金融学原理(英文版)课后翻译及答案

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter2英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 2 An Overview of the Financial System2.1 Function of Financial Markets1) Every financial market has the following characteristic.A) It determines the level of interest rates.B) It allows common stock to be traded.C) It allows loans to be made.D) It channels funds from lenders-savers to borrowers-spenders.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Financial markets have the basic function ofA) getting people with funds to lend together with people who want to borrow funds.B) assuring that the swings in the business cycle are less pronounced.C) assuring that governments need never resort to printing money.D) providing a risk-free repository of spending power.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Financial markets improve economic welfare becauseA) they channel funds from investors to savers.B) they allow consumers to time their purchase better.C) they weed out inefficient firms.D) they eliminate the need for indirect finance.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Well-functioning financial marketsA) cause inflation.B) eliminate the need for indirect finance.C) cause financial crises.D) allow the economy to operate more efficiently. Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) A breakdown of financial markets can result inA) financial stability.B) rapid economic growth.C) political instability.D) stable prices.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The principal lender-savers areA) governments.B) businesses.C) households.D) foreigners.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Which of the following can be described as direct finance?A) You take out a mortgage from your local bank.B) You borrow $2500 from a friend.C) You buy shares of common stock in the secondary market.D) You buy shares in a mutual fund.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) Assume that you borrow $2000 at 10% annual interest tofinance a new business project. For this loan to be profitable, the minimum amount this project must generate in annual earnings isA) $400.B) $201.C) $200.D) $199.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) You can borrow $5000 to finance a new business venture. This new venture will generate annual earnings of $251. The maximum interest rate that you would pay on the borrowed funds and still increase your income isA) 25%.B) 12.5%.C) 10%.D) 5%.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance?A) A corporation issues new shares of stock.B) People buy shares in a mutual fund.C) A pension fund manager buys a short-term corporate security in the secondary market.D) An insurance company buys shares of common stock in the over-the-counter markets. Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance?A) A corporation takes out loans from a bank.B) People buy shares in a mutual fund.C) A corporation buys a short-term corporate security in a secondary market.D) People buy shares of common stock in the primary markets.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) Which of the following can be described as involving indirect finance?A) You make a loan to your neighbor.B) A corporation buys a share of common stock issued by another corporation in the primary market.C) You buy a U.S. Treasury bill from the U.S. Treasury at /doc/1f18983379.html,.D) You make a deposit at a bank.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) Which of the following can be described as involving indirect finance?A) You make a loan to your neighbor.B) You buy shares in a mutual fund.C) You buy a U.S. Treasury bill from the U.S. Treasury at Treasury /doc/1f18983379.html,.D) You purchase shares in an initial public offering by a corporation in the primary market. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Securities are ________ for the person who buys them, but are ________ for the individual or firm that issues them.A) assets; liabilitiesB) liabilities; assetsC) negotiable; nonnegotiableD) nonnegotiable; negotiableAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) With ________ finance, borrowers obtain funds from lenders by selling them securities in the financial markets.A) activeB) determinedC) indirectD) directAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) With direct finance, funds are channeled through the financial market from the ________ directly to the ________.A) savers, spendersB) spenders, investorsC) borrowers, saversD) investors, saversAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Distinguish between direct finance and indirect finance. Which of these is the most important source of funds for corporations in the United States?Answer: With direct finance, funds flow directly from the lender/saver to the borrower. With indirect finance, funds flow from the lender/saver to a financial intermediary who then channels the funds to the borrower/investor. Financial intermediaries (indirect finance) are the major source of funds for corporations in the U.S.AACSB: Reflective Thinking2.2 Structure of Financial Markets1) Which of the following statements about the characteristics of debt and equity is FALSE?A) They can both be long-term financial instruments.B) They can both be short-term financial instruments.C) They both involve a claim on the issuer's income.D) They both enable a corporation to raise funds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Which of the following statements about the characteristics of debt and equities is TRUE?A) They can both be long-term financial instruments.B) Bond holders are residual claimants.C) The income from bonds is typically more variable than that from equities.D) Bonds pay dividends.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Which of the following statements about financial markets and securities is TRUE?A) A bond is a long-term security that promises to make periodic payments called dividends to the firm's residual claimants.B) A debt instrument is intermediate term if its maturity is less than one year.C) A debt instrument is intermediate term if its maturity is ten years or longer.D) The maturity of a debt instrument is the number of years (term) to that instrument's expiration date.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Which of the following is an example of an intermediate-term debt?A) a fifteen-year mortgageB) a sixty-month car loanC) a six-month loan from a finance companyD) a thirty-year U.S. Treasury bondAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) If the maturity of a debt instrument is less than one year, the debt is calledA) short-term.B) intermediate-term.C) long-term.D) prima-term.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Long-term debt has a maturity that isA) between one and ten years.B) less than a year.C) between five and ten years.D) ten years or longer.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) When I purchase ________, I own a portion of a firm and have the right to vote on issues important to the firm and to elect its directors.A) bondsB) billsC) notesD) stockAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) Equity holders are a corporation's ________. That means the corporation must pay all of its debt holders before it pays its equity holders.A) debtorsB) brokersC) residual claimantsD) underwritersAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Which of the following benefits directly from any increase in the corporation's profitability?A) a bond holderB) a commercial paper holderC) a shareholderD) a T-bill holderAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) A financial market in which previously issued securities can be resold is called a ________ market.A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) used securitiesAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) An important financial institution that assists in the initialsale of securities in the primary market is theA) investment bank.B) commercial bank.C) stock exchange.D) brokerage house.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) When an investment bank ________ securities, it guarantees a price for a corporation's securities and then sells them to the public.A) underwritesB) undertakesC) overwritesD) overtakesAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge13) Which of the following is NOT a secondary market?A) foreign exchange marketB) futures marketC) options marketD) IPO marketAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) ________ work in the secondary markets matching buyers with sellers of securities.A) DealersB) UnderwritersC) BrokersD) ClaimantsAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are sold in theA) primary market by an investment bank.B) primary market by a stock exchange broker.C) secondary market by a securities dealer.D) secondary market by a commercial bank.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are sold in theA) secondary market by an investment bank.B) primary market by an investment bank.C) secondary market by a stock exchange broker.D) secondary market by a commercial bank.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) An important function of secondary markets is toA) make it easier to sell financial instruments to raise funds.B) raise funds for corporations through the sale of securities.C) make it easier for governments to raise taxes.D) create a market for newly constructed houses.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Secondary markets make financial instruments moreA) solid.B) vapid.C) liquid.D) risky.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A liquid asset isA) an asset that can easily and quickly be sold to raise cash.B) a share of an ocean resort.C) difficult to resell.D) always sold in an over-the-counter market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) The higher a security's price in the secondary market the ________ funds a firm can raise byselling securities in the ________ market.A) more; primaryB) more; secondaryC) less; primaryD) less; secondaryAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) When secondary market buyers and sellers of securities meet in one central location to conduct trades the market is called a(n)A) exchange.B) over-the-counter market.C) common market.D) barter market.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge22) In a(n) ________ market, dealers in different locations buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices.A) exchangeB) over-the-counterC) commonD) barterAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) Forty or so dealers establish a "market" in these securities by standing ready to buy and sell them.A) secondary stocksB) surplus stocksC) U.S. government bondsD) common stocksAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge24) Which of the following statements about financial markets and securities is TRUE?A) Many common stocks are traded over-the-counter, although the largest corporations usually have their shares traded at organized stock exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange. B) As a corporation gets a share of the broker's commission, a corporation acquires new funds whenever its securities are sold.C) Capital market securities are usually more widely traded than shorter-term securities and so tend to be more liquid.D) Prices of capital market securities are usually more stable than prices of money market securities, and so are often used to hold temporary surplus funds of corporations.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) A financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded is called the________ market.A) bondB) moneyC) capitalD) stockAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) Equity instruments are traded in the ________ market.A) moneyB) bondC) capitalD) commoditiesAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking27) Because these securities are more liquid and generally have smaller price fluctuations, corporations and banks use the ________ securities to earn interest on temporary surplus funds.A) money marketB) capital marketC) bond marketD) stock marketAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) Corporations receive funds when their stock is sold in the primary market. Why do corporations pay attention to what is happening to their stock in the secondary market? Answer: The existence of the secondary market makes their stock more liquid and the price in the secondary market sets the price that the corporation would receive if they choose to sell more stock in the primary market.AACSB: Reflective Thinking29) Describe the two methods of organizing a secondary market.Answer: A secondary market can be organized as an exchange where buyers and sellers meet in one central location to conduct trades. An example of an exchange is the New York Stock Exchange. A secondary market can also be organized as an over-the-counter market. In this type of market, dealers in different locations buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices. An example of an over-the-counter market is the federal funds market.AACSB: Reflective Thinking2.3 Financial Market Instruments1) Prices of money market instruments undergo the least price fluctuations because ofA) the short terms to maturity for the securities.B) the heavy regulations in the industry.C) the price ceiling imposed by government regulators.D) the lack of competition in the market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) U.S. Treasury bills pay no interest but are sold at a ________. That is, you will pay a lower purchase price than the amount you receive at maturity.A) premiumB) collateralC) defaultD) discountAnswer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) U.S. Treasury bills are considered the safest of all money market instruments because there isa low probability ofA) defeat.B) default.C) desertion.D) demarcation.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) A debt instrument sold by a bank to its depositors that pays annual interest of a given amount and at maturity pays back the original purchase price is calledA) commercial paper.B) a certificate of deposit.C) a municipal bond.D) federal funds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) A short-term debt instrument issued by well-known corporations is calledA) commercial paper.B) corporate bonds.C) municipal bonds.D) commercial mortgages.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking6) ________ are short-term loans in which Treasury bills serve as collateral.A) Repurchase agreementsB) Negotiable certificates of depositC) Federal fundsD) U.S. government agency securitiesAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking7) Collateral is ________ the lender receives if the borrower does not pay back the loan.A) a liabilityB) an assetC) a presentD) an offeringAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) Federal funds areA) funds raised by the federal government in the bond market.B) loans made by the Federal Reserve System to banks.C) loans made by banks to the Federal Reserve System.D) loans made by banks to each other.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) An important source of short-term funds for commercial banks are ________ which can be resold on the secondary market.A) negotiable CDsB) commercial paperC) mortgage-backed securitiesD) municipal bondsAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Which of the following are short-term financial instruments?A) a repurchase agreementB) a share of Walt Disney Corporation stockC) a Treasury note with a maturity of four yearsD) a residential mortgageAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) Which of the following instruments are traded in a money market?A) state and local government bondsB) U.S. Treasury billsC) corporate bondsD) U.S. government agency securitiesAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) Which of the following instruments are traded in a money market?A) bank commercial loansB) commercial paperC) state and local government bondsD) residential mortgagesAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) Which of the following instruments is NOT traded in a money market?A) residential mortgagesB) U.S. Treasury BillsC) negotiable bank certificates of depositD) commercial paperAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Bonds issued by state and local governments are called ________ bonds.A) corporateB) TreasuryC) municipalD) commercialAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Equity and debt instruments with maturities greater than one year are called ________ market instruments.A) capitalB) moneyC) federalD) benchmarkAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) Which of the following is a long-term financial instrument?A) a negotiable certificate of depositB) a repurchase agreementC) a U.S. Treasury bondD) a U.S. Treasury billAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) Which of the following instruments are traded in a capital market?A) U.S. Government agency securitiesB) negotiable bank CDsC) repurchase agreementsD) U.S. Treasury billsAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) Which of the following instruments are traded in a capital market?A) corporate bondsB) U.S. Treasury billsC) negotiable bank CDsD) repurchase agreementsAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) Which of the following are NOT traded in a capital market?A) U.S. government agency securitiesB) state and local government bondsC) repurchase agreementsD) corporate bondsAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) The most liquid securities traded in the capital market areA) corporate bonds.B) municipal bonds.C) U.S. Treasury bonds.D) mortgage-backed securities.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) Mortgage-backed securities are similar to ________ but the interest and principal payments are backed by the individual mortgages within the security.A) bondsB) stockC) repurchase agreementsD) negotiable CDsAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge2.4 Internationalization of Financial Markets1) Equity of U.S. companies can be purchased byA) U.S. citizens only.B) foreign citizens only.C) U.S. citizens and foreign citizens.D) U.S. mutual funds only.Answer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments2) One reason for the extraordinary growth of foreign financial markets isA) decreased trade.B) increases in the pool of savings in foreign countries.C) the recent introduction of the foreign bond.D) slower technological innovation in foreign markets.Answer: BAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments3) Bonds that are sold in a foreign country and are denominated in the country's currency in which they are sold are known asA) foreign bonds.B) Eurobonds.C) equity bonds.D) country bonds.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Bonds that are sold in a foreign country and are denominated in a currency other than that of the country inwhich it is sold are known asA) foreign bonds.B) Eurobonds.C) equity bonds.D) country bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) If Microsoft sells a bond in London and it is denominated in dollars, the bond is aA) Eurobond.B) foreign bond.C) British bond.D) currency bond.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) U.S. dollar deposits in foreign banks outside the U.S. or in foreign branches of U.S. banks are calledA) Atlantic dollars.B) Eurodollars.C) foreign dollars.D) outside dollars.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) If Toyota sells a $1000 bond in the United States, the bond is aA) foreign bond.B) Eurobond.C) Tokyo bond.D) currency bond.Answer: A8) Distinguish between a foreign bond and a Eurobond.Answer: A foreign bond is sold in a foreign country and priced in that country's currency. A Eurobond is sold in a foreign country and priced in a currency that is not that country's currency. AACSB: Reflective Thinking2.5 Function of Financial Intermediaries: Indirect Finance1) The process of indirect finance using financial intermediaries is calledA) direct lending.B) financial intermediation.C) resource allocation.D) financial liquidation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) In the United States, loans from ________ are far ________ important for corporate finance than are securities markets.A) government agencies; moreB) government agencies; lessC) financial intermediaries; moreD) financial intermediaries; lessAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The time and money spent in carrying out financial transactions are calledA) economies of scale.B) financial intermediation.C) liquidity services.D) transaction costs.Answer: D4) Economies of scale enable financial institutions toA) reduce transactions costs.B) avoid the asymmetric information problem.C) avoid adverse selection problems.D) reduce moral hazard.