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翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
1、正说反译：Miss the bus没有赶上车Live up to the expectations of my parent不辜负父母的期望Be absent from the meeting没有出席会议A final decision不可更改的决定Frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱Freeze别动Mortally ill不治之症The window refuses to open窗户打不开Children were excluded from getting in the building 儿童不许进入这个房间The explanation is pretty thin这个解释站不住脚I have fallen behind with my correspondence我有一些信件还没有回复Fully clothes, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep 衣服也不脱，他往床上横着一倒，不一会儿就睡着了Don’t lose time in posting this letter不要忘了寄这封信No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced凭票退押金例1：原文：她忍住了没有笑出声。
译文：She refrained from laughing.例2：原文：花园根本无人整理。
译文：The garden was in a state of total neglect.例3：原文：我不能忍受你的脾气。
译文：Your temper is more than I can bear.例4：原文：他宁死不屈。
译文：He would die before yielding.例5：原文：生活远非净是乐事。
译文：Life is far from being a bed of roses.例6：原文：风景美得无以言表。
Translation concerning negationAims: to understand the features of Chinese and English as regards negation, the application of negation in the process of translationKey points: the application of negation in the process of translationDifficulties: affirmative 肯定in Chinese but negative in English, negative in Chinese but affirmative in EnglishTeaching procedures:Negation being an important conception in one’s expression of thoughts, expressions of negations is to be found in any tongue. This is naturally true of Chinese and English. However, the ways of indicating negation are quite different in the two languages. This frequently causes a lot of trouble to translators, who if not careful enough, would often make mistakes.1. Features of the two languages as regards negation●1. Both languages have negatives or expressions formed with negatives. In modern Chinese, the much-used negative words are: 不,没,别. These words express three different meanings: 不signifies表示denial of a statement;没denial of a being or occurrence(,非and 否can be put under this category);别dissuasion or prohibition(甭,勿,and 莫can be put under this category)●The oft-used negatives in English are “not”, and “no”, in addition to “nothing”, ”nobody” “none”, “without”, “ neither…nor”, “never”, etc.●Chinese negatives are generally capable of producing derivatives, particularly the word 不, 无and 非. Their derivatives are equivalent to English words formed by adding affixes, e.g. 不法unlawful, 不便inconvenient, 无边boundless,非正规军irregulars●In English, apart from using negatives to express negation, words with a negative sense can be formed by adding affixes to roo t words. The affixes thus used are mainly “less”suffix “un” “in”, and “non”●However, English words formed with affixes with a negative, while adjective and nouns formed with “un” such as “unavoidable” and “unbelief” are negative, for instance, verbs forme d with affixes such as “unclasp” and “uncork” affirmative.●In Chinese, words formed with negatives are generally negative in sense but in some cases they assume new meaning like 非常, which practically means 很.●In English, the same word formed with a different affix differs in meaning (compare discord with uncord). Sometimes, words formed with different affixes 词缀with a negative sense would produce words with different implications含义---derogatory贬义and the other non-derogatory褒义. For instance, immoral means 不道德,and is therefore derogatory while unmoral means 非道德,无道德观念的,and is therefore non derogatory. 1．W arm-up exercises2．I don't’ think Tom is correct.3．I don’t think Xiaoming is coming tomorrow.4．A re you not going tomorrow?---- No, I am not going .5．A frica is not kicking out W estern imperialism in order to invite other new masters.6．T he world today is far from peaceful.7．O ur PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.8．H e tried his best to overcome the lack of technical data.9．T he window refused to open.10．Y esterday he failed to get to school on time.11．They excluded children from getting in.12．The building is in a state of neglect.13．He is often absent- minded.14．To do this is beyond me.15．Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise.16．I, rather than you , should do the work.17．The truth is quite other than what you think.18．She refrained from laughing.19．She was refused admitance by them.20．An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.21．Live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world.22．Slips are scarely avoidable when you are new to your work.23．The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the piont of breaking up.24．Avoid operating the keys roughly.25．The scientists made a solemn plege at the conference, saying, “W e’ll forever live up to what our Party expecs of us.”26．The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt.27．That fellow is far from being honest.28．Luan Ping stood still, trying vainly (in vain) to answer the battery of questions Y ang Zirong raised.29．That served to strenghen instead of weaken our determination.30．But for their help. W e should not succeeded in this experiment.31．All that glitters is not gold.32．All is not lost.33．All criminals are murderers.34．But aal men are born to reign.35．All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends.36．Both children are not clever.37．W e never thought of nothing wrong.我们从来没有想到有什么错误。
