定的，并且是由世界卫生大会的成员们去年批准的，其中包括美国。

批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟的正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。

这个协议呼吁对烟草收取更多的税，限制在公共场所吸烟和进一步推动禁止烟草的计划。

它还要求禁止烟草广告，但是对像美国这样的国家有例外，这些国家的宪法禁止这么率的禁令。

这个协议的影响可能是巨大的。

世界卫生组织估计世界上每年有500万人因为吸烟而死亡。

仅在美国，每年大约有44万人死于与烟草相关的疾病；美国所有的癌症中约有1/3是因为吸烟导致的。

如果目前的趋势持续的话，世界卫生组织估计，到2025年烟草将每年夺取一千万人的生命。

这个协议至少被40个国家批准才能生效。

到目前为止，109个国家已经签订了这个协议，12个国家已经批准了它。

第二篇午睡可以使心脏更健康吗？研究人员声称他们开发出了一种简单的测试，它可以判断一个心脏病患者发病的可能性。

这种测试就是测量一种特定的蛋白质在血液中的含量。

研究人员指出，血液中含有大量这种蛋白质的人是心脏病发作、心力衰竭、中风的高危人群。

领导这个课题研究小组的是来自加州大学旧金山分校的Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo。

在大约四年间，他们研究了约1000个心脏病患者。

研究人员测试心脏病患者体内一种叫做NT-proBNP(N端—脑型利钠肽原)的蛋白质的含量。

体内该蛋白质含量最高的患者与水平最低的患者相比，心脏病发作、心力囊竭、中风的可能性相差近八倍。

研究人员指出，血液中出现这种蛋白质表明心肌在某种程度上受到了压迫。

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)考查考生把握文章段落大意及细节的能力。

本部分为1篇300-450词的短文，有2项测试任务：(1)短文后有6个段落小标题，要求考生根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题;(2)短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求考生在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。

概括大意与完成句子答题技巧：此部分考察对文章的理解程度，答题时可先快速浏览全文，了解全文的主旨，然后围绕主旨去分析每一段的意思，保证意思理解不会偏离主旨，这样就完成概括大意。

完成句子在于根据上下文意思，补充句子，抓住主旨，找到最贴近主旨和上下文的内容，补充即可。

How We Form First lmpression 对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ，gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain maysay，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or yourbrain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.词汇:trait /trei，treit/n. 特点，特征，特性 hostn. 一大群，许多simplistic /sim'plistik/ adj. 过分单纯化的sensory adj. 感官的，感觉的categorical adj. 绝对的 cortex n. 脑皮层Jock n. 骗子 ethnicity n. 种族特点geek /gi:k / n. 反常的人intrigue /in'tri:g/ v. 激起兴趣stereotype v. 对……产生成见 freak /fri:k/ n. 怪人humane /hju:'mein，hju-/ adj. 有人情味的，人文的注释:1. Your brain，is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes ，ears ，nose ，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. 从even 开始到as different 是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... ，而 that 是与主句中的 so 呼应的。

第三部分概括大意和完成句子阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后有两项测试任务（1）第1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定的四段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

第十一篇The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World1 Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.2 The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows — but never gets as big as the other droplet — and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke2.3 The technique exploits the fact that surface tension — the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating — becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.4 Although the amount of energy produced is small — 20 microwatt s — it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be too million time s more powerful than a Toyota Camry’s 225 horsepower V6 engine.5 In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.6 Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.词汇: shuffle /5FQfl/v.来回运动nanometer /5neinE7mi:tE/n.纳米，毫微米molten /5mEultEn/adj.熔化的micromotor n.微电机droplet /5drCplit/n.小滴nanotube n.纳米管roycvnoconan n.纳米传送带nanotechnology n.纳米技术bump /bQmp/v.碰撞mimic / 5mimik/n.模仿sop /sCp/v.吸入stroke /strEuk/n.行程，冲积microwatt /5maikrEuwCt/n.微瓦nanomotor n.纳米发动机nanomachine n.纳米机器注释:1. ever:比以往任何时候，曾经。