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) An example of economies of scale in the provision of financial services isA) investing in a diversified collection of assets.B) providing depositors with a variety of savings certificates.C) hiring more support staff so that customers don't have to wait so long for assistance.D) spreading the cost of writing a standardized contract over many borrowers.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Financial intermediaries provide customers with liquidity services. Liquidity servicesA) make it easier for customers to conduct transactions.B) allow customers to have a cup of coffee while waiting in the lobby.C) are a result of the asymmetric information problem.D) are another term for asset transformation.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) The process where financial intermediaries create and sell low-risk assets and use the proceeds to purchase riskier assets is known asA) risk sharing.B) risk aversion.C) risk neutrality.D) risk selling.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) The process of asset transformation refers to the conversion ofA) safer assets into risky assets.B) safer assets into safer liabilities.C) risky assets into safer assets.D) risky assets into risky liabilities.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) Reducing risk through the purchase of assets whose returns do not always move together isA) diversification.B) intermediation.C) intervention.D) discounting.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) The concept of diversification is captured by the statementA) don't look a gift horse in the mouth.B) don't put all your eggs in one basket.C) it never rains, but it pours.D) make hay while the sun shines.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) Risk sharing is profitable for financial institutions due toA) low transactions costs.B) asymmetric information.C) adverse selection.D) moral hazard.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) Typically, borrowers have superior information relative to lenders about the potential returns and risks associated with an investment project. The difference in information is calledA) moral selection.B) risk sharing.C) asymmetric information.D) adverse hazard.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) If bad credit risks are the ones who most actively seek loans and, therefore, receive them from financial intermediaries, then financial intermediaries face the problem ofA) moral hazard.B) adverse selection.C) free-riding.D) costly state verification.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) The problem created by asymmetric information before the transaction occurs is called________, while the problem created after the transaction occurs is called ________.A) adverse selection; moral hazardB) moral hazard; adverse selectionC) costly state verification; free-ridingD) free-riding; costly state verificationAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Adverse selection is a problem associated with equity and debt contracts arising fromA) the lender's relative lack of information about the borrower's potential returns and risks of his investment activities.B) the lender's inability to legally require sufficient collateral to cover a 100% loss if the borrower defaults.C) the borrower's lack of incentive to seek a loan for highly risky investments.D) the borrower's lack of good options for obtaining funds.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) An example of the problem of ________ is when a corporation uses the funds raised from selling bonds to fund corporate expansion to pay for Caribbean cruises for all of its employees and their families.A) adverse selectionB) moral hazardC) risk sharingD) credit riskAnswer: BAACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities17) Banks can lower the cost of information production by applying one information resource to many different services. This process is calledA) economies of scale.B) asset transformation.C) economies of scope.D) asymmetric information.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge18) Conflicts of interest are a type of ________ problem that can happen when an institution provides multiple services.A) adverse selectionB) free-ridingC) discountingD) moral hazardAnswer: DAACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities19) Studies of the major developed countries show that when businesses go looking for funds to finance their activities they usually obtain these funds fromA) government agencies.B) equities markets.C) financial intermediaries.D) bond markets.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) The countries that have made the least use of securities markets are ________ and ________; in these two countries finance from financial intermediaries has been almost ten times greater than that from securities markets.A) Germany; JapanB) Germany; Great BritainC) Great Britain; CanadaD) Canada; JapanAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) Although the dominance of ________ over ________ is clear in all countries, the relative importance of bond versus stock markets differs widely.。

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter6英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 6 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates6.1 Risk Structure of Interest Rates1) The risk structure of interest rates isA) the structure of how interest rates move over time.B) the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.C) the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.D) the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The risk that interest payments will not be made, or that the face value of a bond is not repaid when a bond matures isA) interest rate risk.B) inflation risk.C) liquidity risk.D) default risk.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Bonds with no default risk are calledA) flower bonds.B) no-risk bonds.C) default-free bonds.D) zero-risk bonds.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Which of the following bonds are considered to be default-risk free?A) municipal bondsB) investment-grade bondsC) U.S. Treasury bondsD) junk bondsAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) U.S. government bonds have no default risk becauseA) they are issued in strictly limited quantities.B) the federal government can increase taxes or print money to pay its obligations.C) they are backed with gold reserves.D) they can be exchanged for silver at any time.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds is called theA) risk premium.B) junk margin.C) bond margin.D) default premium.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) If the probability of a bond default increases because corporations begin to suffer large losses, then the default risk on corporate bonds will ________ and the expected return on these bonds will ________, everything else held constant.A) decrease; increaseB) decrease; decreaseC) increase; increaseD) increase; decreaseAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) A bond with default risk will always have a ________ risk premium and an increase in its default risk will ________ the risk premium.A) positive; raiseB) positive; lowerC) negative; raiseD) negative; lowerAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) If a corporation begins to suffer large losses, then the default risk on the corporate bond willA) increase and the bond's return will become more uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.B) increase and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.C) decrease and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.D) decrease and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will rise.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) If the possibility of a default increases because corporations begin to suffer losses, then the default risk on corporate bonds will ________, and the bonds' returns will become________ uncertain, meaning that the expected return on these bonds will decrease, everything else held constant.A) increase; lessB) increase; moreC) decrease; lessD) decrease; moreAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) Other things being equal, an increase in the default risk of corporate bonds shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) Other things being equal, a decrease in the default risk of corporate bonds shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) A(n) ________ in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the yield oncorporate bonds, all else equal.A) increase; increase; increaseB) increase; decrease; increaseC) decrease; increase; increaseD) decrease; decrease;decreaseAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) An increase in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the price of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) reduce; increaseD) increase; reduceAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) A decrease in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the price of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) reduce; increaseD) increase; reduceAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) An increase in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the yield on corporate bonds and ________ the yield on Treasury securities, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) increase; reduceD) reduce; increaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) A decrease in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the yield on corporate bonds and ________ the yield on Treasury securities, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) decrease; decreaseC) increase; decreaseD) decrease; increaseAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) An increase in default risk on corporate bonds ________ the demand for these bonds, but ________ the demand for default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; lowersB) lowers; increasesC) does not change; greatly increasesD) moderately lowers; does not changeAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A decrease in default risk on corporate bonds ________ the demand for these bonds, and________ the demand for default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; lowersB) lowers; increasesC) does not change; greatly increasesD) moderately lowers; does not changeAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) As default risk increases, the expected return on corporate bonds ________, and the return becomes ________ uncertain, everything else held constant.A) increases; lessB) increases; moreC) decreases; lessD) decreases; moreAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) As default risk decreases, the expected return on corporate bonds ________, and the return becomes ________ uncertain, everything else held constant.A) increases; lessB) increases; moreC) decreases; lessD) decreases; moreAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) As their relative riskiness ________, the expected return on corporate bonds ________ relative to the expected return on default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; increasesB) increases; decreasesC) decreases; decreasesD) decreases; does not changeAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking23) Which of the following statements are TRUE?A) A decrease in default risk on corporate bonds lowers the demand for these bonds, but increases the demand for default-free bonds.B) The expected return on corporate bonds decreases as default risk increases.C) A corporate bond's return becomes less uncertain as default risk increases.D) As their relative riskiness increases, the expected return on corporate bonds increases relative to the expected return on default-free bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Everything else held constant, if the federal government were to guarantee today that it will pay creditors if a corporation goes bankrupt in the future, the interest rate on corporate bonds will ________ and the interest rate on Treasury securities will ________.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; increaseD) decrease; decreaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) Bonds with relatively high risk of default are calledA) Brady bonds.B) junk bonds.C) zero coupon bonds.D) investment grade bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) Junk bonds, bonds with a low bond rating, are also known asA) high-yield bonds.B) investment grade bonds.C) high quality bonds.D) zero-coupon bonds.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) Bonds with relatively low risk of default are called ________ securities and have a rating of Baa (or BBB) and above; bonds with ratings below Baa (or BBB) have a higher default risk and are called ________.A) investment grade; lower gradeB) investment grade; junk bondsC) high quality; lower gradeD) high quality; junk bondsAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking28) Which of the following bonds would have the highest default risk?A) municipal bondsB) investment-grade bondsC) U.S. Treasury bondsD) junk bondsAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking29) Which of the following long-term bonds has the highest interest rate?A) corporate Baa bondsB) U.S. Treasury bondsC) corporate Aaa bondsD) municipal bondsAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking30) Which of the following securities has the lowest interest rate?A) junk bondsB) U.S. Treasury bondsC) investment-grade bondsD) corporate Baa bondsAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking31) The spread between interest rates on low quality corporate bonds and U.S. government bondsA) widened significantly during the Great Depression.B) narrowed significantly during the Great Depression.C) narrowed moderately during the Great Depression.D) did not change during the Great Depression.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking32) During the Great Depression years 1930-1933 there wasa very high rate of business failures and defaults, we would expect the risk premium for ________ bonds to be very high.A) U.S. TreasuryB) corporate AaaC) municipalD) corporate BaaAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking33) Risk premiums on corporate bonds tend to ________during business cycle expansions and ________ during recessions, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; increaseD) decrease; decreaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking34) The collapse of the subprime mortgage marketA) did not affect the corporate bond market.B) increased the perceived riskiness of Treasury securities.C) reduced the Baa-Aaa spread.D) increased the Baa-Aaa spread.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking35) The collapse of the subprime mortgage market increased the spread between Baa and default-free U.S. Treasury bonds. This is due toA) a reduction in risk.B) a reduction in maturity.C) a flight to quality.D) a flight to liquidity.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking36) During a "flight to quality"A) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds increases.B) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds decreases.C) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds is notaffected.D) the change in the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds cannot be predicted. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking37) If you have a very low tolerance for risk, which of the following bonds would you be least likely to hold in your portfolio?A) a U.S. Treasury bondB) a municipal bondC) a corporate bond with a rating of AaaD) a corporate bond with a rating of BaaAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking38) Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) A liquid asset is one that can be quickly and cheaply converted into cash.B) The demand for a bond declines when it becomes less liquid, decreasing the interest rate spread between it and relatively more liquid bonds.C) The differences in bond interest rates reflect differences in default risk only.D) The corporate bond market is the most liquid bond market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking39) Corporate bonds are not as liquid as government bonds becauseA) fewer corporate bonds for any one corporation are traded, making them more costly to sell.B) the corporate bond rating must be calculated each timethey are traded.C) corporate bonds are not callable.D) corporate bonds cannot be resold.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking40) When the Treasury bond market becomes more liquid, other things equal, the demand curve for corporate bonds shifts to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking41) When the Treasury bond market becomes less liquid, other things equal, the demand curve for corporate bonds shifts to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking42) A decrease in the liquidity of corporate bonds, other things being equal, shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; leftD) left; rightAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking43) An increase in the liquidity of corporate bonds, other things being equal, shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; leftD) left; rightAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking44) A(n) ________ in the liquidity of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporatebonds and ________ the yield on corporate bonds, all else equal.A) increase; increase; decreaseB) increase; decrease; decreaseC) decrease; increase; increaseD) decrease; decrease; decreaseAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking45) An increase in the liquidity of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the yield of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) increase; reduceD) reduce; increaseAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking46) A decrease in the liquidity of corporate bonds will ________ the yield of corporate bonds and ________ the yield of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) decrease; decreaseC) increase; decreaseD) decrease; increaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking47) The risk premium on corporate bonds reflects the fact that corporate bonds have a higher default risk and are ________ U.S. Treasury bonds.A) less liquid thanB) less speculative thanC) tax-exempt unlikeD) lower-yielding thanAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking48) Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) State and local governments cannot default on their bonds.B) Bonds issued by state and local governments are called municipal bonds.C) All government issued bonds—local, state, and federal—are federal income tax exempt.D) The coupon payment on municipal bonds is usually higherthan the coupon payment on Treasury bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking49) Everything else held constant, if the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds were eliminated, thenA) the interest rates on municipal bonds would still be less than the interest rate on Treasury bonds.B) the interest rate on municipal bonds would equal the rate on Treasury bonds.C) the interest rate on municipal bonds would exceed the rate on Treasury bonds.D) the interest rates on municipal, Treasury, and corporate bonds would all increase. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking50) Municipal bonds have default risk, yet their interest rates are lower than the rates ondefault-free Treasury bonds. This suggests thatA) the benefit from the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds is less than their default risk.B) the benefit from the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds equals their default risk.C) the benefit from the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds exceeds their default risk.D) Treasury bonds are not default-free.