110 W low cost, efficient PV-grid interface for rural electrification

56∣建设科技技术解析建设科技CONSTRUCTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY2018年6月上总第361期DOI: 10.16116/ki.jskj.2018.11.012被动式超低能耗建筑外墙外保温系统的阶段性应用及技术尝试熊少波 高娴（江苏卧牛山保温防水技术有限公司，江苏 南京 211111）[摘要]由于具有低能耗、高效能、高热舒适度等特点，被动式超低能耗建筑越来越受到我国建筑行业的广泛关注。

外墙外保温系统作为其最重要的一项“被动式”技术，对实现连续的无热桥设计起着决定性的作用。

本文主要针对我国被动式超低能耗建筑外墙外保温系统在实际应用中面临的阶段性问题及技术瓶颈，尝试提出适宜的技术路线、设计方法和构造体系，并总结介绍近几年实际工程案例中的成功经验和方法。

[关键词]被动式；被动房；低能耗；绿色建筑；外墙外保温系统；透汽性Phased Application and Technical Attempts of Exterior Thermal Insulation System for Passive and Ultra-low Energy BuildingsXiong Shaobo, Gao Xian(JiangSu Woniushan Thermal Insulation and Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211111, Jiangsu)Abstract: Passive and ultra-low energy building have received increasing attention in the construction industry in China, since it has the features of low energy consumption, high efficiency, and high thermal comfort. Exterior thermal insulation system, as the most important "passive" technology in passive and ultra-low energy buildings, plays a decisive role to achieve the continuous non-thermal-bridge design. Appropriate technical routes, design methods and structural systems are proposed as the solutions for the phased problems and technical bottlenecks caused in the application of exterior thermal insulation system for passive and ultra-low energy buildings in China. It also summarizes the successful experiences and methods in practical construction cases in recent years.Key Words: Passive, passive house, low energy consumption, green building, exterior thermal insulation system, vapor permeability被动式超低能耗建筑是通过提高建筑整体保温隔热性能来降低供暖和制冷能耗需求的新技术体系，以提高外围护结构保温性能、采用高效新风热回收技术等为主要支撑。

