V-ing作定语和状语
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V-ing形式的用法动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语【知识点拨】一、动词-ing形式作表语动词-ing形式可用在系动词后面作表语,说明主语的性质或情况,多表示一般性的或抽象的行为。
例如:The news that our school won the game was exciting.注意:动词-ing形式作表语与进行时态的区别:进行时态表示主语正在做什么,而动词-ing形式作表语只是说明主语的特性或情况。
试比较:Mike is listening to music. 迈克正在听音乐。
(当前正在进行的动作) Mike’s favorite hobby is listening to music.迈克最大的爱好是听音乐。
(说明主语的情况)二、动词-ing形式作定语动词-ing形式作定语有两种用法,即:1.表示所修饰名词的用途或功能,意为“供……用的”。
例如: a reading room, a swimming pool, a singing competition, drinking water等。
2.表示主动和正在进行,相当于一个定语从句。
例如:falling leaves (=leaves that are falling), the rising sun (=the sun that is rising)。
单个的动词-ing形式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词之前,而短语则一般被放在所修饰的名词之后。
例如:exciting news, the students talking about the problem。
三、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语动词-ing形式作宾语补足语,即用来补充说明宾语的动作或情况。
常用的跟动词-ing形式作宾补的动词有:1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词。
常见的有 see, watch, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, catch等。
V-ing形式的用法V-ing形式分为动名词和现在分词。
现在分词(Present Participle)是分词的一种,分词又分为V-ing形式和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语),并且它们具有动词的性质。
一:V-ing形式的三个基本特点:1.在时间上表示动作正在进行。
例如:a developing country. 一个发展中的国家,boiling water 沸水,rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。
(试比较:a developed country 一个发达国家,boiled water 白开水,risen sun 升起的太阳)2. 在语态上表示主动。
例如:the ruling class 统治阶级,the exploiting class 剥削阶级。
(试比较:the ruled class 被统治阶级,the exploited class 被剥削阶级)3. 在含义上表示“令人……”;表示习惯性、抽象性;表示种类、用途。
二:时态与语态主动被动一般式doing Being done完成式having done Having been done三:否定式:所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not1)V-ing形式的时态:V-ing形式本身不能表示具体的时间概念,其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。
这一点和不定式用法相同。
A)V-ing形式的一般式:doing表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。
或是谓语动作发生时,分词的动作正在发生过程中。
如:Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.(smelt发生在burning的过程中。
) 她闻到有东西烧焦了。
She sat on the chair, reading a novel.B)V-ing形式的完成式:having done表示V-ing形式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
v-ing形式作状语v—ing形式作状语时,用于修饰某动词或整个句子,所表示的动作与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系.v-ing形式作状语时,可以单独使用,也可以在其前加上when,while,after,if,unless,although,though等连词,表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随、方式等。
1. 作时间状语Hearing this news, she got frightened。
听到这个消息,她感到害怕。
Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football.Turning around , he saw a tiger running up。
2. 作结果状语The boy ran even faster,reaching the school out of breath. 那个男孩跑得更快了,到达学校时累得上气不接下气了。
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.Her husband died, leaving her four children.They fired, killing many people in the street。
3。
作伴随状语He stood by the window, watching people passing by his window。
He came running。
She stood waiting for a bus。
He sat there reading a book。
The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing.4. 作原因状语Being a student, I must study hard。
作为一名学生,我必须努力学习。
动作之前。
(2)作原因状语。
E.g. Lacking enough money, they had to give up the plan.由于缺乏足够的资金,他们只好放弃了这项计划。
(3)作条件状语。
E.g. Getting the chance to study abroad, he will try his best to improve himself.如果得到到国外学习的机会,他将尽力提升自己。
(4)作结果状语。
E.g. He failed to work out the last question in the math paper, making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题,致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。
(5)作让步状语。
E.g. Working hard all the day, he still felt energetic.尽管努力工作了一整天,他仍然感到精力充沛。
(6)作伴随状语。
E.g. The girls sat together in front of the house, talking and laughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前,又说又笑。
(7)作方式状语。
E.g. They greeted each other bowing to each other.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。
名师点拨(1)动词-ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句,并且可互相转换。
(2)动词-ing形式作伴随状语时,则可转化成并列谓语。
E.g. Knowing what to do next, he set out to do it at once.=When he knew what to do next, he set out to do it at once.当明白下一步要做什么时,他立刻开始着手做起来。