职称英语考试概括大意与完成句子解题步骤一、概括大意职称英语考试概括大意题型要求：文章由若干段组成，要求给每段找一个小标题。

小标题即该段的段落大意、中心思想、主旨。

本题型不是要求写出每段话的小标题，这样不好评判对错，而是要求从选项列表中选择。

概括大意题型以选择题的形式出现，避免了考生答题的盲目性和阅卷人员在阅卷过程中由于某些主观因素而产生的错误、误差，从而增进了考试的可信度。

在现在的考试中，选项的数目往往多余要求加小标题的段落数，也就是说，有若干个干扰选项。

（一）概括短文大意的解题步骤由于这种题型比较新颖，对多数考生来说可能有点不适应，不知如何下手。

其实，这种题型相对来说不算难。

概括大意题型的实质是让考生给每段文字“命”一个小标题。

而要“命”车这个标题就必须确定每段文字的主题思想。

如何确定文章的主题思想？考虑一下人们的写作和逻辑思维过程，这个问题就容易回答了。

我们在写一篇短文时，总要分几个段落来写，而每个段落都有自己的一个观点、论点或主旨。

要阐述它，作者就必须展开他的观点或论点，一定要作补充、说明、解释或举例，以支持所提出的问题。

反映作者观点、论点或主旨的句子通常叫主题句。

主题句往往体现了每一段或整个文章的主题思想。

那么，找到了段落的主题就抓住了它的主题思想，标题就容易确定了。

看来，要概括出每段的段落大意，就必须先找到每段的主题句。

每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，两个段落的小标题不可能是同一个选项。

这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的，原文将它们分为不同的段落，就是要分别说明不同的内容。