Compact and reliable switching Smaller, more efficient and simpler gas-insulated switchgearHANS-DIETER SCHlEMPER – Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) operates invisibly – no movement, just a faint hum, betrays the flow of bulk AC power. At first sight uncomplicated-look-ing, a closer examination reveals the complexity in the variety of configurations, engineering investment and installation effort found in a typical GIS installation. Now, however, ABB’s new compact GIS switchgear makes everything much simpler. Even at 420 kV ratings, the switch-gear is assembled as a complete bay in the factory, includ-ing wiring and testing. Installation is fast and easy: Bays move on wheels to their final destination and they can be assembled in a day. The compact dimensions leave more space for access, fit in even smaller buildings and save on resources such as SF6and metals.11Compact and reliable switching12ABB review special reportThe first GIS was installed in 1965 and used sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF 6) as in-sulation. Today, GIS switchgear is avail-able from 52 to 1,200 kV rated voltage [1]. C urrent trends and needs in GIS i nclude:− Less complex, more standardized designs that inherently improve reliability and ease project engineer-ing, production, installation and maintenance. Purchase and use of GIS should become simpler, delivery times shorter and service life longer. − Smaller dimensions that save resourc-es, provide more convenient access to the equipment and enable installa-tion in smaller buildings or containers. − Digital controllers and electronicmeasuring equipment that provide comprehensive monitoring, supervi-sion and control functions. − Higher continuous current and short-circuit current ratings.− Less use of SF 6 and reduction of SF 6emissions.Much electrical switchgear is found out in the open, so the electrical breakdown prop-erties of air have to be takeninto account in its design. As a result, switchgear installations can take up substantial real estate. Where space is costly or limited, or where the environ-ment is challenging, GIS is an ideal alter-native. In GIS equipment, switching is done inside a gas-filled sealed vessel. The gas has much better insulation properties than air, so equipment can be made a lot smaller. Substations located underground in cities, inside hydropow-er dams, in high-value real-estate areas or in containers could not be realized without GIS technology.GIS is suitable for use in harsh environ-ments such as deserts, high-altitude lo-cations or offshore oil platforms. Its lownoise levels and low electromagneticemissions allow operation in residentialareas or in sensitive industrial plants.GIS also improves the grid’s efficiency as it enables power to be transmittedat higher voltages closer to the loadcenters in cities.ABB’s new GIS products for 72.5 kV, 245 kV and 420 kV, launched in 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively, address these trends. The entire family is built on common design principles and the family members share many common components.Compact and efficientThe new products mark a significanta dvance in footprint reduction – be it in terms of dimensions or use of raw mate-rial and SF 6.The new portfolio is based on advanced circuit breakers with small dimensions and small drives. The ELK-14 compact, 245 kV GIS features an advanced dou-ble-motion Auto-Puffer TM (self-blast) cir-cuit breaker. A single pole requires less than 900 J of stored energy to interrupt a short-circuit current of 50 kA. The ELK-14 compact has 43 percent less volume and weighs 2 tons less than the prede-cessor product ➔1. The result is a com-pact bay that fits into containers that are used for shipment or even as a perma-nent housing.The ELK-3 compact, 420 kV GIS fea-tures a new, single-interrupter puffer breaker with an excellent two-cycle per-formance at 63 kA/60 Hz and plenty of reserve for short-line faults and other duties. The ELK-3 compact circuit breaker uses just one interrupter where two interrupters in series and a larger drive were needed in the past. The sav-ings in dimensions and weight are sig-nificant ➔2.Title pictureABB’s new GIS products greatly speed up and simplify installation. The GIS ELK-3 compact product is shown here.GIS is suitable for harsh environments such as deserts, high-altitude loca-tions or offshore platforms.1 Elk-14 compact, 245 kV compared with its predecessor13Compact and reliable switchingSimplicityABB’s new GIS consists of a set of high-ly-standardized building blocks that can be configured to the specific user r equirements at a very late stage of the production process. This reducesdelivery time. Even at 420 kV, the GIS is equipped with integrated local control panels mounted directly on the steel sup-port carrying the bay. Instead of wiring the bay on-site to a distantcontrol panel, all the cabling is done at the factory in a controlled environment with automated testing facilities. Any wiring mistakes are corrected before the bay leaves the factory.Installation time nearly halvedThe new GIS designs enable complete wired bays to be shipped in containers or on flat racks. A typical 420 kV substa-tion now requires only 44 shipping units and 53 coupling steps compared with the 80 shipping units and 74 coupling steps of the predecessor product.On site, 420 kV bays are wheeled from the unloading platform into the building to their final destination. After leveling, coupling adjacent bays and connecting them to the substation control systems takes only a few hours. Before leaving the factory, bays are prefilled with SF 6 at a transport pressure slightly above1bar, which significantly reduces time and effort for on-site gas handling. Low-pressure aluminum die casting and 3-D finite-element stress calculations enable the design of enclosures with complex shapes that still meet pressur-ized vessel standards at high safety margins. The result is “skinny” enclo-sures that minimize the enclosed vol-ume and, thus, the SF 6 content. A good example is the ENK GIS type for 72.5 kV rated voltage that uses a mere 27 kg SF 6 per bay (for a typical double busbar bay with cable connections) – less than half that used by traditional designs. Or the ELK-14, which uses 115 kg SF 6, 32 kg less than the predecessor prod-uct.Best of both worlds Traditional GIS often uses single-phase enclosed designs for 245 kV. Although they would reduce complexity, three-phase enclosed GIS components for 245 kV are large and difficult to design. ELK-14 compact is innovative: All com-ponents are three-phase-enclosed but, instead of three-phase partition insula-tors, as used at 145 kV, it uses single-phase insulators. Together with skinny enclosures, ELK-14 is somewhere in between traditional single-phase and three-phase design and combines the best of the two approaches.GIS improves the grid’se fficiency as it enables power to be transmitted at higher voltages closer to the load centers in cities.The entire family is built on common design principles and the family members share many common components.2 Elk-3 compact, 420 kV compared with its predecessor14ABB review special reportIn all, installation time is cut by some 40 percent.Easy access operation Although there is little maintenancer equired, all relevant parts, such as drives, view ports, gas density sensors, gas filling valves and terminal blocks are easily accessible – thus shortening maintenance or repair times.A unique feature is that the drives and position indicators for disconnectors and grounding switches are locatedu nderneath the local control panel ➔3. The user can access the drives from the operator’s aisle for emergency manual operation with a hand crank or to lock them with a padlock. Access laddersor scaffolding is no longer required.B esides, drives are plug-in units and they can be easily pulled out of the c abinet for inspection or maintenance.C onvenient access to viewports, gas valves and monitors is provided by plat-forms and catwalks. These are an inte-gral part of the GIS and no longerr equire custom designs.Digital sensors and smart switchgearToday’s practice of measuring basicp arameters using inductive current transformers (C Ts) and voltage trans-formers (VTs) has parallels with the changeover from vinyl records to C Ds: Gone was the distortion created by ana-log reproduction as C Ds and optical links ensured low-cost, interference-free audio reproduction every time.C urrent and voltage measurement in substations is undergoing a similartransformation. The old problems caused by transient performance and saturation of C Ts, over/under-burden-ing, cable length or cross section and troublesome relay input impedance are being banished by the adoption of elec-tronic precision transducers for current(ECTs) and voltage (EVTs). These comewith digital interfaces and connect as easily as a C D player to protection r elays with digital inputs. Their stability, dynamic range and precision are out-standing – a single EC T provides both class 0.2 metering data and precision current data in the kiloampere range. Consequently, most of ABB’s GIS equip-ment is now available with compact EC Ts and EVTs employing Rogowski coils and capacitive voltage transducers[2]➔4. They connect to any relay with anIEC 61850-9-2-compatible digital opti-cal interface, eg, ABB’s Relion series. Although not yet commonly used, ECTsand EVTs, together with intelligent bay controllers, such as ABB’s REC670, and protection devices, form the basis of a digital control panel. Replacing bulky hardwired controls and a sizeable bind-er of schematics, a digital control panel has a network interface based on IEC 61850 data models and communi-cation protocols. The GIS bay is deliv-ered with an electronic capability de-scription in XML – ready to be loaded,The GIS consists of a set of highly-standardized build-ing blocks that can be configured to the specific user requirements at a very late stage ofproduction.3 Frontal access to drives (Elk-14 compact) 4Combined ECT/EVT for 420kV15Compact and reliable switching grate renewable energy sources andf ocuses on providing Denmark with green energy. Energinet.dk selected GIS technology for new 420 kV substationsto reduce space consumption and visu-al impact. A project currently underway is the con-struction of a new 400kV connection between Kassø, near Aabenraa, and Tjele. A 400 kV double-circuit line, in-stalled on tubular towers designed to blend into the landscape, will reinforce and renew Jut-land’s grid. The line will replace the approximately 45-year-old sin-gle-circuit line op-erating on the section today. The project received funding from theEuropean Union’s trans-European ener-gy networks program. Part of the project is Revsing substa-tion. It forms a node with other 420 kV connections along the line. Energinet.dk selected the ELK-3 compact based on a comprehensive list of selection criteria that reflect the company’s demands.Decisive features were the low SF 6 gas content, the compactness (resulting in a small building, crane and basement) and the short installation time.browsed and integrated into the substa-tion automation system ➔5.As part of the new portfolio, ABB’s engi-neers have developed a comprehensive but simple-to-operate gas monitoring sys-tem called modular switchgear monitoring (MSM) that can be added to conventional controls or digital control panels ➔6.MSM’s main task is to detect even small leaks at rates as low as 0.5 percent per year with a set of linear prediction filters. The filters are tuned so as to distinguish leaks from natural density variations stemming from inhomogeneous temper-ature distributions in gas compart-ments. Unlike traditional gas density monitors, which would flag an alarm first when 5 to 10 percent of the SF 6 had already leaked, MSM alerts the operator when as little as 1 to 2 percent of the gas has escaped.Case study: Revsing substationEnerginet.dk owns and operates the transmission grid and the natural gassystem in Denmark. The company builds intelligent infrastructure to inte-Revsing substation will be commis-sioned in 2013. The new line is sched-uled to commence operation in 2014.Though established more than 40 years ago, GIS technology is still rapidly de-veloping. It continues to serve as a key element in growing grids. The installa-tion of GIS is becoming faster and the operation easier. C ompact designs useless raw materials and SF 6. Safeguard-ed by digital controls and monitoring functions, GIS technology is steadilyi mproving its excellent environmental compatibility.Hans-Dieter Schlemper ABB Power Products, High Voltage Products Zurich, Switzerland****************************.com References[1] Holaus, W., Stucki, F. “Breaking news:High-voltage switchgear to power China.”ABB Review Special Report: Dancing with the Dragon , pp. 33 – 37. (2008).[2] Schlemper H.-D et al., “Test and application ofnon-conventional multi-purpose voltage andcurrent transducers” Cigré, Paris, 2004, paperA3-108.6 Gas density monitoring system, MSMOn site, 420 kV bays arewheeled from the unloading platform into the building to their final destination.5 Schematic diagram of a digital control system for a GIS bay。