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking51) Everything else held constant, an increase in marginal tax rates would likely have the effect of ________ the demand for municipal bonds, and ________ the demand for U.S. government bonds.A) increasing; increasingB) increasing; decreasingC) decreasing; increasingD) decreasing; decreasingAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking52) Everything else held constant, a decrease in marginal tax rates would likely have the effect of ________ the demand for municipal bonds, and ________ the demand for U.S. government bonds.A) increasing; increasingB) increasing; decreasingC) decreasing; increasingD) decreasing; decreasingAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking53) Everything else held constant, the interest rate on municipal bonds rises relative to the interest rate on Treasury securities whenA) income tax rates are lowered.B) income tax rates are raised.C) municipal bonds become more widely traded.D) corporate bonds become riskier.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking54) Everything else held constant, if income tax rates were lowered, thenA) the interest rate on municipal bonds would fall.B) the interest rate on Treasury bonds would rise.C) the interest rate on municipal bonds would rise.D) the price of Treasury bonds would fall.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking55) Everything else held constant, abolishing the individual income tax willA) increase the interest rate on corporate bonds.B) reduce the interest rate on municipal bonds.C) increase the interest rate on municipal bonds.D) increase the interest rate on Treasury bonds.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking56) Which of the following statements are TRUE?A) An increase in tax rates will increase the demand for Treasury bonds, lowering their interest rates.B) Because the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds was of little benefit to bond holders when tax rates were low, they had higher interest rates than U.S. government bonds before World War II.C) Interest rates on municipal bonds will be higher than comparable bonds without the tax exemption.D) Because coupon payments on municipal bonds are exempt from federal income tax, the expected after-tax return on them will be higher for individuals in lower income tax brackets. Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking57) The Obama administration increased the tax on the top income tax bracket from 35% to 39%. Supply and demand analysis predicts the impact of this change was a ________ interest rate on municipal bonds and a ________ interest rate on Treasury bonds, all else the same.A) higher; lowerB) lower; lowerC) higher; higherD) lower; higherAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking58) Three factors explain the risk structure of interest ratesA) liquidity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.B) maturity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.C) maturity, liquidity, and the income tax treatment of a security.D) maturity, default risk, and the liquidity of a security.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge59) The spread between the interest rates on Baa corporate bonds and U.S. government bonds is very large during the Great Depression years 1930-1933. Explain this difference using the bond supply and demand analysis.Answer: During the Great Depression many businesses failed. The default risk for the corporate bond increased compared to the default-free Treasury bond. The demand for corporate bonds decreased while the demand for Treasury bonds increased resulting in a larger risk premium.AACSB: Reflective Thinking60) If the federal government where to raise the income tax rates, would this have any impact ona state's cost of borrowing funds? Explain.Answer: Yes, if the federal government raises income taxrates, demand for municipal bonds which are federal income tax exempt would increase. This would lower the interest rate on the municipal bonds thus lowering the cost to the state of borrowing funds.AACSB: Reflective Thinking6.2 Term Structure of Interest Rates1) The term structure of interest rates isA) the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.B) the structure of how interest rates move over time.C) the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.D) the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) A plot of the interest rates on default-free government bonds with different terms to maturity is calledA) a risk-structure curve.B) a default-free curve.C) a yield curve.D) an interest-rate curve.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Differences in ________ explain why interest rates on Treasury securities are not all the same.A) riskB) liquidityC) time to maturityD) tax characteristicsAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) The typical shape for a yield curve isA) gently upward sloping.B) mound shaped.C) flat.D) bowl shaped.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) When yield curves are steeply upward slopingA) long-term interest rates are above short-term interest rates.B) short-term interest rates are above long-term interest rates.C) short-term interest rates are about the same as long-term interest rates.D) medium-term interest rates are above both short-term and long-term interest rates. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) When yield curves are flatA) long-term interest rates are above short-term interest rates.B) short-term interest rates are above long-term interest rates.C) short-term interest rates are about the same as long-term interest rates.D) medium-term interest rates are above both short-term and long-term interest rates. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) When yield curves are downward slopingA) long-term interest rates are above short-term interest rates.B) short-term interest rates are above long-term interest rates.C) short-term interest rates are about the same as long-term interest rates.D) medium-term interest rates are above both short-term and long-term interest rates. Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) An inverted yield curveA) slopes up.B) is flat.C) slopes down.D) has a U shape.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) Economists' attempts to explain the term structure of interest ratesA) illustrate how economists modify theories to improve them when they are inconsistent with the empirical evidence.B) illustrate how economists continue to accept theories that fail to explain observed behavior of interest rate movements.C) prove that the real world is a special case that tends to get short shrift in theoretical models.D) have proved entirely unsatisfactory to date.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) According to the expectations theory of the term structure, the interest rate on a long-term bond will equal the ________ of the short-term interest rates that people expect tooccur over the life of the long-term bond.A) averageB) sumC) differenceD) multipleAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) If bonds with different maturities are perfect substitutes, then the ________ on these bonds must be equal.A) expected returnB) surprise returnC) surplus returnD) excess returnAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) If the expected path of one-year interest rates over the next five years is 4 percent, 5 percent, 7 percent, 8 percent, and 6 percent, then the expectations theory predicts that today's interest rate on the five-year bond isA) 4 percent.B) 5 percent.C) 6 percent.D) 7 percent.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) If the expected path of 1-year interest rates over the next four years is 5 percent, 4 percent, 2 percent, and 1 percent, then the expectations theory predicts that today's interest rate on the four-year bond isA) 1 percent.C) 3 percent.D) 4 percent.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) If the expected path of 1-year interest rates over the next five years is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, and 5 percent, the expectations theory predicts that the bond with the highest interest rate today is the one with a maturity ofA) two years.B) three years.C) four years.D) five years.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) If the expected path of 1-year interest rates over the next five years is 2 percent, 4 percent, 1 percent, 4 percent, and 3 percent, the expectations theory predicts that the bond with the lowest interest rate today is the one with a maturity ofA) one year.B) two years.C) three years.D) four years.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking16) Over the next three years, the expected path of 1-year interest rates is 4, 1, and 1 percent. The expectations theory of the term structure predicts that the current interest rate on 3-year bond isA) 1 percent.C) 3 percent.D) 4 percent.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) According to the expectations theory of the term structureA) the interest rate on long-term bonds will exceed the average of short-term interest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bonds, because of their preference for short-term securities.B) interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time.C) buyers of bonds prefer short-term to long-term bonds.D) buyers require an additional incentive to hold long-term bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) According to the expectations theory of the term structureA) when the yield curve is steeply upward sloping, short-term interest rates are expected to remain relatively stable in the future.B) when the yield curve is downward sloping, short-term interest rates are expected to remain relatively stable in the future.C) investors have strong preferences for short-term relative to long-term bonds, explaining why yield curves typically slope upward.D) yield curves should be equally likely to slope downward as slope upward.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) According to the segmented markets theory of the term structureA) bonds of one maturity are close substitutes for bonds of other maturities, therefore, interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time.B) the interest rate for each maturity bond is determined by supply and demand for that maturity bond.C) investors' strong preferences for short-term relative to long-term bonds explains why yield curves typically slope downward.D) because of the positive term premium, the yield curve will not be observed to be downward-sloping.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) According to the segmented markets theory of the term structureA) the interest rate on long-term bonds will equal an average of short-term interest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bonds.B) buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another.C) interest rates on bonds of different maturities do not move together over time.D) buyers require an additional incentive to hold long-term bonds.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) A key assumption in the segmented markets theory is that bonds of different maturities。

中译英：一.1.金融管理是商业管理的重要方面之一,没有合适的金融计划企业是不可能成功的;Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful.2.金融中介机构的基本宗旨是把不受公众欢迎的金融资产转变为他们能够接受的金融资产;Financial intermediaries play the basic role of transforming financial assets that less desirable for a large part of the public into other financial assets-their own liabilities-which are more widely preferred by the public.3.企业经营是有风险的,因而,财务经理必须对风险进行评估和管理;Businesses are inherently risky, so the financial manager has to identify risks and make sure they are managed properly.4.投资决策首先是指投资机会,常常指资本投资项目;The investment decision stars with the identification of investment opportunities, often referred to as capital investment projects.5.现金预算常常被用来评估企业是否有足够的现金来维持企业的日常经营运转和或是否有太多现金富裕;Cash budgets are often used to assess whether the entity has sufficient cash to fulfill regular operations and/or whether too much cash is being left in unproductive capacities.6.按照金融学的观点,资本就是企业购买商品以生产其它商品或提供服务的货币资金;Capital, in the financial sense, is the money that gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.四.1.商业银行应积极开展银行转账功能风险评估和分类,依据收款账户的潜在风险高低,相应设置不同的转账额度和次数限制;A commercial bank shall actively conduct the risk assessment and classification of the telephone banking transfer functions, and set different limits on the transfer amount and times according to the degree of potential risks on the recipient account.2.商业银行相对其他行业属于信息化程度较高的行业,银行数据库里积累了海量的客户信息Commercial banks have gained more information and have large scale of data.3.商业银行的管理人员在分析客户的贷款申请时必须考虑许多因素;Managers in Commercial banks have to consider many factors in analyzinga customer's loan request.4.除中国银行外,交通银行、农业银行、工商银行、建设银行在城乡也都设立了许多的机构,便于你获得金融服务;Besides the Bank of China, the Communication Bank, Agricultural Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank, Construction Bank also have created many branches in a city or town, and that makes easier for you to get financialservices.5.定期存款也叫CD,是存款证书的一种类型;A certificate of deposit, also called a CD, is a type of savings certificate.6.商业银行作为一家金融机构,其业务范围包括：从个人和公司吸收存款；通过提供贷款和其他对客户的财务或生意的运转很重要的金融业务来建立信贷,包括资金转账、支票兑现、银行保管箱等;A commercial bank is an financial institution established to: accept deposits from individuals and businesses; originate credit by providing loans and offering other financial services essential to the running of a customer's financial or business affairs, including fund transfers, check cashing, safe deposit boxes, etc.六.1.外汇交易市场,也称为"Forex"或"FX"市场,是世界上最大的金融市场,平均每天超过1兆美元的资金在当中周转 -- 相当于美国所有证券市场交易总和的30倍;The Foreign Exchange Market, called by "Forex" market or FX market, is the biggest financial market in the world with trading volumes surpassing USD1 trillion average one-day, it is as big as 30 times of stock market.2."外汇交易"是同时买入一对货币组合中的一种货币而卖出另外一种货币;外汇是以货币对形式交易,例如欧元/美元EUR/USD或美元/日元USD/JPY;“Foreign exchange” is to buy one currency and sell another in currency pair at the same time. The trading form of foreign currency is the currency pair, for example EUR/USD OR USD/JPY.3.外汇交易市场是一个24 小时全球交易市场,市场交易每天从悉尼开始,并且随着地球的转动,全球每个金融中心的营业日将依次开始 , 首先是东京,然后伦敦,和纽约;Foreign exchange market is worldwide market where operating 24 hours a day, the market trading starts from Sydney, turning around the earth , the business day of every financial center in the world will star to trade in turn, then is Tokyo, next is London, and New York.4.外汇交易投资者可以对无论是白天或者晚上发生的经济,社会和政治事件而导致的外汇波动而随时反应;Investors of FX may make decisions base on the fluctuation of foreign currency price leaded by economics, society and political events no matter happens in day time or night.5.外汇交易市场是一个超柜台 OTC 或“ 银行内部”交易市场,因为事实上外汇交易是交易双方通过或者一个电子交易网络而达成的,外汇交易不象股票和期货交易市场那样,不是集中在某一个交易所里进行的;The foreign exchange market is Over the Counter OTC or interbank market because foreign currency is traded through phone or electronic trading net in fact, the trading of foreign currency does not like stock trade, it is not intensive trading in exchange center.6.在外汇交易中,您会看到一个两边的报价,由买价与卖价组成,买价是在此价格上您拟卖掉基础货币同时买进相反货币;卖价是这个价格,在此价格上您可以买进基准货币时卖掉相反货币;You will see the price board consisted of bid price and ask price in trading of foreign currency, bid price is the price you sell your base currency at the same time buy reverse currency. Ask price is the price you buy base currency and sell reverse currency.七.1.企业融资是指企业在发展扩张中筹集所需资金的行为;Business financing is an action of raising money when firms extend business and development2.企业融资是为了满足企业战略调整、产业扩张、现金周转等方面的需要; Business financing is to meet the requirement of strategy adjustment, industry extending, and turnover of cash and so on.3.企业通过融资行为改变资本结构,使资金得以形成、集中、积累、组合,同时形成相应的产权关系和权利、责任、利益格局;The capital structure of the firm will be changed through raising money, the capital will be formed in the form of centralization, accumulation, combination, and at the same time relative property right relations and pattern of benefit, duty and right will be formed.4.内部融资的来源公司的自有资金,以及在生产经营过程中的资金积累部分,在公司内部通过计提折旧而形成现金,或通过留用利润等增加公司资本;The resource of internal financing comes from company’s internal fund, the part of fund accumulation of producing and operating, cash from depreciation, or capital from remaining earning.5.债权性融资主要有向金融机构贷款和发行企业债券两种形式;The two majority forms about debit financing are lending money from financial institutes and issuing company bond.6.目前国内企业在进行投资时采用的融资方式有股权性融资、债权性融资等; Presently financing methods used by domestic enterprises when investing are equity financing and debit financing, etc.九.1.组合投资原则,即将风险资金按一定比例投向不同行业、不同企业项目,或联合几个风险投资公司共同向一家企业投资;The principle of portfolio investment is that the venture capital is invested into different industries and different projects, or make a cooperation with other investing companies to invest a company. 2.风险投资主体多元化原则,在美国,风险资金来源相当广泛,既有政府、财团法人的资金,也有来自大众游资、民间企业和海外的投资,还有养老保险基金的积极参与;The principle of diversification of venture capital, in American, the resource of venture capital is quite widespread, it comes from government, financial institutes, and it can come from privates, private firms and oversea investment, and pension fund joint venture capital too.3.创业投资是由专业投资者投入到新兴的、迅速发展的、有巨大竞争潜力的企业中的一种股权性资本;Venture investment is an equity capital which professional investors invest to a new, developing rapidly and more competitive firm.4.随着社会经济的快速发展,如何投资、如何理财已经成为商业人士关注的焦点;With society economy high-speed development, how to invest and finance is the focal point which business men focus on.5.创业投资以其谋求长期资本收益、分散投资及专业化管理的特点适应了高新技术产业的资金需求,以其特别的投资方式、合同方式和组织架构部分地解决了信息不对称和激励约束不当所带来的问题.Venture capital is looking for long term capital return, the characteristic of diversification of investment and professional management adapts capital requirements of high-new technical industry, special investing model of venture capital, contract model and frame of organization solve problems of information asymmetry and incentive and restraint mechanisms flaw in partly.6.投资者可把目光聚焦到正在发售的银行保本基金上,这种在国际市场上大受欢迎的新型理财品种不但能够提供银行储蓄般的安全感,而且可以利用此次利率上升的机会创造更高的收益；同时,加息导致债券价格下跌,实际上提高了即将入市的银行保本基金的债券投资收益率;Investors may focus on guaranteed fund issued by bank, it is new style of financing product which is welcomed in the international market, it is not only shows the safety like bank deposit, but also make higher return with the interest rate arise, at the same time, rising interest rates will lead to fall of the bond price, and make higher return of guaranteed fund which will be issued by banks.十.1.债券买卖是指交易双方以约定的价格买卖一定金额的债券并在规定的清算时间内办理债券款交割的交易方式;Security trading is a trading model that both of seller and buyer sign a contract with the confirmed bond price and number, during settlement both of seller and buyer make a delivery.2.债券回购是指交易双方进行的以债券为权利质押的一种短期资金融通业务;资金融入方正回购方在将债券卖给资金融出方逆回购方以融入资金的同时,双方约定在将来某一日期由正回购方按约定回购利率计算的金额向逆回购方买回相等数量的同品种债券的交易行为;Redeem of security is a short term financing business that both of issuer and holder of bond takes bond as right pledge, when the borrower of fund positive redeemer sells bond to lender of fund negative redeemer for financing, both of them sign a contract in there positive redeemer will redeem the bond that he issued with redeem interest from negative redeemer before maturity of bond.3.所谓可转换公司债券是指由公司发行的,投资者在一定时期内可选择一定条件转换成公司股票的公司债券,通常称作可转换债券或可转债;这种债券兼具债权和股权双重属性;Convertible bond is security issued by firm which investors have option to convert bond into firm’s stock during holding period, the convertible bond consists of two characters of bond and stock.4.证券交易必需受SEC及证券交易所自我约束机制的监管;Security trading must be managed by SEC and self-regulating mechanism of the stock exchange.5.场外交易市场不是一个正式的证券交易所,而是由经纪人和交易商组成的一个非正式的网络,他们通过这一网络协商证券的交易;The over-the-counter market is not official security exchange market, itis unofficial network grouped by dealers and brokers, dealers and brokers exchange securities through the network.6.一级市场上的发行方式也分为两种,公募和私募;The issue model of stock in the primary market can be classified into: public offering and private offering.十二.1.新股的发行价总是超过面值的,记录在公司帐上的这个差叫附加实缴资本,也叫资本公积;The price at which new shares are sold to inverstors almost always exceeds par value,the difference is entered the company’s accounts as additional paid-in capital, or capital surplus.2.尽管股票这个名字很大众化,但是,大部分人都不是充分了解它;Despite their popularity, however, most people don't fully understand stocks.3.公司的管理层的主要任务是增加公司股票持有人所持有公司资产的价值; The management of the company is supposed to increase the value of the firm for shareholders.4.有限责任是股票的一个十分重要的特征,这意味着公司在不能支付它的债务时股票持有者没有负债责任;An extremely important feature of stock is its limited liability, which means that, as an owner of a stock, you are not personally liable if the company is not able to pay its debts.5.理解股票供求关系是容易的,但是理解人们喜欢哪些股票不喜欢哪些股票是苦难的;Understanding supply and demand is easy, What is difficult to comprehend is what makes people like a particular stock and dislike another stock. 6.