如果两段的主旨相同，即表达的中心思想一致，应该将它们合为一段，就没有必要分为两段了。

1.不要先看选项，而要从文章入手，读一段话就做一道题。

先不要看选项，而要先读文章。

读文章的时候，不要一下把文章读完，而是读一段话，做一道题。

这样做，不仅速度快，而且准确率高。

先看大标题，然后仔细阅读每段文字，理解段落的首句及尾句，尽量找到段落的主题句。

第三部分概括大意和完成句子A Strong Greenhouse Gas1. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas; it is also a potent greenhouse gas, and once released into the atmosphere, it absorbs heat radiating from Earth’s surface.2. With 13 billion cows belching almost constantly around the world, it’s no surprise that methane released by livestock is one of the chief global sources of the gas.3. Greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide make up only a small part of Earth’s atmosphere, which is 78 percent nitrogen and nearly 21 percent oxygen.4. Atmospheric concentrations of methane have more than double in the last two centuries.5. Cows munch mostly grasses and hay- yet they grow big and hefty.6. That’s why we say livestock gas is also a major factor of causing the global warming.1. paragraph 1 E Methane as a Strong Greenhouse Gas2. Paragraph 2 F Livestock as a Prime Factor of the Greenhouse Effect3. Paragraph 4 C Agriculture Also Contributes to Increased Concentrations of Methane in the Atmosphere4. Paragraph 5 D Why Livestock Releases Methane5. Methane is A one of the major contributors to the intensifying greenhouse effect.6. Greenhouse gases are indispensable to mankind ,but the problem mankind is faced with is B the ever-increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.7. Generally people heap criticism on F big industries and gas-guzzling vehicles for the planet’s temperature rise.8. Nothing has been mentioned in the passage about E how to cut down the cattle populations.Compact Disks1.If someone says to you your music CDs don’t really hold any music on them, andthey only have numbers recorded on them,you may not belive it.2. A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns.3.Digital codes are used with many technologies.4.There are many types of compact disks.5.CDs were first sold to the public in 1982.6.Science Keeps on developing.1.paragraph 1&2 D CD’sWorking Principle Is Explained2.paragraph 3 A Digital Code Has Wide Applications3.paragraph 4 F CDs Are of Many Formats4.paragraph 5 C CDs Are Durable5.One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can E be written on and rewritten on likefloppy disks.6.The author predicts it will nor B take many more years before a new technologe isinvented for music recording.7.The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considerd to C be the keyparts.8.Space probes could not F keep contact with their ground station efficiently.How We Form First Impression1.We all have first impression of someone we just met.2.The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.3.If you see someone you know and like at school3 ,your brain says “familiar andsafe.”4.When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinkingthat makessimplistic and categorical impressions of others.5.However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to beaware of what a person is truly like.1.paragraph 2 D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories2.paragraph 3 C IIIustration of First Impression3.paragraph 4 B Comment on First Impression4.paragraph 5 A Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions5.Sensory information is one that is perceived througe E the sights and sounds of theworld6.You interpret D the meaning of incoming sensory information by comparing itagainst the memories already stored in your brain.7.The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking,which is similar toC the immature form of thinking of a cery young child8.We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to B the most complex areasof our coriex.Icy Microbes1.In ice that has sealed a salty Antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years,scientistshave found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing.2. A research team Ied by Peter Doran of the University of lllinots at Chicago drilledthrough more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae.3.Doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old,but even oldermicrobes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice.4.Called Lake Vida,the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes locatedin the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica,some 2,200kilometers due south2 of New Zealand.5.That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a holedown to within a few feet of the water layer.6.The researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized.1.paragraph 2 E Antarctic Frozen Life Sampled and Revived.2.paragraph 3 A Significance of Testing Techniques for Sampling Microbes in theDeep Ice Sheet.3.paragraph 4 F Accidental Discovery of Ice-sealed Lake Water in Antarctica.4.paragraph 6 D 2004 Revisit Planned for Collecting Lake Water Specimens.5.Scientists ignored Lake Vide because they thought that a lake of ice B was of littlescientific value.6.Scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet,C maybe older than that collected below 39 feet of ice.7.What the scientists will do in 2004 E is to collect some briny lake water foranalysis.8.The salt concentration in the liquid water of Lake Vida A is found to be a greatdeal higher than that of seawater..LED Lighting1 An accidental discovery announced recently has taken LED lighting to a new level, suggesting it could soon offer a cheaper,longer-lasting alternative to the traditional light bulb.2.Michael Bowers,a graduate student2 ai Vanderbilt University,was just trying to make really small quanturn dots,which are crystals generally only a few nanometets big.3.When you shine a light on quanturn dots or apply electricity to them,they react by producing their own light,normally a bright,vibrant color.4.Then Bowers and another student got the idea to stir the dots into polyurethane and coat a blue LED light bulb with the mix.5.LEDsproduce twice as much light as a regular 60 watt bulb and burn fou over 50,000 hours.6.Quanturn dot mixtures could be painted on just about anything5 and electrically excited to produce a rainbow of colors,including white.1. paragraph 1 B LED Lighting WillPeplace Traditional Lighting2. paragraph 3 E Bowers Made an Unexpected Discovery3. paragraph 5 D LED Lighting Has Many Advantages4. paragraph 6 C Almost Everything Could Be the Main Light Source in the Future5.Unlike traditional lighting , LEDs do not give out heat so F LED Light Bulbs Look Lumpy.6.Edison’s bright invention is likely to be outdated because A traditional lighting is less durable and dearer.7.Something unexpected happened during Bower’s experiment when B a laser excited the quantum dots8.Over one quarter of energy consumption for lighting could be saved by 2025 if C America adopted LKEDs.More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known,new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up’9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep,as well as a number of other sleep problems,than people who sleep 8 hours a night.3.These findings,which Dr.Daniel Kripke reported in the journal psychosomatic Medicine3,demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night.4.Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep-for instance,one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hourseach night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5.For the current report,Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep question-naires,in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problem.6.Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours.1. paragraph 2 :E.Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers.2. paragraph 4:B.Dangers of Habitual Shoriages of Sleep.3. paragraph 5:A.Kripke’s Research Tool.4. paragraph 6:D.A Way of Overcoming Insomnia.5.To get a good night’s rest,people may not need to F.sleep more than 8 hours.6.Long sleepers are reporied to be more likely to E.suffer sleep problems.7.One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to A.fall asleep again.8.One survey showed that people who habitually C.sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying.More Rural Research Is Needed1.Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than itdoes now.2.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must bereversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition and poverty , ” he said.3.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation2 and environmentalproblems.4.The developing world was investing about 0.5%,or $8 billion a year , of itsagricultural gross domestic product(GDP) on5 research, and the developed world was spending 2.5%of its GDP .5.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across manycountries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs Mexico, China or India6 .6.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of thestrategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently, ” Dr. Fischer said.7.Yields of rice, wheat and maize have grown impressively in the past 30 years,especially in developing countries.1.paragraph 1 E Increase in Investment on Agricultural Research2.paragraph 3 A The Same or Improved Food Supply Situation in 20203.paragraph 4 C More Research Funding Needed4.paragraph 7 B Research Focus on Increased Yield5.Dr. Fischer claims that agriculture will continue to develop D when we usemodern technologies and develop new onesnd can be saved for other purposes A if we can drive yield up7.The investment can be regarded as efficient F when strategic research can beutilized worldwide.8.The global decrease in investment should be changed C if we want to fight againstmalnutrition and povertySoot and Snow: a Hot Combination1.New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow.2.Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth,where ice is more common,absorbs more of the sun’s energy and warmth than an icy,white background.3.Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.4.Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space),which1may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northen Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice,melting glaciers and permafrost.5.”Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus hesting the snow furface more than if there were no black carbon2,”Hansen said.6.Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.7.The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes.1. paragraph 3:C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot.2. paragraph 4:A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere.3. paragraph 6:F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming.4. paragraph 7:B Observations of Warming in the Climate and the Atmosphere.5. In the twentieth century, soot B contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming.6. Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases E still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last century.7. Black soot covered snow and ice D absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background.8.A soot forcing is unusually effective,which A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude.Screen Test1.Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breastcancer.2.But the medical benefits of screening these younger women arecontroversial,partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. 3.Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect ofscreening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinis.4.The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National RadillogicalProtection Board predicted that the screening programme would cause 36cancers per 100,000women,18 of them fatal.5.The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not verysignificant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered andtreated.6.But they, point out that the risk of women contracting canver from radiation couldbe reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45,because they would be exposed to less radiation.7.“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and itsrisks,”admits Michael Clark of the NRPB.1.paragraph 2 A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman2.paragraph 3B Investigating the Effect of Screening3.paragraph 4 C Effect Predicted by Two Differernt Models4.paragraph 5D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation5.Early discovery of breast cancer may C save a life6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are D still open to debate7.Delaying the age at which screening staris may E reduce the risk of radiationtriggering a cancer8.Radiation exposure should be F reduced to the minimumThe Mir Space Station1.The Russian Mir Space Station ,which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years ofpioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history.2.During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintainthe station .3.The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to fiveyears, on February 20,1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian.4.The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits notonly kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.5. A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science.6.Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished,1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir.7.Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, butMir’s reputation as a space station was ruined.8.Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though5 ,when we compare them with itsaccomplishments.1.paragraph 4 B Rewards Following the US Financial Injection2.paragraph 5 E Mir’s Firsts in Scientific Experiments and Space Exploration3.paragraph 6 C Mir’s problem Year4.paragraph 8 A Undeniable Mir’s Achievements5.Mir enhanced the confidence in the scientists that humans living in space for along time was F quite possible6.In Mir, the US astronauts created E many firsts7.When we think of Mir in terms of its achievements, its setbacks are D nothing8.The writer tends to think that Mir was B a great successThe Tiniest Electric Motor in the World1.Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built.2.The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in acarton nanotube..3.The technique exploits the fact that surface tension-the tendency of atoms ormolecules to resist separating-becomes more important at small scales.4.Although the amount of energy produced is small-20 microwatts-it is quiteimpressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor.5.In 1988,Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operatingmicromotor, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair.6.Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom.1.paragraph 2 E The Working Principle of the Nanomotor2.paragraph 4 B A Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and Size3.paragraph 5 D Previous Inventions of Nanoscale Products4.paragraph 6 F Possible Fields of Application in the Future5.Doctors envision that the nanomotor would travel through human bodies to Aremove disease6.Surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to B resist separating7.Nanoconveyors could be used to F transport nanoscale objects.8.Applying a small electric current causes atoms to C shuffle between two moltenmetal dropletsWashoe Learned American Sign Language1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe signlanguage in 1966.3.However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movementfrom watching her teachers.4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe8 Washoe provided newinformation about the mental workings of chimpanzees.5.Debate continues about chimps’ understanding of human communication .1.paragraph 1 C General Information about Washoe2.paragraph 2 B Report about Washoe ’s Progress in learning Sign Language3.paragraph 3 E Debate on Chimps’ Intelligence4.paragraph 4 A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This ResearchNowadays.5.Washoe could make signs to communicate C when she wanted to eat6.Some scientists doubted A if the Gardener’s argument was sound7.Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language D while she was at a researchcenter in Ellensburg.8.The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent E because she could use signlanguage to ask for fruits。