数据中心节能减排需求英文回答：Energy Efficiency and Emissions Reduction in Data Centers.Data centers, essential infrastructures for the digital age, consume a significant amount of energy and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. As the demand for data storage and processing continues to grow, there is a pressing need to enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon footprint in data center operations.Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Emissions Reduction.Various strategies can be implemented to optimize energy consumption and minimize environmental impact in data centers. These include:Energy-efficient hardware and infrastructure:Utilizing high-performance computing equipment, energy-efficient servers, and low-power cooling systems can significantly reduce energy consumption.Server virtualization and consolidation: Optimizing server utilization by consolidating workloads onto fewer servers can improve energy efficiency while enhancing performance.Advanced cooling technologies: Employing innovative cooling solutions such as liquid immersion cooling or evaporative cooling can effectively dissipate heat and reduce energy usage associated with cooling.Renewable energy integration: Utilizing solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems can provide sustainable and cost-effective energy sources for data centers.Efficient data management and AI optimization: Implementing efficient data storage and access techniques,as well as optimizing algorithms and workloads through artificial intelligence, can minimize energy consumption.Monitoring and control systems: Real-time monitoring and control systems enable proactive management of energy usage, allowing data centers to optimize performance and identify areas for improvement.Benefits of Energy Efficiency and Emissions Reduction.Improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions in data centers offer numerous benefits, including:Reduced energy costs: Optimizing energy usage can lead to substantial cost savings for data center operations.Enhanced environmental sustainability: Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions contributes to combating climate change and preserving the environment.Improved brand reputation: Data centers that demonstrate environmental stewardship can enhance theirpublic image and attract customers who prioritize sustainability.Increased resilience and reliability: Energy-efficient data centers are more resilient to power outages and can operate more reliably, ensuring uninterrupted service.Long-term competitiveness: Implementing sustainable practices can ensure the long-term competitiveness of data centers in an increasingly environmentally conscious market.Conclusion.The demand for data center services will continue to grow, emphasizing the imperative to enhance energyefficiency and reduce emissions. By adopting innovative technologies and implementing comprehensive strategies,data centers can minimize their environmental impact, optimize energy usage, and contribute to a sustainabledigital infrastructure.中文回答：数据中心节能减排需求。

CDCC绿皮书｜DX型精密空调数据中心的建设工程涉及专业多、工艺复杂、安全和节能要求高，分期建设、快速建设、灵活调整等方面的要求高。

为此CDCC于2020年编撰行业绿皮书，全称为《数据中心基础设施产品名录》（绿皮书）以帮助数据中心业主快速建立一个完善的全方位的基础设施采购体系，定制最合适最完整的产品数据库。

CDCC作为数据中心行业资深的信息技术服务平台，在数据中心行业多年的资源积累中，拥有相当数量的合作伙伴和会员单位，涉及面包含整个数据中心建设过程中的各个环节，通过梳理分析，按照电气系统、暖通系统、弱电系统、网络和布线系统、安防系统、建筑工程进行分类整理，形成采购指引文件，参见附件（点击左下角“阅读原文”）。

可以按照建设单位的需求，提供不同深度和不同类别的服务能力。

“绿皮书”是数据库的基本形式，内容包括供应商名单、产品清单、相关网址介绍、联系方式等，更可以根据建设单位的项目具体要求，提供更加详细的符合具体技术需求的资料。

现将截至目前为止汇总整理的暖通系统设备类——DX型精密空调（产品编号H—E10）部分产品介绍分享如下：▲阿尔西DX型精密空调系列产品1、DATACOOL技术参数：制冷量范围：5.8kW~30kW产品特点优势：1、节能高效是DATACOOL系列产品设计理念的核心。