一些人人为预测股票价格变化是不可能的,而一些人认为通过画图和分析以前的价格变化就能决定买卖时间;Some believe that it isn't possible to predict how stock prices will change, while others think that by drawing charts and looking at past price movements, you can determine when to buy and sell.英译中：一.1. A cash budget is extremely important, especially for small businesses, because it allows a company to determine how much credit it can extend to customers before it begins to have liquidity problems.现金预算是十分重要的,特别是对小企业,这是因为它决定了企业可以使用多大的赊销份额而不发生现金困难;2. Financial intermediaries include depository institutions commercial banks and credit union who acquired the bulk of their funds by offering their liabilities to the public mostly form of deposit. 金融中介机构包括：存款性机构商业银行和信用合作社主要通过存款的形式向公众借款,从而获得大部分资金;3. A corporation is a legally distinct from its owners, who are called shareholders or stockholders. 公司在法律上独立于其所有者,即股东;financial planning focus on the firm’s goals, the investment that will be needed to meet those goals, and the financing that must be raised. 长期财务计划是关于企业的长期目标、为实现目标所需要的投资以及因此必须筹集的资金的计划;are classified into nonfinancial and financial businesses. These entities borrow funds in the debt market and raise funds in the equity market. 企业可被分成金融企业和非金融企业两类;这些企业在债务市场借款和在权益市场融资;6. Finance is the set of activities dealing with the management of funds. More specifically, it is the decision of collection and use of funds. It is a branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets.金融是涉及到一系列有关资金管理的活动;特别的,它是有关资金使用和筹集的决策;它是经济学的一个研究货币和其它资产管理的分枝;四. risk-based capital requirements imposed on commercial bank and saving and loan associations.对商业银行和存贷款协会实施以风险为基础的资本金要求;regulates commercial banks and thrifts and types of regulations imposed. 谁来监管商业银行与储蓄机构以及何种方式来进行;3. Banks generate income in three ways: 1the bid-ask spread;2capital gains on the securities or foreign currency used in transactions, and 3in the case of securities, the spread between interest income earned by holding the security and cost of funding the purchase of security.银行可以从三个方面产生收入：1买卖差价；2证券或外汇交易的资本利益；3证券的利息收入和购买证券资金成本之间的价格差异;4. Several types of deposit accounts are available. Checking accounts pay no interest and can be withdrawn upon demand.存款帐户有好几种,支票帐户不支付利息可以随时提取;certificate of deposit can take a wide variety of forms which are negotiable with the issuing bank. 定期存单可以采取多种多样的形式是可转让的发卡银行;that raise most of their funds from the domestic and international money markets, relying less on depositors for funds, are called money center banks.货币中心银行是指较少依赖存款,并在国内或国外货币市场筹集资金的银行;六.1,The foreign exchange market is a place to trade foreign exchange currency, or it is also a place for the transaction of all foreign currency. 外汇市场是交易外国货币或各国货币的场所.foreign exchange rate is the relative value between two currencies. In particular, it is the quantity of one currency required to buy or sell one unit of the other currency.汇率是两种货币间的相对价值, 特别是, 它是买卖一个其它货币单位所代表的本币量值.. dollars are not used to express an exchange rate, the term "cross rate" is usually used to express the relative values between two currencies.在美元被用来表示汇率的地方,套汇汇率就被用来表示两种货币间的相对价值.an online currency trader wants to survive in the business, he must learn to limit his losses. This is one of the keys to smart money management. 如果一个网络货币交易者要持续他的交易他必须学习限制损失,这是货币管理的关键点.is safer to get into a currency position in multiple lots than to do it all at once.在多个地点持有外汇头寸比同时持有多个头寸安全.Forex market itself consists of a worldwide network of primarily interbank traders connected by telephone lines and computers. FX traders constantly negotiate prices between one another and the resulting market bid/ask price for a particular currency is then fed into computers and displayed on official quote screens.外汇市场本身含有提供给银行交易者通过线和计算机连接的全球范围的网络,外汇交易者讨论的汇率价格产生了市场上某种货币的报价和询价并通过计算机系统显示在交易屏幕上.七. you have too much debt, your business may be considered overextended and risky and an unsafe investment.如果你的企业负债比重过高,投资者则会认为企业是扩张过度,对投资者来说是不安全和高风险的;financing is attractive because you do not have to sacrifice any ownership interests in your business, interest on the loan is deductible, and the financing cost is a relatively fixed expense.债务融资对企业权益者是有吸引力的因为债务融资不会牺牲权益者的利益,借款利息可在收益中扣减,财务成本是相对固定费用.corporation is a separate legal entity that can be created only by compliance with state statutes.公司是一个其所有权与经营权相分离的经济实体即法人组织,公司的成立要遵守洲法.partners raise equity funds through their own capital contributions, by adding a new partner, or by restructuring the relative ownership interests of the existing partners to reflect new contributions.合伙人企业可通过出让合伙人自己的资本份额,或增加合伙人的方式来增加企业资本,或采用对原有合伙人所拥有的相对资本份额进行重组的方式来反映新的资本.financing requires that you sell an ownership interest in the business in exchange for capital.权益融资需要企业所有者出让企业的所有权利益来换取资本.major disadvantage to equity financing is the dilution of your ownership interests and the possible loss of control that may accompany a sharingof ownership with additional investors.权益融资的主要缺点是稀释了所有者的利益,随着其他投资者所占权益份额的扩大企业控制权也可能失去.九. is when everything in the economy is great, people are finding jobs, is growing, and are rising. Things are just plain rosy during a bull market is easier because everything is going up.牛市意味着经济发展强劲,工作岗位多,GDP 增长,股票价格上升.前景变得光明.在牛市期间投资股票将有丰厚收益因为所有物品的价格都将上升.markets cannot last forever though, and sometimes they can lead to dangerous situations if stocks become overvalued.牛市不可能永远持续,如果股票价格被高估则牛市就将导致崩盘.a person is optimistic, believing that stocks will go up, he or she is called a "bull" and said to have a "bullish outlook."如果一个人乐观的认为股票价格将上升,他或她被称做”多头”和有一个行情看涨的形象.investments it is critical to distinguish between an expected return the anticipated return for some future period and a realized return the actual return over some past period. Investors invest for the future—for the return they expect to earn—but when the investing period is over, they are left with their realized returns.投资学对期望收益预测的将来某时间段的收益和已实现收益过去某时段的实际收到的收益有严格的区分.投资者投资为将来-他们希望获取的收益-但是在投资周期结束后,他们只得到实际的收益.investors actually earn from their holdings may turn out to be more or less than what they expected to earn when they initiated the investment. This point is the essence of the investments process: investors must always consider the risk involved in investing.投资者在投资期间实际得到的收益与他们初始投资所预想的收益或多或少有差异.投资过程的关键点是:投资者在投资时必须牢记风险的成在.are three important factors you need to consider before buying a bond. The first is the person issuing the bond. The second is the interest or coupon you will receive. The third is the maturity date, the day when the borrower must pay back the principal to the lender.在投资债券前你要考虑三个重要因素:第一是债券发行人;第二是你将得到的利息或折扣;第三是到期时间, 在到期日债券发行人必须将本金退给债券持有人.十. higher rate of return the bond offers, the more risky the investment. There have been instances of companies failing to pay back the bond default, so, to entice investors, most corporate bonds will offer a higher return than a government bond.债券收益率越高投资风险越大,已有公司不能在到期日偿还债券本金违约的先例,所以, 为了诱使投资者购买公司债券大多数公司都发行高于政府债券利率的债券.is important for investors to research a bond just as they would a stock or mutual fund. The bond rating will help in deciphering the default risk.象研究股票和共同基金样研究债券对投资者来说是必要的, 辨别债券等级将有助于识别违约风险.interest is added to the contract price of a bond transaction.应计利息要加到债券交易合同价格中.Gain. An increase in the value of a investment or real estate that gives it a higher worth than the purchase price. The gain is not realized until the asset is sold. A may be short term one year or less or long term more than one year and must be claimed on income taxes.资本利得是资本价值投资或不动产的增加,也就是高于购买价格的增值部分,利得只有在这些资产出售后才能实现, 资本利得可以是短期一年以内或长期一年以上, 资本利得必须征税.any other type of investment vehicle, fixed-income securities should be viewed in terms of their risk and return. Generally speaking, bonds are exposed to five major types of risks: interest rate risk, purchasing power risk, business/financial risk, liquidity risk, and call risk.象任何其它投资工具一样,固定收益证券也应该按照它们的风险和收益来进行评价. 一般看来, 证券有五种主要的风险:利率风险,购买力风险,商业风险,流动性风险和回购风险.far we've discussed the factors of face value, coupon, maturity, issuers and yield. All of these characteristics of a bond play a role in its price.到目前我们已经讨论了债券的面值,利息率,到期日,发行人和收益,全部这些特征都会影响到债券的价格.十二. splits,like stock dividents, do not increase the assets or earning capacity of the firm,the split does decrease the price of the stock and thereby may increase its marketability.股票拆分与股票股利一样,并不能增加公司的资产或者提高公司的盈利能力,拆分降低了股票的价格,从而增加了股票的流动性;may repurchase shares to reduce the chance of an unwanted takeover attempt.管理层可以回购股票来避免公司被收购;two most important characteristics of common stock as an investment are its residual claim and limited liability features.作为投资的普通股的两个最重要的特征是剩余索取权和有限责任;stocks are traded on exchanges, which are places where buyers and sellers meet and decide on a price.大部分股票都是在证券交易所交易,买卖双方在那儿搓合股票价格;5. The most important factor that affects the value of a company is its earnings. Earnings are the profit a company makes, and in the long run no company can survive without them.6. Stock prices change every day as a result of market forces. By this we mean that share prices change because of supply and demand. If more people want to buy a stock demand than sell it supply, then the price moves up.由于市场的原因股票价格每天都在变化,股票价格是由于供求关系的原因而变化的,如果买的人比卖的人多则股票价格上升;。

Part One1. What are the main roles of banks?答： Although banks share many common features with other profit-seeking business,they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings,allocating capital funds to fiance productive investment,transmitting monetary policy,providing a payment system and transforming risks.3. According to the revised edition of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China ,what functions does the PBC perform?答： The PBC 's key functions are to conduct monetary policy, prevent and dissolve financial risks, and maintain financial stability under the leadership of the State Council.4. Can you give some examples of indirect instruments for implementing monetary policy?答： Indirect instruments as required reserve ratio, interest rate adjustment and open market operations.9. What is your definition of share and bond?答：Shares are certificates or book entries representingownership in a corporation or similar entity.Bonds are written evidences of debts.13. What is your definition of “securities”?答：Securities are paper certificates (definitive securities) or electronic records (book-entry securities) evidencing ownership of equity (stock) or debt obligations (bonds).Part Two2. What are the objectives of banking supervision?First, the key objective of supervision is to maintain stability and public confidence in financial system.The second goal of bank supervisions to ensure that bank operate in a safe and sound manner and that they hold capital and reserve sufficient to cover the risks that may arise in their business.Third, a related goal is to protect depositors’funds and , if any bank should fail, to minimize the losses to be absorbed by the deposit insurance fund.The fourth goal of bank supervision is to foster an efficient and competition banking system that is responsive to the public need for high quality financial services at reasonable cost.The fifth and final goal of bank supervision is to ensure compliance with banking laws and regulations.3. What risks might the commercial banks have to face?(1)credit risk (2)market risk (3)liquidity risk (4)operational risk (5)legal risk (6)reputation risk4. What are the implication of credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk?Credit risk: A major type of risk that banks face is credit risk or the failure of a counterpart to perform according to a contractual arrangement.Market risk: Two specific elements of market risk are foreign exchange risk and interest risk. Banks face a risk of losses in on- and off-balance sheet positions arising from movement in exchange rates. Interest rate risk prefers to the exposure of a bank’s financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates.Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk arises from the inability of a bank to accommodate decreases in liabilities or to fund increases in assets.Operational risk: The most important types of operational risk involve breakdowns in internal controls and corporategovernance..5.At what levels does the Basel Accord set the minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks?The Accord sets minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks of 4% tier one capita and 8% total capital (tier one plus tier two) in relation to risk-weighted assets.Part Three1. What does foreign exchange include ?答：Foreign exchange includes the following means of payments and assets denominated in a foreign currency that can be used for international settlement:●Foreign currencies, including banknotes and coins;●Payment vouchers denominated in foreign currency,including negotiable instruments, bank certificates of deposit and certificates of postal savings;●Securities denominated in foreign currency, includinggovernment bonds, corporate bonds and stocks;●Super-national currencies such as Special Drawing Rightsand the Euro; and●Other assets denominated in foreign currency.3. What are the requirements for domestic institutions for opening foreign exchange accounts abroad?答：Domestic entities which meet one of the following requirements may apply for opening a foreign exchange account abroad:●Expecting small amount income during a certain period of time abroad;●Expecting small amount ex penditure during a certain period of time abroad;●Undertaking overseas construction projects;and issuing securities denominated in foreign currency abroad.6. Give the definition of foreign exchange?答：Foreign exchange , or forex , is foreign money. All foreign currency, consisting of founds held with banks abroad, or bills or cheques, again in foreign currency and payable abroad , are termed foreign exchange.9. Give the definition of spot and forward transaction?答：Spot transactions involve today’s p rices of currency and delivery of the currency within two business days, except forCanadian dollar (CAD), which must be delivered in one day.10. Tell the difference between forward and futures transactions?答：(1) Forward transactions involve today’s pr ices of currency and delivery on a stipulated future date.(2) Futures transactions are always traded on exchanges. In order to be marketable on exchanges, futures contracts are standardized in terms of quantity, settlement dates and quotation.Part Four14. How could a bank earn interest income?答：The principal source of income for the majority of banks is still the interest received on the funds that the institution has at its disposal and is able to lend out in some form.Whenever a bank lends out money it will generally charge interest to the customer.21. Why should a bank keep sufficient liquid assets?答：It is important for a bank to hold sufficient liquid assets to meet the demands of depositors who may seek to withdraw theirfunds. However,maintenance of too high a level of liquid assets could be expensive. Cash balances in particular yield no income,yet will cost the same as any other asset to fund. 25. What are the three major activities included in a bank's Statement of Cash Flows?答：The statement of cash flows reports cash flows relating to operating,investing and financing activities of a bank.Part five4. What are negotiable instruments? list some examples.答：From a functional perspective, negotiable instruments are documents used in commerce to secure the payment of money. Paying large sums of money in cash is both inconvenient and, unfortunately, risky. In all cases, negotiable instruments represent a right to payment. A right is, by definition, a promise and not a tangible piece of property. So, negotiable instruments are classified as choses in action. The three main types of them are the following: Bills of Exchange, Cheques, Promissory Notes.7. What’s the difference between capital lease and operating lease?答：1: Whether the ownership of property is to be transferred by the end of lease term.2: Whether the lease has an operation to purchase the leased property at a bargain price.3: The lease term is long to or short in according to the estimated economic life of the leased property.4: Whether the lease is a cancelable lease.5: Whether the lease is full-payout lease.9. What’s the meaning of Account Receivable Financing?答： Accounts Receivable represents a promise from customers to pay for a goods sold or services rendered. Account Receivable Financing is a form of collateralized lending in which accounts receivables are the collateral.12. What are basic characteristics of money mark securities?答： Money-mark securities, which are discussed in details later in this chapter, have three basic characteristics in common:They are usually sold in large denominations.They have low default risk.They mature in one year or less from their original issue date.Most money marker instruments mature in less than 120 days.Why teasury bills are attractive to investors?答：Teasury bills are attractive to investors because they are backed by the government and therefore are virtually free of default risk .Even if the government ran out of money, it could simply print more to pay them off when they mature.The risk of unexpected changes in inflation is also low because of their short-termmaturity.15. What are the features of inter-bank markets?答：Inter-bank markets are money markets in which short-term funds transferred (lent or borrowed) between financial institutions, usually for one day, that is , they are usually overnight investment . The interest rate for borrowing these funds is close to ,but always slightly higher than ,the rate that is available from the central bank.17．How have NCDs become the second most popular money market instruments?答：Negotiable CDs are in large denominations .Although NCDs denominations are too large for individual investors , they are sometimes purchased by money market funds that have pooledindividua l investor’s funds. Thus , the existence of money market funds allows individuals to be indirect investors in NCDs ,marking a more active NCD market.19.What products does the on-line banking provide?答：basic products and services, intermediate products and services ,advanced products and services.Part Six1,What categories can the loan be divided according to their risk?答：The five-category system classifies bank loans according to their inherent risks as pass(normal),special-mention,substandard,doubtful and loss. What are the commonly used methods of credit analysis?答：Tranditionally,key risk factors have been classified according to the five CS of credit:character,capital,capacity,conditions,and collateral. Golden and Walker identify the five CS of bad credit,representing things to guard against to help prevent problems.These include complacency,carelessness,communicationbreakdown,contingencies,and competition.A useful framework for sorting out the facts and opinions in credit analysis is the 5Ps approach:people,purpose,payment,protection,and perspective. How can a bank take security for an advance?答：A bank has different kinds of security as cover for advance to his customers.There are several ways in which a bank may take security for an advance by lien,pledge,mortgage and hypothecation.1 / 1文档可自由编辑。

