翻译课概论（导引）单词基础建设basic constructioninfrastructure淡季light seasonsslack seasons淡茶weak tea 淡水”fresh water第一产业the primary industry第二产业the secondary industry第三产业the third industrythe tertiary industry /the service industry裤子trouserspants/slacks/jeans面条noodlespasta黄头发yellow hairblond/blonde厕所WC /toiletmen's room/women's room/restroom/powder room1) 一架从昆明起飞的小飞机,载着我们,飞越群山,把我们送到了景洪.1a) A small plane took off from Kunming, carried us, flew over the mountains, and sent us to Jinghong. Improved:1b) A small plane from Kunming flew over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong.2) Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves and by dim lamps.党的干部住寒冷的窑洞，吃简陋的饮食，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作着。
词组3) 风和日丽之时，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。
原译：On a day of gentle breeze and bright sun, the Tower dominates an indistinct view of …改译：On a fine day, you can even see …in the distance, though not very clearly.4) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of various colors and sizes.门口堆着至少十二把各种颜色和尺寸的伞．Ref. 门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一．句子永远记住你 remember you foreveralways remember you真遗憾it‘s a pitythat's too bad/it's a shame小心台阶pay attention to the stepsmind the steps我感到很痛I am painful.I feel great pain亚洲四小龙 the Four Little Dragons of Asiathe Four Little Tigers of Asia 百里挑一one in a hundredone in a thousand干杯！（要一饮而尽。
）Cheers! Bottom up.Cheers! Bottoms up.5) 我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票，今天晚上请我们两个人去看电影。
(《老房有喜》）My husband has bought two film tickets for us tonight, because you’re laid off and have to cut your expenses.(6) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays thegame.约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又办事公道.(7) Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place.华尔街是个残酷的地方.教学目的与要求教学目的：阐释翻译的性质与特点、介绍翻译的基本理论、概括翻译的常用技巧、揭示英汉语言、文化、思维的差异、提高英语理解和汉语表达水平，加强文字素养、培养跨文化交流的能力。
教学要求：能灵活地运用所学翻译理论与常用技巧，发挥主观能动性，做到忠实、通顺地翻译中等难度的文学作品节录，以及英美报刊杂志有关政治、经济、历史、文化等时文；提高逻辑思维、形象思维、经验思维等认知能力，通过翻译表现出较高的综合素养。
1. What is translation?(翻译的定义)The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言);Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。
翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。
（吴献书，1949）1翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
（刘宓庆，1990）翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。
”（蔡毅，1995）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
（王克非，1997）翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。
（萧立明，2001）翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。
（吴献书，1949）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
（刘宓庆，1990）翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。
”（蔡毅，1995）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
（王克非，1997）翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。
（萧立明，2001）The definition is:Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.To be more exact, in Nida’s & Tytler’s words美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
)A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
(泰特勒，1790)Alexander Fraser Tytler:综合各家之长:翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.2. Scope of Translationin terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated:in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation)1.按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）2. 按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）：连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）3. 按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译科技文体翻译论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译艺术文体翻译4. 按处理方式分类：全译节译摘译编译译述按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）：连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）按翻译材料的文体分类：按处理方式分类：应用文体翻译全译节译摘译编译译述科技文体翻译论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译艺术文体翻译3. Criteria in China2A. We know Xuanzang once said about translation 既需求真，又需喻俗，which means both faithful to the original and easy to understand.B. Yan Fu’s (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898 in the Preface of his translation of the book Natural Selection(《天演论》), is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance”(信、达、雅).C. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),一、译事三难：信、达、雅。