该产品采用多种节能方法提高产品的运行效率2、先进的涡旋式压缩机，震动小、噪声低、效率高3、独立气流系统与机械、电气系统隔离，日常维护、检修时产品可正常运行4、先进的电极式加湿控制技术，控制更精确，可自动冲洗，延长了加湿罐的使用寿命5、完善的自动报警和诊断功能，全方位地保护空调机组6、多种监控接入方式，实现完美智能控制7、多种送风方式，满足不同场合的气流组织要求8、风冷冷凝器提供适合不同温度环境的配置（包括低温启动）9、风冷方式提供长管路、高落差安装方案10、适应R22、R410A等不同冷媒应用案例：CellXion Wireless Services；Climalux center；Ecuador FIRMESA；London underground；神码DATACOOL项目；重庆惠普工业园；新疆南疆铁路项目；哈大高速铁路空调项目；中国中铁电气化局集团；轨道交通运行控制系统国家工程研究中心建设项目通用设备机房空调采购；北京卫戍区司令部；肯尼亚内马铁路项目;肯尼亚内马铁路项目一期增补。

这些国际大厂是如何把风电和节水做到“极致”更多干货等你发现！Apple invests in two huge turbines to power Viborg data center苹果公司投资建设了2台巨型风力发电机组给维堡数据中心供电Just make stuff biggerBy Alex Alley本文由DCD中国授权翻译并发布至Deepknowledge公众号Apple is investing in two of the world’s largest onshore wind turbines to power its Viborg data center.苹果公司投资建设了2台世界上最大的陆地风力发电机组给维堡数据中心供电。

As part of the company’s 2030 carbon-neutral goal, Apple also revealed it is buying energy from a solar plant established in Thisted, North Jutland.作为公司2030年碳中和（碳中和是指企业、团体或个人测算在一定时间内直接或间接产生的温室气体排放总量，通过植树造林、节能减排等形式，以抵消自身产生的二氧化碳排放量，实现二氧化碳“零排放”。

）目标的一部分，苹果公司透露还会从北日德兰半岛提斯特德（Thisted）的一家太阳能发电站购买可再生能源。

The massive turbines, located near the town of Esbjerg, will stand 200 meters tall and together provide around 62-gigawatt hours each year. Any surplus will go to the Danish energy grid.200米高的巨型风力发电机组坐落在埃斯比镇附近，预计每年将产生62Gwh的清洁电能，满足维堡数据中心用能需求的多余电能将并入丹麦电网。