⾦融学原理（英⽂）第⼆单元课后答案CHAPTER 2ANSWERS2-1 a. 0 Bonds and term loans are equivalent debt instruments and should have about the same interest rate.b. + Debentures are riskier than mortgage bonds and, hence, wouldrequire a higher interest rate.c. - This would allow bondholders to reap the benefits of a stock priceincrease, so they would accept a lower interest rate.d. (1) + Because the debentures will be subordinated to its bank debt,the debentures will have a higher interest rate.(2) - Because the debentures will be subordinated to the bank debt,the bank debt will have a lower interest rate.(3) 0 The net effect of (1) and (2) is indeterminant.e. + Because income bonds are riskier, they would carry a higher rateof interest.f. (1) - The more of the property that is mortgaged the weaker the claimof the debenture holders. Thus, going from $75 million to $50million of first mortgage debt will strengthen the debenturesand lower their interest rate.(2) - The property will have a smaller mortgage; hence, eachindividual first mortgage bond will be better secured, lessrisky, and have a lower interest rate.(3) 0 Debentures will cost less, as will mortgage bonds, but theaverage cost probably will be about the same--at least, itis not obvious that the cost will be higher or lower. Thisoccurs because the rate on the mortgage bonds is lower thanthat on debentures, but the weights are shifting toward theriskier, higher rate debentures.g. + A call provision increases the risk to the bondholders, so ahigher rate would be required.h. - The sinking fund calls for repayment over the life of the bond.This lowers somewhat the risk of the issue, hence leads to lowerrates.i. + This would raise the interest rate because a lower rating impliesgreater risk.2-2 Safety Rank⽂档收集⾃⽹络，仅⽤于个⼈学习a. Income bond 8b. Subordinated debenture--noncallable 6c. First mortgage bond--no sinking fund 3d. Common stock 9e. U.S. Treasury bond 1f. First mortgage bond--with sinking fund 2g. Subordinated debentures--callable 7h. Amortized term loan 4I. Term loan 52-3 From the corporation's viewpoint, one important factor in establishinga sinking fund is that its own bonds generally have a higher yield thando government bonds; hence, the company saves more interest by retiring its own bonds than it could earn by buying government bonds. This factor causes firms to favor the second procedure. Investors also would prefer the annual retirement procedure if they thought that interest rates were more likely to rise than to fall, but they would prefer the government bond purchases program if they thought rates were likely to fall. Inaddition, bondholders recognize that, under the government bond purchase scheme, each bondholder would be entitled to a given amount of cash from the liquidation of the sinking fund if the firm should go into default, whereas under the annual retirement plan, some of the holders would receivea cash benefit while others would benefit only indirectly from the factthat there would be fewer bonds outstanding.On balance, investors seem to have little reason for choosing one method over the other, while the annual retirement method is clearly more beneficial to the firm. The consequence has been a pronounced trend toward annual retirement and away from the accumulation scheme.2-4 ($ million)Common stock (42 million shares outstandingAt $1 par) = $40 + $2 $ 42 Additional paid-in capital = $120 + $48 168Retained earnings 170Total common stockholders' equity $380⽂档收集⾃⽹络，Total value of the issue = 2 million shares ? $25 = $50 million Added to Common stock account = 2 million shares ? $1 par = $2 millionAdded to Additional paid-in capital account = $50 million - $2 million= $48 million2-5 a. The average investor in a listed firm is not really interested in maintaining his or her proportionate share of ownership and control.An investor could increase ownership by simply buying more stock onthe open market. Consequently, most investors are not concerned withwhether new shares are sold directly (at about market prices) orthrough rights offerings. However, if a rights offering is being usedto effect a stock split, or if it is being used to reduce theunderwriting cost of an issue (by substantial underpricing), thepreemptive right might well be beneficial to the firm and itsstockholders.b. Clearly, the preemptive right is important to the stockholders ofclosely-held firms whose owners are interested in maintaining theirrelative control positions.2-6 Preferred stock can be classified only when the one doing the classifica-tion is considered. From the standpoint of the firm, preferred stock is like equity in that it cannot force the firm into bankruptcy, but it is like debt in that it causes fluctuations in earnings available to the common stockholders. Consequently, if the firm is concerned primarily with survival, it probably would classify preferred stock as equity. However, if there is essentially no danger of bankruptcy, management would view preferred stock as simply another fixed charge security and treat it internally as debt. Equity investors would have a similar viewpoint, and in general they should treat preferred stock in much the same manner as debt. For creditors, the position is reversed. They take preference over preferred stockholders, and the preferred issues act as a cushion. Conse-quently, a bond analyst probably would want to treat preferred as equity.Obviously, in all these applications, there would have to be some qualifi-cations; in a strict sense, preferred stock is neither debt nor equity, but a hybrid.2-7 When the price of its stock is temporarily depressed and a firm wishes to raise funds via an equity issue, the company’s investment banker probably will recommend convertible debt be issued. The firm can use convertible bonds if it is believed that the price of the stock will rise sufficiently in the future to make conversion attractive. Then, if conversion takes place when the stock price is higher, the firm will have essentially issued its stock at a price higher than existed when the convertible bond was issued.2-8 The convertible bond has an expected return that consists of an interest yield (9 percent) plus an expected capital gain. We know the expectedcapital gain must be at least 3 percent, because the total expected returnon the convertible must be at least equal to that on the nonconvertiblebond, 12 percent. In all likelihood, the expected return on the conver-tible would be higher than that on the straight bond, because a capitalgains yield is riskier than an interest yield. The convertible would,therefore, probably be regarded as being riskier than the straight bond.However, the convertible, with its interest yield, probably would beregarded as being less risky than common stock.────────────────────────────────────────────────────────SOLUTIONS2-1 a. Most firms have a continuing need for long-term debt to finance operations (at least as long as they are still in business). It would make sense fora firm to issue bonds like the Canadian bonds. If you think about it, themost significant difference between a 30—year bond and a perpetual bondthat is callable is that there is a refinancing requirement for the regularbond at the end of 30 years. This refinancing requirement probably willchange the cost of the bond, because refinancing takes place at existingThe default risk will be negligible for each bond. The interest rate risk, however, will be greatest for the bond with the longest term to maturity.As a result, the perpetual bonds’ interest rate risk will be greaterthan for the 5-year bond (which will have the lowest interest rate risk)and the 50-year bond. Because the Canadian bond will be called onlyif interest rates decline, it is considered the riskiest, and thus willhave the highest expected interest rate. The order of the expectedinterest rate from lowest to highest would be:5-year bond50-year bondregular perpetual bondCanadian perpetual bondProbably not. If rates had dropped so that bonds with a coupon rate equal to 3 percent could besold, the Canadian government probably would have issued the 3-percent bonds to replace themore expensive bonds.If the information bondholders used to reach their conclusion that the bonds would be called wasunfounded, then there should be no reason to expect the Canadian government to foot the bill forinvestors’mistakes. At the same time, some might argue that the Canadian government has amoral obligation to ensure that any false information that it knows about is not passed on toinvestors. If the Canadian government originally sold the bonds to na?ve investors and hadsomehow led them to think that the bonds would be called, the fairness might indicate thatretirement is appropriate. But, if you think about it, the original investors probably sold the bondsmany years ago, so there no longer would be such an obligation to them. Educated investors shouldknow that the government would not call the bonds when the interest rates were so high--in effect,the government would be wasting constituents’ money.2-2 a. Number of zeros = Amount needed/Price per bond= $4,500,000/$567.447,931 bonds.b. In five years, Filkins will have to repay $4.5 million when the bondmatures. But, because the debt is a zero-coupon bond, there will nointerest payments in the meantime. Thus, the annual debt service costsare $0.2-3 a. Balance sheets:Meyer Balance Sheet ($ thousands):Debt $400Total liabilitiesTotal assets $600 and equity $600Debt $200Equity 400 Total liabilities Total assets $600 and equity $600b. purchase the new machine. Therefore, because the stock issue increased the number of existing shares by 20 percent, the number of shares Haugen had outstanding before the issue was Thus, the number of shares that are outstanding after the stock issue equal 24,000.c.Income Statement for Meyer Manufacturing ($ thousands):ΔEBIT $100.0 ΔInterest = $200 ? 0.08 ( 16.0) ΔEarnings before taxes 84.0 ΔTaxes (40%) ( 33.6) ΔNet income (earnings available to pay to common stockholders) $ 50.4 ΔEBIT $100.0ΔInterest = $0 ? 0.08 ( 0.0) ΔEarnings before taxes 100.0 ΔTaxes (40%) ( 40.0) ΔNet income (earnings available to pay to common stockholders $ 60.0 d.Meyer issued bonds, not stock, so it of common stock outstanding. Therefore, Meyer ’s earnings per share, EPS, is Haugen issued stock and its shares outstanding increased to 24,000. Therefore, Haugen ’s earnings per share, EPS, is If we use the EPS to evaluate both companies, we would conclude Meyer ’s decision to issue debt was better than Haugen ’s decision to issue stock. We will discuss this concept further in later chapters in the book.2-4 a.The conversion price simply is the face (par) value of the bond divided by the conversion ratio--the conversion price for this issue is $1,000/25 = $40. Therefore, it would be beneficial for investors to convert their bonds into common stock when the price of the stock is greater than $40 per share.b.The conversion feature would add some flexibility to the bonds as an investment. Investors might find it attractive to buy the bonds because they can later decide whether they prefer to remain bondholders or to convert and become stockholders.2-5 a.Cox Computer Company Balance Sheet: Alternative 1:Short-term debt $ 25,000Long-term debt 25,000Common stock, par $1 75,000*Paid-in capital 225,000* Retained earnings 25,000 Total liabilities Total assets $375,000 and equity $375,000⽂档收集⾃⽹*At $10 per share, $250,000/$10 = 25,000 shares would have to be soldto raise the $250,000. Therefore, at $1 par value, the Common stockaccount will increase by $1 ? 25,000 = $25,000, and the remaining$225,000 is Paid-in capital. Because $150,000 is used to pay some ofthe bank debt, assets increase by only $100,000. Total sharesoutstanding after the issue: 75,000 = 50,000 + 25,000.Alternative 2:Long-term debt 25,000Common stock, par $1 70,000*Paid-in capital 230,000*Retained earnings 25,000Total liabilitiesTotal assets $ 375,000 and equity $ 375,000⽂档收*To raise $250,000, the firm would have to sell $250,000/$1,000 = 250 bonds. Each bond is convertible into 80 shares of common stock; thus,conversion will increase the number of shares outstanding by 20,000.Therefore, at $1 par value, the Common stock account will increaseby $1 20,000 = $20,000, and the remaining $230,000 is Paid-in capital.Total shares outstanding after the conversion: 70,000 = 50,000 +20,000.Alternative 3:Short-term debt $ 25,000Long-term debt 275,000Common stock, par $1 50,000Retained earnings 25,000Total liabilitiesTotal assets $ 375,000 and equity $ 375,000⽂档收b. Original Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan 3________ _______ ______________Number of CharlesCox's shares 40,000 40,000 40,00040,000Total shares 50,000 75,000 70,00050,000Percent ownership 80% 53% 57% 80%c. Original Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan 3________ ________ ________ __________Total assets $275,000 $375,000 $375,000 $375,000EBIT $ 55,000 $ 75,000 $ 75,000 $ 75,000Interest* ( 17,500) ( 2,500) ( 2,500) ( 32,500)EBT $ 37,500 $ 72,500 $ 72,500 $ 42,500Taxes (40%) ( 15,000) ( 29,000) ( 29,000) ( 17,000)Net income $ 22,500 $ 43,500 $ 43,500 $ 25,500⽂档Number of shares 50,000 75,000 70,000 50,000Earnings per share $0.45 $0.58 $0.62 $0.51⽂档个⼈收集整理勿做商业⽤途*Both the bank loans and the long-term debt require interestpayments; the amount of short-term debt that is not a bank loandoes not require interest payments. Before new financing isobtained, the amount of the bank loan is $150,000 and the amountof long-term debt is $25,000--at 10 percent, the total interestis ($150,000 + $25,000) ? 0.10 = $17,500. The financing planseliminate the bank loans, so the interest payment for each planis: (1) Alternative 1 has $25,000 long-term debt with interestpayments equal to $2,500; (2) Alternative 2 has $25,000 long-termdebt with interest payments equal to $2,500; and, (3) Alternative3 has $275,000 long-term debt with interest payments equal to($25,000 ? 0.10) + ($250,000 ? 0.12) = $$32,500.Each alternative permits Charles Cox to maintain control of thefirm (more than 50 percent ownership). In addition, eachalternative results in an increase in EPS. But, becauseAlternative 2 results in the greatest increase in EPS, it wouldbe preferred.2-6 a. Book value per share = ($364,000 + $336,000)/20,000 = $35.00 Total amount of issue = 10,000 ?$32.55 = $325,500 Book value after issue = ($364,000 + $336,000) + $325,500= $1,025,500Book value per share = $1,025,500/30,000 = $34.182-7 a. If P0 = $18, the option is exercised, and the stock is sold immediately, the gain would be ($18 - $15) ?100 = $300. Therefore,it would be beneficial to exercise the option.b. If P0 = $13, the option is exercised, and the stock is soldimmediately, the loss would be ($13 - $15) ?100 = -$200. Therefore,it would not be beneficial to exercise the option.c. The answers in part (a) and part (b) would be reversed if theoption was a put with the same exercise price:If P0 = $18, the put option is exercised, and the stock is soldimmediately, the loss would be ($15 - $18) ? 100 = -$300. Theoption holder would have to buy the stock at $18 per share toexercise the put and sell the stock at $15 to the option writer.Therefore, it would not be beneficial to exercise the option.If P0 = $13, the put option is exercised, and the stock is soldimmediately, the gain would be ($15 - $13) ?100 = $200. In thiscase, the option holder would be able to buy the stock at $13per share and then sell it to the option writer at $15 byexercising the option. Therefore, it would be beneficial toexercise the option.2-8 a. Today, the amount Fibertech has to pay today is known with certainty because the current exchange rate is known. In otherwords, if Fibertech decides to pay the bill today, it needs$4,215,000 to purchase 7,500,000 deutschemarks. However, ifFibertech waits to pay the bill when it is due in 90 days, theexchange rate might be different and thus the company mighthave to pay more than $4,215,000 to purchase the 7,500,000deutschemarks (it also might be able to pay less). The primaryadvantage to waiting to pay the bill is that Fibertech can usethe funds for other purposes. In addition, it can avoid thehigh cost of borrowing funds to pay the bill today.b. Cost to Fibertech = 7,500,000 ?$0.567 = $4,252,500 in 90 dayswhen the bill is due.c. At $0.60 per mark, the cost to purchase the neededdeutschemarks would be:7,500,000 ? $0.60 = $4,500,000At $0.54 per mark, the cost to purchase the neededdeutschemarks would be:7,500,000 ? $0.54 = $4,050,000d. The primary benefit Fibertech would receive by entering afutures contract is that it would be able to “lock in” todaythe price of the deutschemarks needed in 90 days. For example,if the futures contract in part (b) was entered, then Fibertechknow it needs $4,252,500 in 90 days to pay the debt it owesthe German manufacturer, regardless of what the actualexchange rate is at that time--the futures contract has “lockedin” the price today.2-9 The solution is given in the Instructor’s Manual, Solutions to Integrative Problems.版权申明本⽂部分内容，包括⽂字、图⽚、以及设计等在⽹上搜集整理。

Part One1. What are the main roles of banks?答：Although banks share many common features with other profit-seeking business,they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings,allocating capital funds to fiance productive investment,transmitting monetary policy,providinga payment system and transforming risks.3. According to the revised edition of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China ,what functions does the PBC perform?答：The PBC 's key functions are to conduct monetary policy, prevent and dissolve financial risks, and maintain financial stability under the leadership of the State Council.4. Can you give some examples of indirect instruments for implementing monetary policy?答：Indirect instruments as required reserve ratio, interest rate adjustment and open market operations.9. What is your definition of share and bond?答：Shares are certificates or book entries representing ownership in a corporation or similar entity.Bonds are written evidences of debts.13. What is your definition of “securities”?答：Securities are paper certificates (definitive securities) or electronic records (book-entry securities) evidencing ownership of equity (stock) or debt obligations (bonds).Part Two2. What are the objectives of banking supervision?First, the key objective of supervision is to maintain stability and public confidence in financial system.The second goal of bank supervisions to ensure that bank operate in a safe and sound manner and that they hold capital and reserve sufficient to cover the risks that may arise in their business.Third, a related goal is to protect depositors’ funds and , if any bank should fail, to minimize the losses to be absorbed by the deposit insurance fund.The fourth goal of bank supervision is to foster an efficient and competition banking system that is responsive to the public need for high quality financial services at reasonable cost.The fifth and final goal of bank supervision is to ensure compliance with banking laws and regulations.3. What risks might the commercial banks have to face?(1)credit risk (2)market risk (3)liquidity risk (4)operational risk (5)legal risk (6)reputation risk4. What are the implication of credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk?Credit risk: A major type of risk that banks face is credit risk or the failure of a counterpart to perform according to a contractual arrangement.Market risk: Two specific elements of market risk are foreign exchange risk and interest risk. Banks face a risk of losses in on- and off-balance sheet positions arising from movement in exchange rates. Interest rate risk prefers to the exposure of a bank’s financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates.Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk arises from the inability of a bank to accommodate decreases in liabilities or to fund increases in assets.Operational risk: The most important types of operational risk involve breakdowns in internal controls and corporate governance..5.At what levels does the Basel Accord set the minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks?The Accord sets minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks of 4% tier one capita and 8% total capital (tier one plus tier two) in relation to risk-weighted assets.Part Three1. What does foreign exchange include ?答：Foreign exchange includes the following means of payments and assets denominated in a foreign currency that can be used for international settlement:●Foreign currencies, including banknotes and coins;●Payment vouchers denominated in foreign currency, including negotiableinstruments, bank certificates of deposit and certificates of postal savings;●Securities denominated in foreign currency, including government bonds,corporate bonds and stocks;●Super-national currencies such as Special Drawing Rights and the Euro; and●Other assets denominated in foreign currency.3. What are the requirements for domestic institutions for opening foreign exchange accounts abroad?答：Domestic entities which meet one of the following requirements may apply for opening a foreign exchange account abroad:●Expecting small amount income during a certain period of time abroad;●Expecting small amount ex penditure during a certain period of time abroad;●Undertaking overseas construction projects;and issuing securities denominated in foreign currency abroad.6. Give the definition of foreign exchange?答：Foreign exchange , or forex , is foreign money. All foreign currency, consisting of founds held with banks abroad, or bills or cheques, again in foreign currency and payable abroad , are termed foreign exchange.9. Give the definition of spot and forward transaction?答：Spot transactions involve today’s p rices of currency and delivery of the currency within two business days, except for Canadian dollar (CAD), which must be delivered in one day.10. Tell the difference between forward and futures transactions?答：(1) Forward transactions involve today’s pr ices of currency and delivery on a stipulated future date.(2) Futures transactions are always traded on exchanges. In order to be marketable on exchanges, futures contracts are standardized in terms of quantity, settlement datesand quotation.Part Four14. How could a bank earn interest income?