第七部分 正说反译,反说正译
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翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法(repetition)2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译、反说正译法(negation)8.语态变换法(the change of the voices)第一节重译法(repetition)在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法,只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用:一是为了明确;而是为了强调;三是为了生动。
一、为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中,一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如:1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么,想喝什么就和什么,眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。
在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。
反之亦然。
翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。
正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。
笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。
但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。
因此,到底译文要采用正说还是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。
在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最为重要的两种正反译法。
英译汉正转反英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。
1、名词—含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没有)、absence (不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial(否认;否定)、exclusion (排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允许)、loss(失去)等。
第八章英翻译技巧(五)正说反译反说正译正说反译、反说正译的应用不论是正说反译还是反说正译,究其原因归纳起来主要是:保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯,保证译文通畅易懂。
所谓反面表达,是指英语词句中含有“not”,“never”,“no”,“un-”,“im-”,“ir-”,“in-”,“less-”等否定成分,汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份,不含这些成份的为正面表达。
(一)正说反译的应用1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义,常见的有:Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge(怨恨,不情愿做), disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack. I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音,我没听清楚你说的话。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。
Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。
2.介词或介词短语含否定之意,常见的词有:Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。
第七部分正说反译,反说正译英译汉1.It is wiser than to believe what you call money talks。
我不至于蠢到相信你说的金钱万能呢。
2.He could do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.叫他干什么他都愿意,只要不让他再过从前的日子。
3.All graduates from Foreign Language Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work.外院的学生并非都被分配去做翻译工作。
4.Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new master.非洲踢出西方帝国主义,不是为了请进新的主人。
5.Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.双方都认为开会不失体面地接受这样的和平方案。
6.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.新到一个陌生的邻里,越小心越好。
7.Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection.再漂亮的东西,只要仔细观察,也会发现某种缺陷。
8.The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste.月球上北京一个毫无生机的世界,是多山的不毛之地。
9.All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.燃料中的所有化学能并不都转化为热能。
10.All these various losses, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy.所有这些损失,尽管很大,却都没有违反能量守恒定律。
11.All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the temperature of the earth 1/4 degree F.除了太阳以外,所有其他能源都不能把地球的温度升高华氏1/4度。
12.The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails.崇拜汽车的这种现代现象在很大程度上要从与所有权相伴的独立和自由的意识上来解释。
13.And this failure to recognize and analyze the interrelationship of linguistic and non-linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness.你没能够意识到和分析出语言和非语言之间的内部联系,才产生了这两种效率低下的现象。
14.Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bat to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.动物发出的声音并不都气语言作用,我们只需要以蝙蝠的固定声位的发现为例,通过这个不同寻常的事例,我们就能知道声音起着非常实际的作用。
15.Because of the possibility of human error and total reliance on communications between pilots and controller the system will be “fail-dangerous” rather than “fail-safe.”。
由于人难免犯错,以及完全依赖飞行员与控制器之间的联系,这一套方法与其说会自动防止故障,倒不如说会自动发造成危险。
16.I know it is a square peg in a round hole; still, it serves after a fashion.我知道此物方枘圆凿,十分不配,但尽管如此,还是勉强顶用。
17.One may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and morals, and regulate his conduct.读书若不是为了培养才德端庄品性,还不如睡大觉好。
18.Few things are impossible in themselves: and it is often for want of will, rather than of means, that men fail of success.事情很少有做不成的,之所以做不成,与其说条件不够,不如说缺乏决心。
19.It is not our view that the substance the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.我们认为他今天上午讲话的内容和语气将无助于中东地区持久和平的建立。
20.This failure could be blamed on the apparent failure to ensure that communicative skill inadequately represented in languages courses.这一明显的失败归咎于未能确保把交际技巧适当地用于语言课程当中。
21.The problem is above/beyond me.这个问题我不懂。
22.But for my elder brother’s help, I wouldn’t have finished the work.要不是我哥哥的帮忙,我就不可能完成这项工作。
23.This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程式哼简单。
24.I will go fishing instead of having lessons.我要去钓鱼而不是去上课。
25.She is the last woman I wanted to sit next to at the dinner.她是在晚餐间,我最不愿意与之邻座的人。
26.Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite other new masters.非洲将西方帝国主义赶走并不是为了请进其他的新主子。
27.Tom is not altogether satisfied with the result of the experiment.Tom对实验结果并不十分满意。
28.Tom is not satisfied with the result of the experiment.Tom对实验的结果不满意。
29.Tom is not satisfied with the result of the experiment at all.Tom对实验结果一点也不满意。
30.He didn’t speak clearly and correctly.他不能讲得既清楚又正确。
31.“Isn’t the cloth magnificent?” said the official and the minister.官员们和大臣们说了一句话:“这块布料多么华丽啊!”32.Without numbers, we couldn’t build houses or cities, or make cars or ships.没有数据,我们既不能建造房屋和城市,也不能建造汽车和轮船。
33.It is a wise father that knows his own child.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子。
34.I don’t believe she is at home, but I will go and see.我认为她不在家,但是我仍要去看看。
35.He has no reason to think less of himself because he is not dressed in a rich and fashionable manner.虽然他没有华丽时尚的仪表,但他也没有理由看不起自己。
36.Don’t be vain because you are good-looking.不要因为你长得漂亮就虚荣起来。
37.You should not despise a man because he is poor.不要因为一个人穷就看不起他。
38.He does not work hard because he wants to earn more.他努力工作并不是想挣更多的钱。
39.She didn’t cry because she failed in the exam.她不是因为考试不及格而哭泣。
40.Don’t give up because it is difficu lt.不要因为事情难就放弃。
41.I didn’t go out for a walk, because it rained.因为天下雨,所以我没有出去散步。
42.Don’t scamp your work, because you are pressed for time.即使时间紧迫,也不要草率行事。
43.We don’t live because we want to eat.我们并不是为了吃而活着。