Pvsyst后台参数的翻译Grid-connected systempre-sizing 并网系统初步设置Monocrystalline module efficiency单晶组件效率Polycrystalline efficiency多晶组件效率Thin film efficiency 薄膜组件效率Free standing temperature correction自由安装温度纠正系数Roof ventilated temperature correction屋顶通风温度纠正系数No ventilation temperature correction无通风温度纠正系数Ohmic wiring loss mismatch loss correction线缆欧姆损失，失配损失纠正系数IAM incidene angle modifier correction入射角改变纠正系数Inverter average efficiency逆变器平均效率Stand-alone systempre-sizing 独立系统初步设计Stand-alone:pv-array=>battery globa efficiency 阵列到电池整体效率Batterycharge/discharge energy efficiency 电池充放电能量效率Soc minimum threshold 荷电率最小阈值Battery capacity:C100/C10 ratio100 小时率比10小时率系数Generatorefficiency(15%=1.5kwh/liter)发电机效率Pumping:pv-array daily effic(optical,thermal ,etc) 光伏水泵方阵综合效率(光，热等) Matching effic （thresh.andmppt loss）direct coupling直接耦合匹配效率（阈值及最大跟踪损失）Matching effic（thresh.andmppt loss）with booster升压耦合匹配效率（阈值及最大跟踪损失）Matching effic（thresh.andmppt loss）cascading级联匹配效率（阈值及最大跟踪损失）Global effic.with fixed V DC converter 固定电压直流变换器耦合的综合效率Global effic.withmppt converter mppt 逆变器耦合综合效率DC-positive displacement pump efficiency 直流容积泵效率AC-positive displacement pump efficiency 交流容积泵效率Centrifugal pump efficiency 离心泵效率Oversizing{(pv field stc-losses)/pump power} 裕度（光伏阵列/泵功率）Specific pre-sizing costs(all systems) 所有系统初步设计价格Loan duration(=sexpected system lifetime) 系统寿命25 yearScale exponential factor(mouning and maintenance)规模指数因子0.6Systemdesign parameters 系统设计参数Minimum temperature for inverter Vmax design（需相应改动）逆变器最大电压设计使用的最低温度Winter operating temp.for inverter VmppMax design（需相应改动）逆变器跟踪最大电压值设计冬季运行温度Usual operating temperature at r1000W/m（需相应改动）平常运行温度Summer operating temp.for inverter VmppMin design（需相应改动）逆变器跟踪最小电压值设计夏季运行温度Voltage initial degradation amorphous 非晶硅初期压降Voltage initial degradation,microcrystalline 微晶硅初期压降Voltage initial degradation.CdTe 碲化镉太阳能组件初期压降Heat loss factor free mounting 自由安装式热损失因子Heat loss factor semi integrated 半集成式热损失因子Heat loss factor fully integrated 集成式热损失因子Heat loss factor according to wind velocity 根据风速定义的热损失因子Heat loss factor max./min. value 热损失最大/最小值Incidence angle modifier bo parameter 入射角改变纠正系数Copper Resistivity(at T=50 度)铜电阻率Aluminium Resistivity(at T=50 度)铝电阻率Max. wire section for specific admissible current对特定电流最大可接受线缆截面积Max. admissible current derating factor最大可允许电流衰减Default wiring resistance loss ratio at STC标况下默认线阻损失率Array resitance voltage drop at STC标况下阵列阻耗压降Irrad.absorption coefficient for tarray calculation阵列计算用辐射吸收系数Module dfficiency for temp.array calculation阵列计算用组件效率Series diode voltage drop二极管压降External transfo:iron losses外置变压器铁损External transfo:resist losses at STC外置变压器铜损Light soaking gain factor光辐照增益系数Default module quality factor默认组件质量因数Module quality loss:tolerance fraction组件质量因数公差LIDloss factorLID损失因子Default array mismatch power loss,crystalline默认阵列功率失配损失，晶硅组件Default array mismatch power loss, amorphous默认阵列功率失配损失，非晶硅Default array mismatch voltage loss ,crystalline默认阵列电压失配损失，晶硅组件Default array mismatch voltage loss , amorphous默认阵列电压失配损失，非晶硅Default soiling loss,yearly average默认年平均脏污损失Default unavailability loss默认无效损失Module strings shading ratio组串阴影率Module strings thin film shading ratio组串薄膜阴影率Grid inverter oversizing array/inverter nominal power并网阵列功率/逆变器裕度值SolaredgePnom ratio sizing,0=STC,1=real conditionsSolaredge功率比定型0=标况，1=真实条件Nominal medium voltage grid默认中压网络DC grid:arrayVnom/system Vnom ratio直流网：组件电压/系统电压Average pumping hours during a clear day晴空下平均抽水时间Pumps lifetime(economical evaluation)水泵寿命Fuel price (economical evaluation)燃油价格Flowrate oversizing accounting for average days平均流量裕度值Array current /pumps nominal current阵列电流/泵额定电流Detailed simulation verification conditions详细模拟检定条件Measured meteo in coll.plane:max.orientation difference吸收平面测量数据最大方位差Shading:max.orientation difference shaded #1-pv array遮光：遮光#1 阵列最大方位差Shading:max.orientation difference between shading planes遮光：遮光平面允许最大方位差Shadings with heterogeneous field:max.angle difference异形区域遮光最大角度差Helios3D:max.angle between palnes Helios3D:平面间最大角度差Shading:absolutemin.shading/field area ratio遮光：3D区域/系统定义区域绝对极小值Shading:warningmin. shading/field area ratio遮光：3D区域/系统定义区域禁告极小值Shading:warningmax.shading/field area ratio遮光：3D区域/系统定义区域禁告极大值Shading:absolutemax.shading/field area ratio遮光：3D区域/系统定义区域绝对极大值the inverter power is strongly oversized逆变器功率值严重过大the inverter power is slightly oversized逆变器功率值轻微过大acceptable overload loss for design可接受设计过载损失limit overload loss for design设计过载损失限值pv array/battery pack voltage：光伏阵列/蓄电池电压strongly undersized/oversized光伏阵列/蓄电池电压严重过小/过大slightly undersized/oversized光伏阵列/蓄电池电压轻微过小/过大pv array/regulator voltage：光伏阵列/控制器电压pv array/ regulator power：光伏阵列/控制器功率the battery pack capacity is perhaps：电池组容量the pv array power is slightly undersized/oversized阵列容量轻微过小/过大the pv array power is strongly undersized/oversized阵列容量严重过小/过大the pumping flowrate is strongly undersized/oversized水泵流量严重过小/过大the pumping flowrate is slightly undersized/oversized 水泵流量轻微过小/过大pumping: the array voltage is strongly undersized/oversized阵列电压严重过小/过大pumping: the array voltage is slightly undersized/oversized阵列电压轻微过小/过大pumping: the array current is strongly undersized/oversized阵列电流严重过小/过大pumping: the array current is slightly