答：The principal source of income for the majority of banks is still the interest received on the funds that the institution has at its disposal and is able to lend out in some form.Whenever a bank lends out money it will generally charge interest to the customer.21. Why should a bank keep sufficient liquid assets?答：It is important for a bank to hold sufficient liquid assets to meet the demands of depositors who may seek to withdraw their funds. However,maintenance of too high a level of liquid assets could be expensive. Cash balances in particular yield no income,yet will cost the same as any other asset to fund.25. What are the three major activities included in a bank's Statement of Cash Flows?答：The statement of cash flows reports cash flows relating to operating,investing and financing activities of a bank.Part five4. What are negotiable instruments? list some examples.答：From a functional perspective, negotiable instruments are documents used in commerce to secure the payment of money. Paying large sums of money in cash is both inconvenient and, unfortunately, risky. In all cases, negotiable instruments represent a right to payment. A right is, by definition, a promise and not a tangible piece of property. So, negotiable instruments are classified as choses in action. The three main types of them are the following: Bills of Exchange, Cheques, Promissory Notes.7. What’s the difference between capital lease and operating lease?答：1: Whether the ownership of property is to be transferred by the end of lease term.2: Whether the lease has an operation to purchase the leased property at a bargain price.3: The lease term is long to or short in according to the estimated economic life of the leased property.4: Whether the lease is a cancelable lease.5: Whether the lease is full-payout lease.9. What’s the meaning of Account Receivable Financing?答：Accounts Receivable represents a promise from customers to pay for a goods sold or services rendered. Account Receivable Financing is a form of collateralized lending in which accounts receivables are the collateral.12. What are basic characteristics of money mark securities?答：Money-mark securities, which are discussed in details later in this chapter, have three basic characteristics in common:They are usually sold in large denominations.They have low default risk.They mature in one year or less from their original issue date. Most money marker instruments mature in less than 120 days.Why teasury bills are attractive to investors?答：Teasury bills are attractive to investors because they are backed by the government and therefore are virtually free of default risk .Even if the government ran out of money, it could simply print more to pay them off when they mature.The risk of unexpected changes in inflation is also low because of their short-termmaturity. 15. What are the features of inter-bank markets?答：Inter-bank markets are money markets in which short-term funds transferred (lent or borrowed) between financial institutions, usually for one day, that is , they are usually overnight investment . The interest rate for borrowing these funds is close to ,but always slightly higher than ,the rate that is available from the central bank. 17．How have NCDs become the second most popular money market instruments?答：Negotiable CDs are in large denominations .Although NCDs denominations are too large for individual investors , they are sometimes purchased by money market funds that have pooled individua l investor’s funds. Thus , the existence of money market funds allows individuals to be indirect investors in NCDs ,marking a more active NCD market.19.What products does the on-line banking provide?答：basic products and services, intermediate products and services ,advanced products and services.Part Six1,What categories can the loan be divided according to their risk?答：The five-category system classifies bank loans according to their inherent risks as pass(normal),special-mention,substandard,doubtful and loss.What are the commonly used methods of credit analysis?答：Tranditionally,key risk factors have been classified according to the five CS of credit:character,capital,capacity,conditions,and collateral. Golden and Walker identify the five CS of bad credit,representing things to guard against to help prevent problems.These include complacency,carelessness,communication breakdown,contingencies,and competition.A useful framework for sorting out the facts and opinions in credit analysis is the 5Ps approach:people,purpose,payment,protection,and perspective.How can a bank take security for an advance?答：A bank has different kinds of security as cover for advance to his customers.There are several ways in which a bank may take security for an advance by lien,pledge,mortgage and hypothecation.。

⾦融学原理英⽂第七单元课后答案CHAPTER 7ANSWERS7-1 The four financial statements contained in most annual reports are the balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, andstatement of cash flows.7-2 No, because the $20 million of retained earnings probably would not be held as cash. The retained earnings figure represents the reinvestmentof earnings by the firm. Consequently, the $20 million would be aninvestment in all of the assets of the firm.7-3 Liquidating assets, borrowing more funds, and issuing stock would constitute sources of funds. Purchasing assets, paying off debt, and stockrepurchases would constitute uses of funds. Thus, the following general rules can be used to determine what changes in balance sheet accountsrepresent sources and uses of funds:Sources of cash: Uses of Cash:in a liability or equity account in a liability of equity accountin an asset account in an asset account7-4 The emphasis of the various types of analysts is by no means uniform nor should it be. Management is interested in all types of ratios for two reasons.First, the ratios point out weaknesses that should be strengthened; second,management recognizes that the other parties are interested in all theratios and that financial appearances must be kept up if the firm is tobe regarded highly by creditors and equity investors. Equity investorsare interested primarily in profitability, but they examine the otherratios to get information on the riskiness of equity commitments. Long-term creditors are more interested in the debt ratio, TIE, and fixed chargecoverage ratios, as well as the profitability ratios. Short-term creditorsemphasize liquidity and look most carefully at the liquidity ratios.7-5 The most important aspect of ratio analysis is the judgment used when interpreting the results to reach an overall conclusion concerning a firm'sfinancial position. The analyst should be aware of, and include in theinterpretation, the fact that: (1) large firms with many differentdivisions are difficult to categorize in a single industry; (2) financialstatements are reported at historical costs; (3) seasonal factors candistort the ratios; (4) some firms try to "window dress" their financial statements to look good; (5) firms use different accounting procedures to compute inventory values, depreciation, and so on; (6) there might notexist a single value that can be used for comparing firms' ratios (e.g.,a current ratio of 2.0 might not be good); and (7) conclusions concerningthe overall financial position of a firm should be based on a representativenumber of ratios, not a single ratio.7-6 Differences in the amounts of assets necessary to generate a dollar of sales cause asset turnover ratios to vary among industries. For example,a steel company needs a greater number of dollars in assets to producea dollar in sales than does a grocery store chain such as Safeway. Also,profit margins and turnover ratios might vary due to differences in theamount of expenses incurred to produce sales. For example, one would expecta grocery store chain like Safeway to spend more per dollar of sales thandoes a steel company. Often, a large turnover will be associated with a low profit margin, and vice versa.7-7 ROE can be writtenTotal assets divided by owners' equity, which is termed the equity multiplier, is a measure of debt utilization; the more debt, the higher the equity multiplier. Thus, using more debt will increase the equity multiplier, resulting in a higher ROE.7-8 a. Cash, receivables, and inventories, as well as current liabilities, vary over the year for firms with seasonal sales patterns. Therefore,those ratios that examine balance sheet figures will vary unlessaverages (monthly ones are best) are used.b. Common equity is determined at a point in time, say, December 31, 2002.Profits are earned over time, say, during 2002. If a firm is growing rapidly, year-end equity will be much larger than beginning-of-year equity, so the calculated rate of return on equity will be different depending on whether end-of-year, beginning-of-year, or average common equity is used as the denominator. Average common equity is conceptually the best figure to use.In public utility rate cases, people are reported to have deliberately used end-of-year or beginning-of-year equity to make returns on equity appear exces-sive or inadequate. Similar problems can arise when a firm is being evaluated.7-9 Source(+)2002 2001 or Use(-)?Cash $ 400 $ 500 +Accounts receivable 250 300 +Inventory 450 400 -Current assets 1,100 1,200Net property & equipment 1,000 950 -aTotal assets $2,100 $2,150Accounts payable $ 200 $ 400 -Accruals 300 250 +Notes payable 400 200 +Current liabilities 900 850Long-term debt 800 900 - Total liabilities 1,700 1,750Common stock 250 300 -Retained earnings 150 100 +bTotal liabilities $2,100 $2,150and equitya The book value of property & equipment is stated net of depreciation.Because the book value of fixed assets increased, and depreciation is an adjustment that reduces the account balance, Batelan must have purchased additional fixed assets; but, without more information we cannot determine the amount of the purchase.b The retained earning balance increased in 2002, so Batelan must havegenerated a positive net income. But, without additional information (i.e.the amount of net income), we cannot tell whether dividends were paid in 2002.7-10 Total EffectCurrent Current on NetAssets Ratio Incomea. Cash is acquired through issuanceof additional common stock. + + 0b. Merchandise is sold for cash. + + +(When merchandise is sold, its price is greater than its cost.)c. Federal income tax due forthe previous year is paid. ─ + 0(Both current assets and current liabilities decrease by the samedollar amount. But, because the current ratio is greater than 1.0,it increases as a result of the payment.)d. A fixed asset is sold forless than book value. + + ─e. A fixed asset is sold formore than book value. + + +f. Merchandise is sold on credit. + + +g. Payment is made to tradecreditors for previous purchases. ─ + 0h. A cash dividend is declaredand paid. ── 0i. Cash is obtained through short-term bank loans. + ─ 0j. Short-term notes receivableare sold at a discount. ───k. Marketable securities aresold below cost. ───l. Advances are made to employees. 0 0 0(There is no change in current assets or the current ratio because cash decreases by the same amount prepaid expenses increases.) m. Current operating expensesare paid. ───to trade creditors in exchangefor past due accounts payable. 0 0 0o. Ten-year notes are issued topay off accounts payable. 0 + 0p. A fully depreciated assetis retired. 0 0 0q. Accounts receivable are collected. 0 0 0r. Equipment is purchased withshort-term notes. 0 ─ 0s. Merchandise is purchased on credit. + ─ 0t. The estimated taxes payableare increased. 0 ──SOLUTIONS7-1a.Dollar amounts are in millions.Poor9.9% 7.7% 376$8.28$assets Total income Net averageNear 4.6% 4.1% 700$8.28$Sales income Net Marginal45.0% 48.1% 376$181$assets Total debt Total Average4.1 4.0 175$700$assets Fixed Sales Bad7.2 5.5 101$560$s Inventorie sold goods of Cost Poordays 33.5 days 41.1 )360/700($80$360/Sales receivable Accounts Average3.9 8.3 53$201$s liabilitie Current assets Current Comment Average Argile Industry======??==??====??==b.The ratios do not show any particular strengths. However, Argile does have a low inventory turnover, higher than normal days sales outstanding, and poor return on assets. According to its 2001 ratios, it appears Argile has liquidity problems. c.Ratio 20022001 TrendCurrent ratio 3.6?3.8? Worse Days sales outstanding 43.2 days 41.1 days Worse Inventory turnover4.4?5.5? Worse Fixed assets turnover 3.9? 4.0? Same Debt ratio51.1% 48.1% WorseProfit margin on sales 3.6% 4.1% Worse Return on assets 6.3%7.7%WorseThe above comparison shows that Argile's financial position worsened from 2001 to 2002.d. It would be helpful to know the future plans Argile has with respect to improving its currentfinancial position, introducing new products, liquidating unprofitable investments, and so on. Perhaps the fixed assets turnover ratio and return on assets figures are low because the firm has expanded its product distribution, and this process has a large cost "up front" with significant payoffs beginning in two or three years.7-2 a.60.0%61.90% 500,947$500,586$assets Total debt Total 9.0%7.56% 000,361$300,27$equity Common income Net 3.6%2.88% 500,947$300,27$assets Total income Net 1.2%1.70% 500,607,1$300,27$Sales income Net 3.0 1.70 500,947$500,607,1$assets Total Sales 5.6 5.60 500,241$000,353,1$s Inventorie sold goods of Cost days35.0 days 24.75 28.465,4$000,336$360/Sales receivable Accounts 2.0 98.1 000,330$000,655$s liabilitie Current assets Current Average Campsey Industry ========?========b.For Campsey, ROA = PM ? TA turnover = 1.7% ? 1.7 = 2.89%.For the industry, ROA = 1.2% ? 3.0 = 3.6%.c.Campsey's days sales outstanding is more than twice as long as the industry average, indicating that the firm should tighten credit or enforce a more stringent collection policy. The total assets turnover ratio is well below the industry average so sales should be increased, assets decreased, or both. While Campsey's profit margin is higher than the industry average, its other profitability ratios are low compared to the industry--net income should be higher given the amount of equity and assets. However, the company seems to be in an average liquidity position and financial leverage is similar to others in the industry. d.If 2002 represents a period of supernormal growth for Campsey, ratios based on this year will be distorted and a comparison between them and industry averages will have little meaning. Potential investors who look only at 2002 ratios will be misled, and a return to normal conditions in 2003 could hurt the firm's stock price.7-3(1) Total liabilities and equity = Total assets = $300,000.(2) Debt = (0.50)(Total assets) = (0.50)($300,000) = $150,000. (3) Accounts payable = Debt ─ Long-term debt = $150,000 ─$60,000= $90,000.(4) (5)Sales = (1.5)(Total assets) = (1.5)($300,000) = $450,000.(6)Cost of goods sold = Sales(1 - 0.25) = $450,000(.75) = $337,500(7)Inventory = (CGS)/5 = $337,500/5 = $67,500.(8)Accounts receivable = (Sales/360)(DSO)= ($450,000/360)(36) = $45,000.(9) (Cash + Accounts receivable)/(Accounts payable) = 0.80? Cash + Accounts receivable = (0.80)(Accts payable) Cash + $45,000 = (0.80)($90,000) Cash = $72,000 ─ $45,000= $27,000.(10) Fixed assets = Total assets ─ (Cash + Accts Rec. + Inventories) = $300,000 ─ ($27,000 + $45,000 + $67,500) = $160,500.$52,500= $97,500 $150,000 $300,000 = earnings Retained - Debt - equity and s liabilitie Total = stock Common ??? ????? ?? Balance Sheet Cash$ 27,000 Accounts payable $ 90,000Accounts receivables 45,000 Long-term debt 60,000 Inventories 67,500 Common stock 52,500 Fixed assets 160,500 Retained earnings 97,500 Total assets$300,000$300,0007-4 a.12.9%8.57% 315$27$ equity Total income Net equitytotal on Return 9.0%6.00% 450$27$ assets Total income Net assets total onReturned 3.0%3.40% 795$27$ Sales income Net margin Profit 3.0 1.77 450$795$ assets Total Sales Turnover assets Total 6.0 5.41 147$795$ assets Fixed Sales Turnoverassets Fixed days24.0 days 29.89 360/795$66$ 360/Sales receivable AccountsDSO 8.5 4.15 159$660$ s Inventorie sold goods of Cost turnoverInventory7.0 11.00 5.4$5.49$ Interest EBIT earned interestTimes 30.0%30.00% 450$135$ assets Total Debt assetstotal to Debt 2.0 2.73 111$303$ s liabilitie Current assets Current ratio Current Average Finnerty Industry==============================b. ROA = Profit margin ? Total assets turnover=Net income Sales Sales Total assets = 3.4% 1.77 = 6.0%=$27$795$795$450Finnerty Industry Comment Profit margin 3.4% 3.0% Good Total assets turnover 1.77? 3.0? Poor Return on total assets 6.0%9.0% Poorc. Analysis of the Du Pont equation and the set of ratios shows that the turnover ratio of sales toassets is quite low. Either sales should be increased at the present level of assets, or the current level of assets should be decreased to be more in line with current sales. Thus, the problem appears to be in the balance sheet accounts.d. The comparison of inventory turnover ratios shows that other firms in the industry seem to begetting along with about half as much inventory per unit of sales as Finnerty. If Finnerty's inventory could be reduced this would generate funds that could be used to retire debt, thus reducing interest charges and improving profits, and strengthening the debt position. There might also be some excess investment in fixed assets, perhaps indicative of excess capacity, as shown by a slightly lower than average fixed assets turnover ratio. However, this is not nearly as clear-cut as the over-investment in inventory.e. If Finnerty had a sharp seasonal sales pattern, or if it grew rapidly during the year, many ratiosmight be distorted. Ratios involving cash, receivables, inventories, and current liabilities, as well as those based on sales, profits, and common equity, could be biased. It is possible to correct for such problems by using average rather than end-of-period figures.7-5 a. Here are Cary's base case ratios and other data as compared to the industry:Cary Industry Comment Quick 0.85? 1.0? Weak Current 2.33 2.7? Weak Inventory turnover 4.00? 5.8? PoorDays sales outstanding 37 days 32 days Poor Fixed assets turnover 10.0? 13.0? Poor Total assets turnover 2.34? 2.6? Poor Return on assets 5.9% 9.1% Bad Return on equity 13.07% 18.2% Bad Debt ratio 54.8% 50.0% High Profit margin on sales 2.5% 3.5% Bad EPS $4.71 n.a. -- Stock Price $23.57 n.a. -- P/E ratio 5.0? 6.0? Poor M/B ratio 0.65 n.a. --Cary appears to be badly managed--all of its ratios are worse than the industry averages, and the result is low earnings, a low P/E, a low stock price, and a low M/B ratio. The company needs to do something to improve.b.A decrease in the inventory level would improve the inventory turnover, total assets turnover, and ROA, all of which are too low. It would have some impact on the current ratio, but it is difficult to say precisely how that ratio would be affected. If the lower inventory level allowed Cary to reduce its current liabilities, then the current ratio would improve. The lower cost of goods sold would improve all of the profitability ratios and, if dividends were not increased, would lower the debt ratio through increased retained earnings. All of this should lead to a higher market/book7-6We are given ROA = 3% and Sales/Total assets = 1.5?.From Du Pont equation: ROA = Profit margin ? Total assets turnover 3% = Profit margin (1.5) Profit margin = 3%/1.5 = 2%.We can also calculate Zumwalt's debt ratio in a similar manner, given the facts of the problem. We aregiven ROA, which is NI/A and ROE, which is NI/Equity; if we use the reciprocal of ROE we have the following equation: Debt/Assets = 1 - Equity/A = 1 - 0.60 = 0.40 = 40.0%Thus, Zumwalt's net profit margin = 2% and its debt ratio = 40%.7-7 Present current ratio = $1,312,500/$525,000 = 2.5Minimum current ratio = $1,312,500 + NP$525,000 + NP ?? = 2.0$1,312,500 + ΔNP = $1,050,000 + 2ΔNPΔNP = $262,500.Short-term debt can increase by a maximum of $262,500 without violating a 2-to-1 current ratio, assuming that the entire increase in notes payable is used to increase current assets. Because we assumed that the additional funds would be used to increase inventory, the inventory account will increase to $637,500, and current assets will total $1,575,000.Quick ratio = ($1,575,000 ─ $637,500)/$787,500 = $937,500/$787,500 = 1.19? 7-8 (1)Current liabilities = $270,000. (2)Inventories = $432,000.=?=0.3s liabilitie Current 000,810$0.3sliabilitie Current assetsCurrent ?=-?=4.1$270,000s Inventorie $810,000 4.1sliabilitie Current sInventorie -assets Current(3) Current assets = Cash & Marketable securities+ Accounts receivable + Inventories$810,000 = $120,000 + Accounts receivable + $432,000Accounts receivable = $258,000.