V-ing-详解(xiánɡ jiě)V-ing-详解(xiánɡ jiě)必修四 Unit 2---Unit 4 语法(yǔfǎ)详解动名词和现在(xiànzài)分词用法解析一、V-ing 形式(xíngshì)概念(1) V-ing 形式(xíngshì)包括两种:①动名词:具有名词特征,在句子中可作主语(zhǔyǔ),宾语,表语,定语等。
②现在分词: 具有形容词和副词特征,在句子中可作定语、状语、表语、宾补Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public. (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
Feeling the lesson boring, the students are sleepy. There are many sleeping students in class.Seeing is believing.I suggest going shopping tomorrow.The lesson is boring.第3页/共30页第4页/共30页(2) 动词ing 时态及否定(fǒudìng)形式① V-ing 一般式表示这个动作正在进行(jìnxíng)或与谓语表示的动作同时发生.Eg: They went out of the classroom, talking andlaughingThe large building being built isa library. ② Ving 完成式: 强调(qiáng diào)这个的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成Eg: Having lived in this city for three years, sheknows it very well. 时态态语态主动形式被动形式 一般式(not) doing(not) being done 完成式 (not )having done (not) having been doneEg: Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.动词ing的否定形式(xíngshì)在ing的前面加not 或never的否定副词Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help.Never have been to Beijjing before, she felt at a loss where to go.二、动名词详解(xiánɡ jiě)(1)动名词作主语(zhǔyǔ)Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读(yuèdú)法文比讲法语容易。
非谓语动词句法作用详解非谓语动词是指在主语之外的动词形式,它可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语等句法成分。
非谓语动词的使用丰富了句子的表达方式,增加了句子的灵活性和表达力。
本文将详细解析非谓语动词在句法结构中的各种作用。
一、作主语1. V-ing作主语现在分词(V-ing)作主语时,通常表示主动、进行或普遍性的动作。
例如:Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜爱的运动。
)Running in the morning is good for your health.(早晨跑步对健康有好处。
)2. To-infinitive作主语不定式(To-infinitive)作主语时,常用来表示意图、建议、可能性等。
例如:To learn a foreign language is challenging but rewarding.(学一门外语既具有挑战性又有回报。
)To visit the Grand Canyon is on my bucket list.(参观大峡谷是我计划表上的一项。
)二、作定语1. V-ing作定语现在分词(V-ing)作定语时,常用来修饰名词,表示被修饰名词的用途、功能、来源等。
例如:The running water is so refreshing.(流动的水非常清爽。
)A sleeping baby needs to be treated gently.(熟睡的婴儿需要温柔对待。
)2. 过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时,通常用来修饰被动或完成的状态、感受等。
例如:The broken window needs to be fixed.(这个破窗户需要修理。
)The lost key was found under the bed.(丢失的钥匙在床底下找到了。
)三、作宾语1. 不定式作宾语不定式(To-infinitive)作宾语时,常用来表示目的、打算、习惯等。
专题05重点语法复习:V-ing作定语、状语和宾补▲动词-ing形式作定语1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。
(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room=a room for reading阅览室running shoes=shoes for running跑鞋(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries=countries that are developing发展中国家a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping正在睡觉的婴儿2.作定语的动词-ing形式如果是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面,作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。
There is a path leading to the top of the hill.→There is a path which leads to the top of the hill有一条通向山顶的小路。
Do you know the boy playing basketball?→Do you know the boy who is playing basketball?你认识在打篮球的那个男孩吗?▲动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语,在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。
动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作结果、伴随状语时常位于句末。
1.表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
Having delivered the milk to the customer’s house,he went home for breakfast.→After he delivered the milk to the customer’s house,he went home for breakfast.把牛奶送到顾客家后,他就回家吃早餐了。
V-ing作定语和状语Ⅰ. V-ing 作定语单个的V-ing作定语,常放在被修饰的名词前面作前置定语;V-ing短语作定语,则放在被修饰名词的后面,作后置定语。
1.V-ing作定语,说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途。
He may be in the reading room . (read) 他可能在阅览室里。
They set up an _______________ table. (operate) 他们搭起一个手术台。
2.V-ing 作定语,表示其与被修饰词之间为主动关系,并且表示动作正在进行。
There are about 200 students studying in this school. 大约有200个学生在这个学校学习。
Who is the woman_________________our English teacher?( talk) 正在和我们英语老师谈话的那个女人是谁?3.有些V-ing已经转化成了形容词,常用作定语修饰物,表示“令人……”:exciting, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, boring, tiring, moving, touching, interesting, satisfying, frightening, amazing等。
①That must be a ______________experience. (terrify) 那肯定是一次可怕的经历。
②The experiment was____________________________. (amaze) 那实验是一个惊人的成功。
Ⅱ. V-ing作状语V-ing (短语)可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。