undersized/oversized阵列电流轻微过小/过大光伏组件：EGap-Si-Mono单晶硅禁带宽度EGap -Si-poly多晶硅禁带宽度EGapa-Si:H tandem双结氢化非晶硅禁带宽度EGapa-si:H triple三结氢化非晶硅禁带宽度EGapucSia-Si:H微晶硅氢化非晶硅双结电池禁带宽度EGapCdTe碲化镉薄膜电池禁带宽度EGap CIS铜铟硒(CIS)薄膜电池禁带宽度EGap CSG：CSG （CrystaIIineSiIiconONGIass）电池禁带宽度EGap HIT异质结太阳能电池禁带宽度EGapAsGa砷化钾太阳能电池禁带宽度EGap Galnp2/GaAs/GeGalnp2/GaAs/Ge 三结太阳能电池禁带宽度EGap Not Registered未定义电池禁带宽度Built-in voltage for amorphous tripple，add to Vmp非晶硅三结太阳能电池峰值电压Built-in voltage for amorphous single非晶硅单结太阳能电池峰值电压Built-in voltage for amorphous tandem非晶硅双结太阳能电池峰值电压Crystalline:Rsho/Rsh default multiplier value晶硅：Rsho/Rsh默认乘数值Amorphous:Rsho/Rsh default multiplier value非晶硅：Rsho/Rsh默认乘数值RShexp exponential parameterRShexp 指数Thin films:Pmpp Temperature coefficient薄膜：峰值功率温度系数Gamma defult for Rserie optimization Si-poly多晶硅串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization Si-mono单晶硅串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization a-Si:H tandem氢化非晶硅双结电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization a-Si:H triple氢化非晶硅三结电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值defult for RSerie optimization ucSia-Si:H多晶硅串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization CdTe碲化镉薄膜电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization CIS铜铟硒(CIS)薄膜电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization CSGCSG （CrystaIIineSiIiconONGIass）电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization HIT异质结太阳能电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization AsGa砷化钾串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerie optimization Galnp2/GaAs/GeGalnp2/GaAs/Ge 串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Gamma defult for RSerieoptimization,unregistered未定义太阳能电池串联电阻最优化默认Gamma 值Min lo value for Galnp2/GaAs/Ge：Galnp2/GaAs/Ge 最小lo 值Min lo value for all others：其他电池的最小lo 值Min./Max.VmppCell,Si- Crystalline：晶硅最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.VmppCell,a-Si:Htandem：双结氢化非晶硅最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.VmppCell,a-Si:Htriple junction：三结氢化非晶硅最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.VmppCell,ucSia-Si:H：微晶硅氢化非晶硅双结电池最小/最大峰值电压Vmpp Cell,ucSia-Si:H：微晶硅氢化非晶硅双结电池最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell, CdTe：碲化镉薄膜电池最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell, CIS：铜铟硒(CIS)薄膜电池最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.VmppCell,CSG：CSG（CrystaIIineSiIiconONGIass）最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell, HIT：异质结太阳能电池最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell, AsGa：砷化钾太阳能电池最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell,Galnp2/GaAs/Ge：Galnp2/GaAs/Ge三结太阳能电池最小/最大峰值电压Min./Max.Vmpp Cell, unregistered：未定义电池最小峰值电压Max. Imp/Isc ratio：Imp/Isc 最大比值Max.Vmp/Isc ratio：Vmp/Isc 最大比值Max.mulsc/Isc ratio：mulsc/Isc 最大比值Max.Pmpp deviation{at STC}by respect to Pnom：标况与实际情况下功率误差Rshun min calculation:securitycoeff.vs MPP：并联电阻电小值计算：mpp 安全系数Rserie default calculation:Min./Max.RSerie/RSmax ratio串联电阻默认计算：最大/最小RSerie/RSmax 比值D2/MuTaucalculation:Max. RSerie/RSmax ratioD2/MuTau 计算：Max. RSerie/RSmax 比值Amorphous Recombin.loss factor: 非晶硅复合损失因子：D2/MuTau default valueD2/MuTau 默认值By-pass diode resistance{10mv/A}：旁路二极管电阻efaultBRev parameter ratio：默认BRev 参数率Regulators and convertersVoltage drop for C10 current：10 小时率下压降Charging triggering OFF：充电截止电压阈值，关闭阈值open batteries：开口式蓄电池sealed batteries：密封式蓄电池AGM batteries：蓄电池Ni-Cd batteries：蓄电池Charging triggering ON again：充电开启电压阀值Discharging triggering OFF：放电截止电压阈值Discharging triggering ON again：放电截止电压阈值Back-up generator triggering ON again：备用发电机开启阈值Back-up generator triggering OFF：备用发电机关闭阈值Temper. Coefficient (per element)温度系数（单格）Reference temperature for these thresholds对这些阈值的参考温度Minimum hysteresis for swiching(per element)切换时最小磁滞（单格）Initial SOC for simulation仿真初始荷电状态MPPT converters:power thresh./pnom lower limit：MPPT 逆变器：功率阈值/正常功率下限值MPPT converters:defaultmax.efficiency：MPPT 逆变器：默认最大效率MPPT converters:defaultEURO.efficiency：MPPT 逆变器：默认最大欧洲效率Normalized resistance factor：标准化电阻因数Max./Minimum value of the max.effciency：最大效率的最大/最小值Minimum efficiency difference max –EURO：最小欧洲效率的偏差值Max. efficiency difference max –EURO：最大欧洲效率的偏差值Minimum difference between legal and solar time：法定时间和太阳时间的最小差值Max. difference between legal and solar time：法定时间和太阳时间的最大差值Minimum monthly ambient temperature：最小月环境温度Lower/Upper limit for monthly clearness index kt：月晴空指数下限/上限Best Ktcc days have slightly high/low values：最佳Ktcc日微高值/低值Best Ktcc days have strongly high/low values：最佳Ktcc日极高值/低值Best Ktcc :number of exception days：最佳Ktcc 日微高值Limit for kbeam in transposition：转置时kbeam 的限制Limit for global horiz.in retro-transposition：反转录时全景的限制Lower limit for monthly diffuse/Global：月漫反射/全局辐射下限值Default wind velocity：默认风速Horizon:characteristic height for albedo factor extinction：地平线：反色率因子无效特征高度Horizon:max.mumber of points in printed table：地平线：在打印的表格中点的最大数量Site altitude limit：地理海拔限制Project site-meteomax. distance：工程气象地点最大距离Economic evaluation:loan duration(=expected lifetime)：经济评估：系统寿命Minimum piece kwh for enabling tariff：每度电最小税收Max. price kwh for enabling tariff：每度电最大税收Shadings:sun contrast for real objects：真实物体的太阳对照Shading animation:delay between steps：阴影动画，延迟间隔。