(4) ?=?=0.5$432,000CGS0.5Inventory sold goods of CostCGS = $2,160,000.(5) CGS = 0.86 (Sales) 628,511,2$86.0000,160,2$Sales ==(6)7-9TIE = EBIT/INT, so find EBIT and INT. Interest = $500,000 ? 0.1 = $50,000.Net income = $2,000,000 ? 0.05 = $100,000.Taxable income (EBT) = $100,000/(1 - T) = $100,000/0.8 = $125,000. EBIT = $125,000 + $50,000 = $175,000. TIE = $175,000/$50,000 = 3.5?.7-10ROE = NI/EquityNow we need to determine the inputs for the equation from the data that were given. On the left we set up an incomestatement, and we put numbers in it on the right:Sales (given) $10,000- Cost na EBIT (given) $ 1,000 - INT (given) (300) EBT $ 700 - Taxes (30%) (210) NI $ 490Now we can use some ratios to get some more data:Total assets turnover = 2 = S/TA; TA = S/2 = $10,000/2 = $5,000.D/TA = 60%; so E/TA = 40%; therefore, equity = TA ? E/TA= $5,000 ? 0.40 = $2,000days37 360/628,511,2$$258,000 360/Sales receivableAccounts DSO ===ROE = NI/E = $490/$2,000 = 24.5%, and ROA = NI/TA = $490/$5,000 = 9.8%.7-11 a. Currently, ROE is ROE1 = $15,000/$200,000 = 7.5%.The current ratio will be set such that 2.5 = CA/CL. CL is $50,000, and it will not change, so we can solve to find the new level of current assets: CA = 2.5(CL) = 2.5($50,000) = $125,000. Thisis the level of current assets that will produce a current ratio of 2.5?.At present, current assets amount to $210,000, so they can be reduced by $210,000 ─ $125,000 = $85,000.If the $85,000 generated is used to retire common equity, then the new common equity balance will be $200,000 ─ $85,000 = $115,000.Assuming that net income is unchanged, the new ROE will be ROE2 = $15,000/$115,000 =13.04%. Therefore, ROE will increase by 13.04% ─ 7.50% = 5.54%.b. (1) Doubling the dollar amounts would not affect the answer; the ROE increase would still be5.54%.(2) Current assets would increase by $25,000, which would mean a new ROE of$15,000/$140,000 = 10.71%, which would mean a difference of 10.71% ─7.50% =3.21%.(3)If the company had 10,000 shares outstanding, then its EPS would be $15,000/10,000 = $1.50. The stock has a book value of $200,000/10,000 = $20, so the shares retiredwould be $85,000/$20 = 4,250, leaving 10,000 ─ 4,250 = 5,750 shares. The new EPSwould be $15,000/5,750 = $2.6087, so the increase in EPS would be $2.6087 ─ $1.50 =$1.1087, which is a 73.91% increase, the same as the increase in ROE.(4)If the stock was selling for twice book value, or 2 ? $20 = $40, then only half as manyshares could be retired ($85,000/$40 = 2,125), so the remaining shares would be 10,000─ 2,125 = 7,875, and the new EPS would be $15,000/7,875 = $1.9048, for an increase of$1.9048 ─ $1.5000 = $0.4048.c. We could have started with lower inventories and higher accounts receivable, then had youcalculate the DSO, then move to a lower DSO that would require a reduction in receivables, andthen determine the effects on ROE and EPS under different conditions. Similarly, we couldhave focused on fixed assets and the FA turnover ratio. In any of these cases, we could have hadyou use the funds generated to retire debt, which would have lowered interest charges and consequently increased net income and EPS.If we had to increase assets, then we would have had to finance this increase by adding eitherdebt or equity, which would have lowered ROE and EPS, other things held constant.Finally, note that we could have asked some conceptual questions about the problem, either as apart of the problem or without any reference to the problem. For example, "If funds are generatedby reducing assets, and if those funds are used to retire common stock, will the effect on EPSand/or ROE be affected by whether or not the stock sells above, at, or below book value?"7-12 a. Sources and Uses of Funds Analysis:Lloyd Lumber CompanyBalance Sheets (millions of dollars)Jan. 1 Dec. 31 Source UseCash $ 7 $ 15 $ 8Marketable securities 0 11 11Net receivables 30 22 $ 8Inventories 53 75 22Gross fixed assets $ 75 $125 50 Less: depreciation ( 25) ( 35) 10Net fixed assets $ 50 $ 90Total assets $140 $213Accounts payable $ 18 $ 15 3 Notes payable 3 15 12Other current liabilities 15 7 8 Long-term debt 8 24 16 Common stock 29 57 28 Retained earnings 67 95 28 Total liabilitiesand equity $140 $213 $102 $102b. Lloyd Lumber CompanyStatement of Cash Flows, 2002(millions of dollars)Operating Activities:Net income $ 33Other additions (sources of cash):Depreciation $ 10Decrease in accounts receivable 8Subtractions (uses of cash):Increase in inventories ($22)Decrease in accounts payable (3)Decrease in other current liabilities (8)Net cash flow from operations $ 18Long-term Investing Activities:Acquisition of fixed assets ($ 50)Financing Activities:Increase in notes payable $ 12Sale of long-term debt 16Sale of common stock 28Payment of dividends ( 5)Net cash flow from financing $ 51Net increase in cash and marketablesecurities $ 19Cash and marketable securities atbeginning of year 7Cash and marketable securities atend of year $ 26c. Investments were made in plant and inventories. Funds were also utilized to reduce accounts payable and other current liabilities and to increase the cash and marketable securities accounts. Most funds were obtained by increasing long-term debt, selling common stock, and retaining earnings. The remainder was obtained from increasing notes payable and reducing receivables. A quick check of the ratios shows that the company's credit has not deteriorated--the current and quick ratios have increased, and the debt ratio has gone down slightly. Ratio analysis and the sources and uses statement both indicate a healthy situation.7-13 a. Dollars are in millions.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.0 $12.0Costs, except depreciation* (9.0) (9.0)Depreciation (1.5) ---Total operating costs (10.5) ( 9.0) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 1.5 $ 3.0 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.6) ( 0.6) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 0.9Add back depreciation 1.5Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 2.4 $ 2.4* Costs, except depreciation = 0.75 $12.0 = $9.0b. Depreciation doubles.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.0 $12.0Costs, except depreciation (9.0) (9.0)Depreciation (3.0) ---Total operating costs (12.0) ( 9.0) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 0.0 $ 3.0 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 0.0Add back depreciation 3.0Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 3.0 $ 3.0c. Depreciation halves.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.00 $12.00Costs, except depreciation (9.00) (9.00)Depreciation (0.75) ---Total operating costs ( 9.75) ( 9.00) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 2.25 $ 3.00 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.90) ( 0.90) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 1.35Add back depreciation 0.75Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 2.10 $ 2.10d. The after-tax cash flows are greater if Congress increases the allowance for depreciation, so you should prefer greater depreciation.7-14 The solution is given in the Instructor's Manual, Solutions to Integrative Problems. 7-17 Computer-Related Problema. The revised data and ratios are shown below:INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 84,527 Quick 1.2 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 3.0 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 6.1 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.5 2.6ROA 10.5% 9.1% Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 19.9% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 47.0% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 4.2% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $7.78 n.a.Retained earnings 325,237 Stock Price $46.68 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,699,527 M/B 1.19 n.a.Total claims $1,699,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,450,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000Net income $ 178,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95Under these new conditions, Cary Corporation looks much better. Its turnover ratiosare still low, but its ROA and ROE are above the industry average, its estimated P/Eratio is better, and its stock price is anticipated to double. There is still room forimprovement, but the company is in much better shape.b. The financial statements and ratios for the scenario in which the cost of goods solddecreases by an additional $125,000 are shown on the next page. As you can see, the profit ratios are quite high and the stock price has risen to $66.24.INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 159,527 Quick 1.4 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 3.2 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 4.8 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.4 2.6ROA 14.3% 9.1% Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 26.0% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 45.0% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 5.9% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $11.04 n.a.Retained earnings 400,237 Stock Price $66.24 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,774,527 M/B 1.56 n.a.Total claims $1,774,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,325,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000__________Net income $ 253,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95c. The financial statements and ratios for the scenario in which the cost of goods soldincreases by $125,000 over the revised estimate are shown on the next page. As you can see, profits would decline sharply. The ROE would drop to 12.6%, EPS wouldfall to $4.52, the stock price would drop to $27.11, and the M/B ratio would be only0.76.INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 9,527 Quick 1.0 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 2.8 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 5.1 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.6 2.6ROA 6.4% 9.1%Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 12.6% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 49.2% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 2.4% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $4.52 n.a.Retained earnings 250,237 Stock Price $27.11 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,624,527 M/B 0.76 n.a.Total claims $1,624,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,575,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000__________Net income $ 103,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95d. Computer models allow us to analyze quickly the impact of operating and financialdecisions on the firm's overall performance. A firm can analyze its financial ratios under different scenarios to see what might happen if a decision, such as the purchase of a new asset, did not produce the expected results. This gives the managers some idea about what might happen under the best and worst cases and helps them to make better decisions.。

Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 15 The Money Supply Process15.1 Three Players in the Money Supply Process1) The government agency that oversees the banking system and is responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States isA) the Federal Reserve System.B) the United States Treasury.C) the U.S. Gold Commission.D) the House of Representatives.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Individuals that lend funds to a bank by opening a checking account are calledA) policyholders.B) partners.C) depositors.D) debt holders.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The three players in the money supply process includeA) banks, depositors, and the U.S. Treasury.B) banks, depositors, and borrowers.C) banks, depositors, and the central bank.D) banks, borrowers, and the central bank.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Of the three players in the money supply process, most observers agree that the most important player isA) the United States Treasury.B) the Federal Reserve System.C) the FDIC.D) the Office of Thrift Supervision.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking15.2 The Fed's Balance Sheet1) Both ________ and ________ are Federal Reserve assets.A) currency in circulation; reservesB) currency in circulation; securitiesC) securities; loans to financial institutionsD) securities; reservesAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The monetary liabilities of the Federal Reserve includeA) securities and loans to financial institutions.B) currency in circulation and reserves.C) securities and reserves.D) currency in circulation and loans to financial institutions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Both ________ and ________ are monetary liabilities of the Fed.A) securities; loans to financial institutionsB) currency in circulation; reservesC) securities; reservesD) currency in circulation; loans to financial institutionsAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) The sum of the Fed's monetary liabilities and the U.S. Treasury's monetary liabilities is calledA) the money supply.B) currency in circulation.C) bank reserves.D) the monetary base.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) The monetary base consists ofA) currency in circulation and Federal Reserve notes.B) currency in circulation and the U.S. Treasury's monetary liabilities.C) currency in circulation and reserves.D) reserves and Federal Reserve Notes.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Total reserves minus bank deposits with the Fed equalsA) vault cash.B) excess reserves.C) required reserves.D) currency in circulation.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking7) Reserves are equal to the sum ofA) required reserves and excess reserves.B) required reserves and vault cash reserves.C) excess reserves and vault cash reserves.D) vault cash reserves and total reserves.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) Total reserves are the sum of ________ and ________.A) excess reserves; borrowed reservesB) required reserves; currency in circulationC) vault cash; excess reservesD) excess reserves; required reservesAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Excess reserves are equal toA) total reserves minus discount loans.B) vault cash plus deposits with Federal Reserve banks minus required reserves.C) vault cash minus required reserves.D) deposits with the Fed minus vault cash plus required reserves.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) Total Reserves minus vault cash equalsA) bank deposits with the Fed.B) excess reserves.C) required reserves.D) currency in circulation.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) The amount of deposits that banks must hold in reserve isA) excess reserves.B) required reserves.C) total reserves.D) vault cash.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) The percentage of deposits that banks must hold in reserve is theA) excess reserve ratio.B) required reserve ratio.C) total reserve ratio.D) currency ratio.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, and one million dollars in required reserves. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in excess reserves.A) threeB) nineC) tenD) elevenAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, and one million dollars in required reserves. Given this information, we can say First National Bank faces a required reserve ratio of ________ percent.A) tenB) twentyC) eightyD) ninetyAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, and nine million dollars in excess reserves. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in required reserves.A) oneB) twoC) eightD) tenAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinkingvault cash, eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, and nine million dollars in excess reserves. Given this information, we can say First National Bank faces a required reserve ratio of ________ percent.A) tenB) twentyC) eightyD) ninetyAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, one million dollars in required reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in excess reserves.A) twoB) eightC) nineD) tenAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, one million dollars in required reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in vault cash.A) twoB) eightC) nineD) tenAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, nine million dollars in excess reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in required reserves.A) oneB) twoC) eightD) tenAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinkingvault cash, nine million dollars in excess reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve.A) oneB) twoC) eightD) tenAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, one million dollars in required reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars in excess reserves.A) oneB) twoC) nineD) tenAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking22) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds two million dollars in vault cash, one million dollars in required reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has ________ million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve.A) oneB) twoC) eightD) tenAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking23) Suppose that from a new checkable deposit, First National Bank holds eight million dollars on deposit with the Federal Reserve, nine million dollars in excess reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has________ million dollars in required reserves.A) oneB) twoC) nineD) tenAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinkingon deposit with the Federal Reserve, nine million dollars in excess reserves, and faces a required reserve ratio of ten percent. Given this information, we can say First National Bank has________ million dollars in vault cash.A) oneB) twoC) nineD) tenAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) The interest rate the Fed charges banks borrowing from the Fed is theA) federal funds rate.B) Treasury bill rate.C) discount rate.D) prime rate.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking26) When banks borrow money from the Federal Reserve, these funds are calledA) federal funds.B) discount loans.C) federal loans.D) Treasury funds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking15.3 Control of the Monetary Base1) The monetary base minus currency in circulation equalsA) reserves.B) the borrowed base.C) the nonborrowed base.D) discount loans.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking2) The monetary base minus reserves equalsA) currency in circulation.B) the borrowed base.C) the nonborrowed base.D) discount loans.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) High-powered money minus reserves equalsA) reserves.B) currency in circulation.C) the monetary base.D) the nonborrowed base.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) High-powered money minus currency in circulation equalsA) reserves.B) the borrowed base.C) the nonborrowed base.D) discount loans.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) Purchases and sales of government securities by the Federal Reserve are calledA) discount loans.B) federal fund transfers.C) open market operations.D) swap transactions.Answer: CAACSB: Written and oral communication6) When the Federal Reserve purchases a government bond from a primary dealer, reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________, everything else held constant.A) increase; increasesB) increase; decreasesC) decrease; increasesD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking7) When the Federal Reserve sells a government bond to a primary dealer, reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________, everything else held constant.A) increase; increasesB) increase; decreasesC) decrease; increasesD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) When a primary dealer sells a government bond to the Federal Reserve, reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________, everything else held constant.A) increase; increasesB) increase; decreasesC) decrease; increasesD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) When a primary dealer buys a government bond from the Federal Reserve, reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________, everything else held constant.A) increase; increasesB) increase; decreasesC) decrease; increasesD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) When the Fed buys $100 worth of bonds from a primary dealer, reserves in the banking systemA) increase by $100.B) increase by more than $100.C) decrease by $100.D) decrease by more than $100.