翻译常用的八种技巧1.增译法、增词法：amplification2.重译法、重复法：repetition3.省译法、减词法：omission4.词性转换法、词类转移法：conversion5.正说反译、反说正译法：negation6.语态变换法：the change of the voices7.分译法、分句法（OPP：合句法）：division8.语序调整法、词序调整法（顺序法与逆序法）inversion增词法译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。
要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。
不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词（或减词）达到语言交际的目的。
如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴！译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety！例2对不起，打扰一下！译文: Excuse me for interrupting you！（增补作宾语的代词you）例3 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.译文：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
（译文中添补了谓语和宾语：增词法；重译法）例4：We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.译文：我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。
英语翻译正说反反说正译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：第八章英翻译技巧（五）正说反译反说正译正说反译、反说正译的应用不论是正说反译还是反说正译，究其原因归纳起来主要是：保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯，保证译文通畅易懂。
所谓反面表达，是指英语词句中含有“not”，“never”，“no”，“un-”，“im-”，“ir-”，“in-”，“less-”等否定成分，汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份，不含这些成份的为正面表达。
（一）正说反译的应用1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义，常见的有：Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge（怨恨，不情愿做）, disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack.I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。
Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。
2.介词或介词短语含否定之意，常见的词有：Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。
Learn how to be instead of do.要学习如何做人，而不是做事。
The question is above the five-yea-old boy.那个五岁的小孩不懂这个问题。
Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。
But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier.要是没有遇上暴风雨，我们会早到了。
All international disputes must be settled through negotiations instead of any armed conflicts.一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。
3、一些固定结构也是形式肯定，意思否定，例如absent (from), free from, safe from, different (from), far from, few, little，alien to，anything but, know better than（明白而不至于）, too…to… , rather than，awkward(不熟练、不灵活、使用起来不方便)，bad(令人不愉快的，不受欢迎的、不舒服的)，blind to (看不到、不注意)，dead(无生命的、无感觉的、不毛的)，difficult(不容易的)，foreign to(不适于，与……无关)，short of(不足，不够)，poor(不好的，不幸的)，ignorant of(不懂)He knows better than to do such a thing.他不至于干这样的事。
His work is far from satisfactory.他的工作远远不能令人满意。
The problem is anything but easy.这个问题可决不容易。
He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋4.含有if, before, unless，would rather 的从句或虚拟语气的句子，如:Jump down from the roof of the building. If you dare.我猜你也不敢从房顶上跳下来。
She will die of hunger before she steals.他宁愿饿死也小愿去偷。
I would rather die before I would betray my country.我宁可死，也不背叛我的祖国。
The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。
5、许多英语习语从正面表达，习惯上却从反面加以翻译，如:He was utterly in the dark about what had happened in the department yesterday.他对昨天系里发生的事全然不知。
Leave me alone！别管我！Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡头，不做凤尾。
（二）反说正译的应用１.双重否定You cannot make omelettes without breaking eggs.有失才有得/不破不立We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要水远抱乐观态度。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.有志者事竟成。
There is no evil without compensation. 恶有恶报。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop. 他一开口总是三句话不离本行。
２．否定的形式表示肯定的意思Your article will be published in no time.你的文章很快就会刊发的。
I couldn't feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。
I couldn't agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。
If that isn’t what I want！我所要的就是这个呀！He can't see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。
课后练习：take French leave不辞而别beyond dispute无可争论frost/Freon-free refrigerator无霜冰箱an ice-free harbour不冻港Keep upright切勿倒置Free from anxiety无忧无虑Free from arrogance and rashness不骄不躁。
wet Paint！油漆未干！I won’t keep you waiting long.我一会而就回来。
Crew only !闲人莫入！No Admittance ！禁止入内！/谢绝参观！Hold the line, please！请别挂断！Be generous with your praise!不要吝惜对他人的赞扬。
No deposit（存款,定金）will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退回押金。
I have read your article. I expected to meet an older man.拜读了您的大作，没想到您这样年轻。
As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.”俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。
There is not any advantage without disadvantage有一利必有一弊。
Keep Off the Grass 请勿践踏草坪He is the last man to accept a bribe.他决不会接受贿赂。
He has a short memory. 他记性不好。
He yelled “freeze!”他喊到“别动！”It's too dark here for us to read the words on this slip of paper.这里光线太暗了，看不出这个便条上写的字。
There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。
Opportunity knocks but once.机不可失It never rains but it pours.不下则已，一下倾盆/不鸣则已一鸣惊人.The sea food goes against my stomach.海鲜不合我口味。
His speech leaves no room to improvement.他的演讲完美之至。
Children were excluded from getting in the building.儿童不许进入这个房间。
As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.结果，很多人没有尝试，而这些尝试正是幸福的源泉。
Her child was in a terrible state of neglect.她的孩子简直没人管。
The window refuses to open.窗户打不开。
He is no more than a puppet.他只是一个傀儡。
A poor man is no less a citizen than a rich man. 穷人、富人都是人。
Nothing is more precious than life.生命最可贵。
He can' t be more careless.他太粗心了。
Don' t lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。
Bite off more than one can chew.贪多嚼不烂。