A complete range ofinnovative and moresimple to use sensorsBenefit from Telemecanique’s major innovation:A worldwide detection first for improving productivity:b product selection simplifiedb product availability simplifiedb installation and setting-up simplifiedb maintenance simplifiedb detection simplified using a single supplier.Improved simplicity for improved productivity. Osi conceptImprove performance bymaking your selection andassembly lesscomplicated andmore intelligent.Improve serviceexpertise with anefficient product lineoffering simplifiedselection and improvedselling potential.Reduce maintenancetime with products thatare simpler andunequalled in flexibility.“Universal” series: Multi-purpose products providing multiple functions. Osi concept products are included in this series.“Optimum” series:Designed foressential andrepetitive functions.“Application” series:Offers functionsspecifically forspecialist needs, thusproviding the idealsolution for your morecomplex applications.Select the sensor according to your specific requirements> A single product that automatically adapts to all conditions> A single product that automatically adapts to all installation environ-ments> Availability of more than 5,000 interchange-able configurations within 24 hours> A user-friendly product at last; easy to parameter prior to installation and to modify during operation> A single product that automatically learns both its detection mode and detection zone> Simple parametering of many differentresolutions on the same product1/11Contentsb Osiris ™ Photo-electric sensors .......................1/2 to 1/11Detection without contact of objects whatever their shape or material> Detection from a few millimeters to several tens of meters> 3D adjustable fixing accessories> Specific products for particular applicationsb Osiprox ™ Inductive proximity sensors ......1/12 to 1/22Detection without contact of metal objects> Sensor / object distance - 60 mm> Generic cylindrical and flat form products > Specific products for particular applicationsb Osiprox Capacitive proximity sensors ....................1/23b Osiprox Ultrasonic sensors ............................1/24 to 1/33Detection without contact of any object of any material> Detection from a few millimeters up to 8 meters > Extra large range to ensure finding the right product > Specific products for particular applicationsb Osiswitch ™ Limit switches ..........................1/34 to 1/39Detection by contact of rigid objects> Positive opening operation of electrical contacts > Object speed - 1.5 m/s> Specific products for particular applicationsb Nautilus Sensors for pressure control .......1/40 to 1/41Detection by contact with fluid> Electronic pressure and vacuum switches > Analog pressure sensors> Electromechanical pressure and vacuum switches1/2For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1/3For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1/7For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1L = 20 m M4 / M2.6 (1)M4 / L = 90 mm M6M4 / M6M6 / L = 90 mm M4 / M2.6M4 / L = 90 mm es u f f i D ma eb -u r h T 250 to 900(3)200 or 1500(1)1807060601518Ø 1Ø 1Ø 1Ø 1Ø 1+16 Ø 0.265Ø 1Ø 0.5 + 4 Ø 0.23Ø 0.5Ø 2.2Ø 2.2Ø 2.2Ø 2.2 x 2Ø 2.2 x 2Ø 2.2 x 2Ø 1 x 2Ø 1 x 2- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60 - 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60XUFZ920XUFN12301XUFN12311XUFN05321XUFN05323XUFN05331XUFN02323XUFN01331(2)M4 x 0.7M4 x 0.7M6 x 0.75M6 x 0.75 / M4 x 0.7M6 x 0.75M4 x 0.7M4 x 0.7Long distance fibers Flexible fibers for t n e m e v o m l a c o r p i c e r s r e b i f e c n a t s i d g n o L sn e l l a r g e t n i h t i w M3 / M2.6 (1)M3 / L = 90 mm M8 / L = 20 mm M4 / M2.6M3 / L = 15 mm M6 / L = 15 mm M6 / L = 17 mm es u f f i D ma eb -u r h T 50 or 1000 (1)55596810052031 Ø5.1 Ø562.0 Ø5.0 Ø1 Ø5.0 Ø5.0 ØØ 1Ø 1Ø 2.2Ø 1 x 2Ø 1 x 2Ø 2.2 x 2Ø 2.2 x 2- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60- 25 to + 60XUFN35301XUFN35311XUFN2L01L2XUFN01321XUFN04331XUFN5P01L2XUFN5S01L2M3 x 0.5M3 x 0.5M8 x 1.25M4 x 0.7M3 x 0.5M6 x 0.75M6 x 0.75Long distance fibers Flexible fibers Teflon fibers M4 / M2.6 (1)M4 / M2.6 (1)Ø 5 / L = 20 mm4C R U X r o s n e s r o l o c l l u f r o f d e s u c o f e s u f f iD ma eb -u r h T 300 or 2000(1)100 or 750(1)302010001Ø 1.5Ø 1Ø 1Transmitter Ø 1Receiver Ø 1.5Transmitter Ø 1.5Receiver Ø 1.5Transmitter and Receiver Ø 1.52 x 2.2 Ø2 x 2.2 Ø2 x 2.2 Ø2.2 Ø2.2 Ø2.2 Ø55 + o t 01 -55 + o t 01 -55 + o t 01 -06 + o t 52 -06 + o t 52 -06 + o t 52 -2L 30L 5N F U X 2L 20L 5N F U X 2L 10L 5N F U X 2L 10T 2N F U X 2L 10S 2N F U X 2L 10P 2N F U X M2.6 x 0.45 / M4 x 0.7M2.6 x 0.45 / M4 x 0.7by clip (included)2 elongated holes Ø 3.2 x 6.7 for M3 screws / fixing centers = 9.8 mmPlastic fiber optic light guides (length 2 m)Osiris1/8For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1Optical frames for detection of passage of objectsXURZ01distanceFor other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/ Square D sales office: visit a t s i dgn i s ne s l an i moN)5(wo l ebe l bagn i l dnahs l a i r e t aseries processingAnalog output1/9ForksNO/NC programmablePB100 In-line accessorypushbutton for teachingwindow limits (for Virtu TMVirtu Analog1/28For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1(continued)Model Number*Accessories for SM602 Seriesh t g n e L e p y t n o i t c e n n o C °09ht g n e L e p y t n o i t c e n n o C t h g i a r t S XSCD101YM12 connector2 m XSCD111YM12 connector2 mAdditional cable lengths are available(*) All possible sensor configurations are not listed hereCharacteristicsHousing Style/Material 18 mm ULTEM ®Stainless Steel Flat-profile ULTEM ®18 mm ULTEM ®Stainless Steel Flat-profile ULTEM ®r o t c e n n o C e l b a C m3e p y T n o i t c e n n o C Supply Voltage CD V 42-21CD V 42-21RangeWindow178 mm 1.6 mmNO SM600A-701-00SM600A-701-00S SM600A-701-00FP SM650A-701-00SM650A-701-00S SM650A-701-00FP NCSM600A-701-10SM600A-701-10SSM600A-701-10FPSM650A-701-10SM650A-701-10SSM650A-701-10FP13 mmNO SM600A-708-00SM600A-708-00S SM600A-708-00FP SM650A-708-00SM650A-708-00S SM650A-708-00FP NCSM600A-708-10SM600A-708-10SSM600A-708-10FPSM650A-708-10SM650A-708-10SSM650A-708-10FP9 mmNO SM600A-712-00SM600A-712-00S SM600A-712-00FP SM650A-712-00SM650A-712-00S SM650A-712-00FP NCSM600A-712-10SM600A-712-10SSM600A-712-10FPSM650A-712-10SM650A-712-10SSM650A-712-10FP25 mmNO SM600A-716-00SM600A-716-00S SM600A-716-00FP SM650A-716-00SM650A-716-00S SM650A-716-00FP NCSM600A-716-10SM600A-716-10SSM600A-716-10FPSM650A-716-10SM650A-716-10SSM650A-716-10FP51 mmNO SM600A-732-00SM600A-732-00S SM600A-732-00FP SM650A-732-00SM650A-732-00S SM650A-732-00FP NCSM600A-732-10SM600A-732-10SSM600A-732-10FPSM650A-732-10SM650A-732-10SSM650A-732-10FP77 mmNO SM600A-748-00SM600A-748-00S SM600A-748-00FP SM650A-748-00SM650A-748-00S SM650A-748-00FP NCSM600A-748-10SM600A-748-10SSM600A-748-10FPSM650A-748-10SM650A-748-10SSM650A-748-10FP127 mmNO SM600A-780-00SM600A-780-00S SM600A-780-00FP SM650A-780-00SM650A-780-00S SM650A-780-00FP NCSM600A-780-10SM600A-780-10SSM600A-780-10FPSM650A-780-10SM650A-780-10SSM650A-780-10FPSM600 Series Ultrasonic Sensors18 mm & Flat-profile (continued)1/29For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1(*) All possible sensor configurations are not listed hereSM602 Dual-levelSM600 SeriesFor other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/1Osiswitch ™Limit switchesUniversal, complete switchesP ositive opening operation1OsiswitchFor other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/1Osiswitch Limit switchesFor customized assembly of miniature1ver Sprwith plastic tipCat whiskerglass fiberrod leverL = 125 mmMetalspringle verL = 2 m4-pinand compact switchesOsiswitchFor other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/1Osiswitch Limit swtichesClassic - XCKJ, complete switches1Complete switch Body/contact Head Le verwith reinforced with metal with thermoplastic with steel with steel roller with steelsteel roller end plunger roller le ver plunger,roller lever plunger,end plunger ball bear ingend plunger 1 direct. or actuation 1 direct.of actuation end plungerlever (2)Catalog number ZCKE09ZCKY71ZCKY61(1) Adjustable throughout 360° in 5° steps, or in 45° steps by reversing the le ver mounting.(2) Adjustable throughout 360° in 5° steps, or in 90° steps by reversing the notched washer.Customized assembly of Classic XCKJswitchesOperating heads, complete or for customer assemblyOsiswitchFor other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/1/41For other versions, please consult with your local Schneider Electric/Square D sales office: visit 1NautilusSensors for pressure controlElectronic sensors XMLF。