现在分词一般不用作表目的的状语(通常用不定式表目的状语)。
V-ing作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语________,且分词必须和句中的主语是逻辑上的__________关系。
1. 作时间状语_________________________, he jumped with joy.(hear) 当听到这个好消息时,他高兴地跳了起来。
2. 作结果状语The boy ran even faster,reaching the school out of breath. 那个男孩跑得更快了,到达学校时累得上气不接下气了。
The song is sung all over the country, ________________________ song.( make) 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲,使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。
3. 作伴随状语与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。
He stood by the window, watching people passing by his window.他站在窗前,望着来来往往的人们。
_____________________, they went into the room .( talk) 他们有说有笑地走进房间。
4. 作原因状语Being a student, I must study hard. 作为一名学生,我必须努力学习。
___________________, he didn‟t go to school.(be) 由于生病,他没有上学。
注意:表示原因的V-ing 形式一般位于句首,相当于一个原因状语从句。
其否定式直接在句首加not . ______________________her address, , we couldn‟t get in touch with her. ( know) 由于不知道她地址,我们无法和她联系。
5. 作让步状语Being young,the little boy knows a lot about computer.尽管这个小男孩很小,但是他懂得很多电脑知识。
_________________ here for four years, I am not familiar with my neighbors. (live)虽然我在这儿住了四年,我对邻居们都还不熟悉。
6. 作条件状语Heating water, we can change it into vapor. 把水加热,我们可以将其变为水蒸汽。
_____________ahead, you will see a white house.( walk) 一直往前走,你就会看到一座白色的房子。
7. 作方式状语____________________, we visited many places. (travel) 我们乘车游览了许多地方。
注意:1.当v-ing所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时,应使用__________式:_________________①After he finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.=___________________his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.他完成作业后冲出去打篮球。
②After he closed the windows, he went out of the classroom.=____________________the windows, he went out of the classroom. 关上窗户后,他走出教室。
2.当v-ing与句子的主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时,应该使用________式:_________.The tall building ___________________ now is our new school.( build) 正在被修建的那栋大楼是我们的新学校。
3. V-ing作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语_______________。
①Rushing into the dining-room, I found super was waiting for. ()②Rushing into the dining-room, supper was waiting for me. ()Ⅲ. 连词+ V-ingV-ing作状语时,相当于省略的状语从句。
由when / while / after / before / if /though / unless/as if等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,如果从句的谓语动词是主动语态,则可以省略从句的主语,而保留原连词,形成"连词+现在分词"的结构形式。
1.Though they lacked(缺少)money, his parents managed to send him to university.=______________________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.2.When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.=_____________________________, I came across an old friend of mine.3.Unless I was invited, I wouldn‟t go to the party.=_____________________, I wouldn‟t go to the party.4.As I am a student, I must study hard.= _________________a student, I must study hard.Ⅳ. 独立主格结构1.V-ing作状语时,V-ing的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持____________。
当V-ing逻辑主语与句子的主语__________,而带有自己逻辑主语时,这样的结构叫______________结构。
表示伴随,时间、原因、条件等。
①____________________________, they decided to put the meeting off.(absent)由于许多人都缺席了,他们决定取消这次会议。
②Many students________________________, I explained the story into details.( stand) 我详细地解释这个故事,周围站着许多学生。
③_______________________, we will pay a visit to the whole city. (permit)时间允许的话,我们将参观整座城市。
④_________________________, we had to stay at home.( rain)由于天下大雨,所以我们不得不呆在家里。
2.有些分词作状语时,其形式的选用不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分或插入语。
常见的有:generally / frankly/ strictly speaking 一般而言/坦率地说/ 严格地说judging from /by 根据…来判断taking …into consideration /considering考虑到…;鉴于…supposing / providing /provided that 如果compared with 与…相比①_________________________ , you …d better have a rest .( Consider) 鉴于你的健康,你最好休息。
②_________________________ , he is from the south . (judge) 从他的口音判断,他来自于南方。
③_________________________, his answer is right . (speak) 一般来说,他的答案是对的。
Ⅴ.Practice:1. It‟s a pleasure to watch the face of a _______ baby.(sleep) 看着睡着的婴儿的脸是一件愉快的事。
2. _______________________, I still think she hasn't tried her best. (admit) 尽管承认她所说的话,但我仍然认为她没有尽到最大的努力。