年职称英语综合类教材概括大意与完成句子【篇一：年职称英语(综合类)教材概括大意与完成句子】2014年教材于11月15日发行，网校为考生们搜集整理了综合类新版教材新增部分内容，以供大家参考。

第十三篇ward off1 travel bugs1 as the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect ofjet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. with care and somehelp from natural sources, however, it is quite possible toavoid these problems.2 you can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoningbrought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.3 by improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 the beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.4 in many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. if you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. however，if you detect diarrhea early enough, youmight like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5 taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. this lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses，allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut.when you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti- parasitic，anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.6 your flight can also be made more pleasant. peppermint oiland ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness，but a moredelicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. if you tend to get earache on take-off and landing，you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.7 the greatest concern is economy class syndrome , the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. to reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.8 you can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin c with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. vitamin c and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.9 finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.词汇：bug n．臭虫；病菌；病毒diarrhea n．腹泻taint v．感染；污染pancreatic adj．胰腺的antibiotic n．抗生素option n．选择jet lag (跨时区高速飞行后）生理节奏的破坏，飞行时差反应anti-parasitic adj．抗寄生虫的anti-fungal adj．抗真菌的，杀真菌的nibble vt．一点点地咬下pathogenic adj．病原的；致病的；发病的thrombosis n．血栓anti-viral adj．抗病毒的hydrate v．保持水分。

/fudao/211.html
职称英语考试概括大意与完成句子必杀技
概括大意主要考查应试者归纳段落主题思想的能力，完成句子主要考查应试者掌握短文细节内容的能力。

这两种题型基本能够考核各种阅读技能。

概括大意与完成句子所列出的选项，每个都只能用一次，也就是每段的段落大意不可能是同一个选项。

并且，所列出的选项多于文章段落的数目，这样就加大了考试的难度。

解答这类题时，既要抓住文章的大意，找出关键词，又需要运用阅读技巧，从句子、语篇的层次把握文章的细节及事实。

一、必杀技
1.概括大意（4题）：先阅读题目的要求，了解需要概括哪四个段落的大意，然后阅读那四个段落的首尾句并与每个答案选项进行对比，如果选项中大部分词或者词组与段落的首尾句中的词或词组重合得最多的可能为正确答案。

2.完成句子（4题）：先阅读题目并找出题目中的关键词，然后回到文章中进行关键词的定位，最后把文章中关键词附近的词或词组与答案选项进行对比，重合得最多的可能为正确答案。

二、详解：
1.概括大意其实就是找文章各段落主题句，而段落主题句往往就是该段落的首尾句。

2.完成句子其实就是告诉你一句话的一部分让你找另一部分。

利用定位关键词找到了这句话在文章中的位置，则确定另一部分就不难了。

概况大意和完成句子一、被动语态：被动词＋ed词要求加by二、讲课：P60〔Science Fiction〕一般情况下给出4段到13段，正常情况是5段、7段、8段；题型分为两大项：1. 概括大意2. 完成句子要求考试时间10分钟。

概括大意一、定义：到指定段落当中寻找中心主题句的过程；二、解题步骤：（1）浏览大标题（2）阅读选项A到F，寻找核心词（核心词主要指：动词、名词、形容词、副词等实词）；注意：对比选择项，寻找差异性。

〔P80〕破折号起说明作用（3）到指定段落中寻找中心主题句子（4）看中心主题句中的核心词与选项中的核心词之间的关系1.复现2.词性改变3.同义改写（同义替换）:如果选项中有teachers、students、schools、colleges、universities等，该段有一个核心词education－教育；如果在段落中看到数字＋people，核心在讲population－人口；只要在选项中看到$、living standard，核心在讲economy－经济；如果出现18℃，27℃等，核心词在讲climate－气候；如果看到gold、copper、iron、fish、forest、mineral、oil、coal等，核心在讲resource －资源；高频出现同义改写的词：grant资金、资助－ fund 提供资金、资助－finance 提供资金、资助f inancial－金融与钱有关的：sum（一笔钱）－money－capital（资本、本金）foretell（预报、预测）－forecast（预测、预言）－predict（预言、预测、预告）affect（影响）－have an effect on/upon－influence－have an impact on/upon三、注意事项（1）先做易、后做难（2）如果答案确定之后，将其从选项中划去，以免干扰（3）如果中心主题句是主从复合句，应重点看主句部分（4）主题句为宾语从句时，重点看宾从（5）中心主题句如果有not only ……but also ，应重点看but also（6）问句一般不会是中心主题句，当是它会为中心主题句起抛砖引玉的作用（7）举例一般不会是中心主题句完成句子：1．定义：将一个不完整的句子补全（补全不完整的句子）一个句子要包含一下几个部分：主语＋谓语（＋状语）＋宾语（1）主语＋＋宾语补谓语动词（2）主语＋谓语＋补宾语或状语（3）＋谓语＋宾语补主语（4）主语＋谓语＋宾语，连词＋补句子2．完成句子的出题方向a.考语法：句子成份分析；固定搭配（语法搭配；词组搭配）b．关键词回归定位法（选项中有两个或两个以上相同结构时用，注意出题顺序）关键词总原则：题目、好找、出题频率低优先原则：短语优先于单个词；比较级优先于原级。