露点温度传感器发展趋势综述聂晶，刘曦（北京航空航天大学仪器科学与光电工程学院，北京 100191）摘要：介绍了目前露点温度传感器领域的研究现状，阐述了光学式、谐振式、电学式、热学式、重量式、化学式露点温度传感器的原理及构造，指出光学式露点温度传感器测量精度极高，其中冷镜式露点仪可作为湿度计量标准；谐振式露点温度传感器具有体积小、成本低、响应时间短、灵敏度高、可靠性好的特点；电学式露点温度传感器灵敏度高、功耗小，便于实现小型化、集成化；重量法是准确度最高的湿度绝对测量方法；化学法常用来测量低湿环境下的有机混合气体。

探讨了露点温度传感器在环境监测、工业制造、医疗诊断等领域的应用情况，指出未来露点温度传感器将会向高精度、高稳定性、高响应的方向发展，且应用范围将进一步拓展，以满足极端环境下的测量需求。

关键词：湿度测量；露点温度传感器；湿度传感器中图分类号：TB94；TP212 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5795（2024）01-0043-17Review of the development trends of dew point temperature sensorsNIE Jing, LIU Xi(School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China) Abstract: Introducing the current research status in the field of dew‐point temperature sensors, and expounding the principles and structures of optical, resonant, electrical, thermal, weight and chemical dew‐point temperature sensors. It is pointed out that the optical dew point temperature sensor has high measurement accuracy, and the cold mirror dew point sensor can be used as the humidity measurement standard. The resonant dew point temperature sensor has the characteris‐tics of small size, low cost, short response time, high sensitivity and good reliability. The electrical dew point temperature sensor has high sensitivity and low power consumption, which is convenient for miniaturization and integration. Gravimetric method is the most accurate absolute humidity measurement method and the basis for establishing humidity benchmark. Chemical methods are often used to measure organic gas mixtures in low humidity. The application of dew point tempera‐ture sensor in environmental monitoring, industrial manufacturing, medical diagnosis and other fields is discussed. It is pointed out that dew point temperature sensors will develop towards high precision, high stability and high response in the future, and their application range will be further expanded to meet the measurement needs in extreme environments.Key words: humidity measurement; dew point temperature sensor; humidity sensor0　引言湿度表示大气中水汽含量的多少，即大气的干、湿程度。

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注单选题30题及答案1.The new technology, known as AI, is changing our lives rapidly. Which of the following is NOT an application of AI?A.Face recognitionB.V oice assistantC.Manual laborD.Autonomous driving答案：C。

本题考查对人工智能（AI）应用的了解。

选项A“Face recognition”（ 人脸识别）、选项B“V oice assistant”（ 语音助手）和选项D“Autonomous driving”（自动驾驶）都是人工智能的常见应用。

而选项C“Manual labor” 体力劳动）并非人工智能的应用。

2.In the field of scientific research, quantum computing is considereda revolutionary technology. What is the main advantage of quantum computing over traditional computing?A.Higher speedB.Lower costC.Smaller sizeD.Easier operation答案：A。

本题考查量子计算的优势。

量子计算相比传统计算的主要优势是更高的速度。

选项B“Lower cost” 更低成本）、选项C“Smaller size”（ 更小尺寸）和选项D“Easier operation”（ 更容易操作）都不是量子计算的主要优势。

3.The development of 5G technology has brought many changes. Which of the following is NOT a feature of 5G?A.High speedB.Low latencyC.Narrow bandwidthD.Massive connectivity答案：C。