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) When the Fed sells $100 worth of bonds to a primary dealer, reserves in the banking systemA) increase by $100.B) increase by more than $100.C) decrease by $100.D) decrease by more than $100.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) When the Fed extends a $100 discount loan to the First National Bank, reserves in the banking systemA) increase by $100.B) increase by more than $100.C) decrease by $100.D) decrease by more than $100.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) All else the same, when the Fed calls in a $100 discount loan previously extended to the First National Bank, reserves in the banking systemA) increase by $100.B) increase by more than $100.C) decrease by $100.D) decrease by more than $100.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) When the Federal Reserve extends a discount loan to a bank, the monetary base ________ and reserves ________.A) remains unchanged; decreaseB) remains unchanged; increaseC) increases; increaseD) increases; remain unchangedAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) When the Federal Reserve calls in a discount loan from a bank, the monetary base ________ and reserves ________.A) remains unchanged; decreaseB) remains unchanged; increaseC) decreases; decreaseD) decreases; remains unchangedAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking16) If the Fed decides to reduce bank reserves, it canA) purchase government bonds.B) extend discount loans to banks.C) sell government bonds.D) print more currency.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) There are two ways in which the Fed can provide additional reserves to the banking system: it can ________ government bonds or it can ________ discount loans to commercial banks.A) sell; extendB) sell; call inC) purchase; extendD) purchase; call inAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) A decrease in ________ leads to an equal ________ in the monetary base in the short run.A) float; increaseB) float; decreaseC) Treasury deposits at the Fed; decreaseD) discount loans; increaseAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) The monetary base declines whenA) the Fed extends discount loans.B) Treasury deposits at the Fed decrease.C) float increases.D) the Fed sells securities.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) An increase in ________ leads to an equal ________ in the monetary base in the short run.A) float; decreaseB) float; increaseC) discount loans; decreaseD) Treasury deposits at the Fed; increaseAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) Suppose a person cashes his payroll check and holds all the funds in the form of currency. Everything else held constant, total reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________.A) remain unchanged; increasesB) decrease; increasesC) decrease; remains unchangedD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking22) Suppose your payroll check is directly deposited to your checking account. Everything else held constant, total reserves in the banking system ________ and the monetary base ________.A) remain unchanged; remains unchangedB) remain unchanged; increasesC) decrease; increasesD) decrease; decreasesAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking23) The Fed does not tightly control the monetary base because it does NOT completely controlA) open market purchases.B) open market sales.C) borrowed reserves.D) the discount rate.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Subtracting borrowed reserves from the monetary base obtainsA) reserves.B) high-powered money.C) the nonborrowed monetary base.D) the borrowed monetary base.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) The relationship between borrowed reserves (BR), the nonborrowed monetary base (MB n), and the monetary base (MB) isA) MB = MB n - BR.B) BR = MB n - MB.C) BR = MB - MB n.D) MB = BR - MB n.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) Explain two ways by which the Federal Reserve System can increase the monetary base. Why is the effect of Federal Reserve actions on bank reserves less exact than the effect on the monetary base?Answer: The Fed can increase the monetary base by purchasing government bonds and by extending discount loans. Because the Fed cannot control the distribution of the monetary base between reserves and currency, it has less control over reserves than the base.AACSB: Reflective Thinking15.4 Multiple Deposit Creation: A Simple Model1) When the Fed supplies the banking system with an extra dollar of reserves, deposits increase by more than one dollar—a process calledA) extra deposit creation.B) multiple deposit creation.C) expansionary deposit creation.D) stimulative deposit creation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) When the Fed supplies the banking system with an extra dollar of reserves, deposits ________ by ________ than one dollar—a process called multiple deposit creation.A) increase; lessB) increase; moreC) decrease; lessD) decrease; moreAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) If the required reserve ratio is equal to 10 percent, a single bank can increase its loans up to a maximum amount equal toA) its excess reserves.B) 10 times its excess reserves.C) 10 percent of its excess reserves.D) its total reserves.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the Fed purchases $100 worth of bonds from a bank that previously had no excess reserves, the bank can now increase its loans byA) $10.B) $100.C) $100 times the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio.D) $100 times the required reserve ratio.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the Fed purchases $100 worth of bonds from a bank that previously had no excess reserves, deposits in the banking system can potentially increase byA) $10.B) $100.C) $100 times the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio.D) $100 times the required reserve ratio.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking6) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the Fed extends a $100 discount loan to a bank that previously had no excess reserves, the bank can now increase its loans byA) $10.B) $100.C) $100 times the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio.D) $100 times the required reserve ratio.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking7) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the Fed extends a $100 discount loan to a bank that previously had no excess reserves, deposits in the banking system can potentially increase byA) $10.B) $100.C) $100 times the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio.D) $100 times the required reserve ratio.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) In the simple model of multiple deposit creation in which banks do not hold excess reserves, the increase in checkable deposits equals the product of the change in reserves and theA) reciprocal of the excess reserve ratio.B) simple deposit expansion multiplier.C) reciprocal of the simple deposit multiplier.D) discount rate.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) The simple deposit multiplier can be expressed as the ratio of theA) change in reserves in the banking system divided by the change in deposits.B) change in deposits divided by the change in reserves in the banking system.C) required reserve ratio divided by the change in reserves in the banking system.D) change in deposits divided by the required reserve ratio.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $1000 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.10.C) 0.05.D) 0.20.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $500 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.10.C) 0.05.D) 0.20Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) If the required reserve ratio is 10 percent, the simple deposit multiplier isA) 5.0.B) 2.5.C) 100.0.D) 10.0Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) If the required reserve ratio is 15 percent, the simple deposit multiplier isA) 15.0.B) 1.5.C) 6.67.D) 3.33.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) If the required reserve ratio is 20 percent, the simple deposit multiplier isA) 5.0.B) 2.5.C) 4.0.D) 10.0.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) If the required reserve ratio is 25 percent, the simple deposit multiplier isA) 5.0.B) 2.5.C) 4.0.D) 10.0.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking16) A simple deposit multiplier equal to one implies a required reserve ratio equal toA) 100 percent.B) 50 percent.C) 25 percent.D) 0 percent.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) A simple deposit multiplier equal to two implies a required reserve ratio equal toA) 100 percent.B) 50 percent.C) 25 percent.D) 0 percent.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) A simple deposit multiplier equal to four implies a required reserve ratio equal toA) 100 percent.B) 50 percent.C) 25 percent.D) 0 percent.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the banking system has excess reserves of $75, and the required reserve ratio is 20%, the potential expansion of checkable deposits isA) $75.B) $750.C) $37.50.D) $375.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the required reserve ratio is 20 percent and the Fed increases reserves by $100, checkable deposits can potentially expand byA) $100.B) $250.C) $500.D) $1,000.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) In the simple deposit expansion model, if the required reserve ratio is 10 percent and the Fed increases reserves by $100, checkable deposits can potentially expand byA) $100.B) $250.C) $500.D) $1,000.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking22) In the simple deposit expansion model, an expansion in checkable deposits of $1,000 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 20 percent implies that the FedA) sold $200 in government bonds.B) sold $500 in government bonds.C) purchased $200 in government bonds.D) purchased $500 in government bonds.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking23) In the simple deposit expansion model, an expansion in checkable deposits of $1,000 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 10 percent implies that the FedA) sold $1,000 in government bonds.B) sold $100 in government bonds.C) purchased $1000 in government bonds.D) purchased $100 in government bonds.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking24) In the simple deposit expansion model, a decline in checkable deposits of $1,000 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 20 percent implies that the FedA) sold $200 in government bonds.B) sold $500 in government bonds.C) purchased $200 in government bonds.D) purchased $500 in government bonds.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) In the simple deposit expansion model, a decline in checkable deposits of $1,000 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 10 percent implies that the FedA) sold $1,000 in government bonds.B) sold $100 in government bonds.C) purchased $1,000 in government bonds.D) purchased $100 in government bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) In the simple deposit expansion model, a decline in checkable deposits of $500 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 10 percent implies that the FedA) sold $500 in government bonds.B) sold $50 in government bonds.C) purchased $50 in government bonds.D) purchased $500 in government bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking27) In the simple deposit expansion model, a decline in checkable deposits of $500 when the required reserve ratio is equal to 20 percent implies that the FedA) sold $250 in government bonds.B) sold $100 in government bonds.C) sold $50 in government bonds.D) purchased $100 in government bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking28) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $400 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.10.C) 0.20.D) 0.25.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking29) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $667 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.05.C) 0.15.D) 0.20.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking30) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $100 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.10.C) 0.20.D) 1.00.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking31) If reserves in the banking system increase by $100, then checkable deposits will increase by $2,000 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.01.B) 0.05.C) 0.10.D) 0.20.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking32) If reserves in the banking system increase by $200, then checkable deposits will increase by $500 in the simple model of deposit creation when the required reserve ratio isA) 0.04.B) 0.25.C) 0.40.D) 0.50.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinkingreserve requirement is 20 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $16,000.B) $20,000.C) $26,000.D) $36,000.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking34) If a bank has excess reserves of $20,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $80,000, and if the reserve requirement is 20 percent, then the bank has total reserves ofA) $16,000.B) $20,000.C) $26,000.D) $36,000.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking35) If a bank has excess reserves of $5,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $80,000, and if the reserve requirement is 20 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $11,000.B) $20,000.C) $21,000.D) $26,000.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking36) If a bank has excess reserves of $15,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $80,000, and if the reserve requirement is 20 percent, then the bank has total reserves ofA) $11,000.B) $21,000.C) $31,000.D) $41,000.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking37) If a bank has excess reserves of $4,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $100,000, and if the reserve requirement is 15 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $17,000.B) $19,000.C) $24,000.D) $29,000.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinkingreserve requirement is 10 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $14,000.B) $19,000.C) $24,000.D) $29,000.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking39) If a bank has excess reserves of $7,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $100,000, and if the reserve requirement is 15 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $17,000.B) $22,000.C) $27,000.D) $29,000.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking40) If a bank has excess reserves of $7,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $100,000, and if the reserve requirement is 10 percent, then the bank has actual reserves ofA) $14,000.B) $17,000.C) $22,000.D) $27,000.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking41) A bank has excess reserves of $6,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $100,000 when the required reserve ratio is 20 percent. If the reserve ratio is raised to 25 percent, the bank's excess reserves will beA) -$5,000.B) -$1,000.C) $1,000.D) $5,000.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking42) A bank has excess reserves of $4,000 and demand deposit liabilities of $100,000 when the required reserve ratio is 20 percent. If the reserve ratio is raised to 25 percent, the bank's excess reserves will beA) -$5,000.B) -$1,000.C) $1,000.D) $5,000.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking。

1．答案可以不一样．答案示例：共产主义制度与亚当斯密的看不见得手是完全相反的.但是最近我们已经注意到了世界范围内许多共产主义国家的失败.在共产主义国家里,据信政府可以做出与私人相比更好的决策去推动经济的繁荣.但是很明显,这种制度没能推动经济的繁荣.亚当斯密认为，完全竞争的市场体制(而不是政府) 一般而言可以更好得配置资源从而推动经济的繁荣.但是,一个完全没有束缚的资本主义社会比如18世纪晚期的西方世界国家可能并不是一个完美的体制.看不见的手使富人更富同时穷人却得不到任何正式的帮助,于是政府计划最终建立了起来促进社会福利和公平.2．在资本主义社会,价格机制有利于做出正确的资源配置决策.资本流向那些能利用它获得最高回报率的部门.从而这样把资本分配到生产率最高的用处,借以增进社会经济的繁荣.而且,金融体系有自己的市场和调解机构,它们可以把风险从最不愿意承担的人那里转移到最愿意承担风险的人那里.一般而言,这将使社会受益而不会有任何的代价.并且,通过允许私人减少或者消除风险,可以形成一个承担商业冒险的社会氛围,这将使社会受益.3．清算和支付:在亚当斯密的时代,正如现在一样有纸币和硬币.但是,由于技术革新(主要是电脑技术的应用与发展)现在有许多其它不同形式的支付手段,例如个人支票,信用卡,资金的借方卡以及电子转帐.而且,某些信用卡和旅行支票在世界上的任何地方都可以被受理,使货币兑换成为过去的一种遗留物.聚集资源和分散股权:在亚当斯密的时代,大部分商业贸易规模都很小,并且由独资企业投资.因此,聚集资源进行大规模投资的需求不像今天这样普遍和重要.而且,电脑和电话技术的革命把全球的资本市场联系起来为更大规模的贸易融资.今天这些公司能进入全世界范围巨大的资产并且找到为大规模工程投资的最便宜的资源转移经济资源：在当代，世界范围内的金融体系使资源和风险及时的从一个人转移到另一个人，从一个地方转移到另一个地方变得更加容易.而在亚当斯密的时代,尽管有金融市场,但是作用有限, 与今天的相比它们都是区域性的,规模小,缺乏效率和创新.风险管理:在亚当斯密的时代,私人和商业都会面对许多与今天相同的风险(财产损毁的风险,金融损失的风险,粮食歉收风险等等)但是,过去只有有限的方法去化解风险.那时虽然有一些保险公司,但主要是管理商业风险而非个人风险,因此也就没有同类型保险去管理个人风险.比如,失业保险.在亚当斯密的时代,农场主几乎没有办法去降低粮食歉收以及粮食价格降低的风险.现在有大量的市场和部门去化解个人及商业风险,还有大量的网络保险公司去把风险从那些想减少的人那里转移到那些想承担更多风险的人那里.价格信息:在亚当斯密的时代,信息传播的速度很慢.当然,那时没有电话,电视和收音机等工具.信息只能通过报纸和信件进行传播.现在,信息可以在世界范围内及时传播.由于电脑和电话技术的发展和创新,安全的价格信息同时在世界范围内通过各种虚拟的途径获得.激励问题:正如上面所讨论的,当代的金融体系是大规模,创新和全球性的.在亚当斯密的时代,如果出现道德风险和逆向选择问题就没有像今天这样高效的金融体系去处理.4. 亚当斯密谈论的自由竞争市场作为一个完整的体系可以把资本分配到使用效率最高和最有价值的地方.在一个自由竞争的股票市场,股票的价格是由供给和需求决定的.那些得到最高回报的公司将会得到最高的价格(或者是最便宜的金融资本).而一些公司将得不到足够的资本因为他们是没有效率的.由于世界范围内的合意投资是巨大的以及有时对于投资者而言很难识别哪个公司是资本最有效率的雇佣者,因此规则应该被制定出来以保证相关的和合乎标准的信息传递给潜在的投资者.这将包括公开和内部的交易以及股票操作方面的规则.但是从市场效率方面而言,一些其它形式的市场规则可能就不是那末重要甚至将有碍整个社会福利的实现.5. 由于大部分学生现在还不能挣钱,也没有积蓄或其它的资本,所以没有哪个中间人会在任何合意的利率水平上承担这样的信用风险.6例如：医药公司；儿童安全设备生产公司；航空公司；银行；医院；环保咨询公司；危险性垃圾处理公司7 我用自己的钱投资的20000美元是（企业主的）股本，其他的80000美元是负债。

国际⾦融中英⽂版（带解析）国际⾦融中英⽂版Chapter 2:Payments among NationsSingle-Choice Questions1. A country?s balance of payments records:⼀个国家的国际收⽀平衡记录了 Ba.The value of all exports of goods and services from that country for a period of time.b.All flows of value between that c ountry?s residents and residents of the rest of theworld during a period of time.在⼀定时间段⾥,⼀个国家居民的资产和其它世界居民资产的流动c.All flows of financial assets that cross that country?s borders during a period of time.d.All flows of goods into that country during a period of time.2.3. A credit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收⽀平衡⾥的贷项是 Aa.An item for which the country must be paid.⼀个国家必须收取的条款b.An item for which the country must pay.c.Any imported item.d.An item that creates a monetary claim owed to a foreigner.4.Every international exchange of value is entered into the balance-of-payments accounts__________ time(s). 每⼀次国际等价交换都记进国际收⽀帐户２次 Ba. 1b. 2c. 3d. 45. A debit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收⽀平衡中的借项是 Ba.An item for which the country must be paid.b.An item for which the country must pay.⼀个国家必须⽀付的条款c.Any exported item.d.An item that creates a monetary claim on a foreigner.6.In a nation's balance of payments, which one of the following items is always recorded as apositive entry? D在国际收⽀中,下列哪个项⽬总被视为有利条项a.Changes in foreign currency reserves.b.Imports of goods and services./doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html itary foreign aid supplied to allied nations.d.Purchases by foreign travelers visiting the country.国外游客在本国发⽣的购买7.The sum of all of the debit items in the balance of payments: 在收⽀平衡中,所有贷项的总和 Ba.Equals the overall balance.b.Equals the sum of all credit items.等于所有借项的总和c.Equals …compensating? transactions.d.Equals the sum of credit items minus errors and omissions.8.Which of the following capital transactions are entered as debits in the U.S. balance ofpayments? 下列哪个资本交易在美国的收⽀平衡中当作借项？Ba. A U.S. resident transfers $100 from his account at Credit Suisse in Basel (Switzerland)to his account at a San Francisco branch of Wells Fargo Bank.b. A French resident transfers $100 from his account at Wells Fargo Bank in SanFrancisco to his Credit Suisse account in Basel.⼀个法国居民在旧⾦⼭的FargoBank⽤其帐户转帐１００美⾦到位于巴塞尔的瑞⼠信贷户⼝c. A U.S. resident sells his IBM stock to a French resident.d. A U.S. resident sells his Credit Suisse stock to a French resident.9.An increase in a nation's financial liabilities to foreign residents is a: ⼀个国家对另⼀个国家⾦融负债的增加是⼀种Ca.Reserve inflow.b.Reserve outflow.c.Capital inflow.资本流⼊d.Capital outflow.10.___A_______ are money-like assets that are held by governments and that are recognized bygovernments as fully acceptable for payments between them. 官⽅国际储备资产是⼀种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的⼀种⽀付⼿段得到充分认可.a.Official international reserve assets 官⽅国际储备资产b.Unofficial international reserve assetsc.Official domestic reserve assetsd.Unofficial domestic reserve assets11.Which of the following is considered a capital inflow? 下列哪项被视为资本流⼊Aa. A sale of U.S. financial assets to a foreign buyer.美国⼀⾦融资产卖给⼀外国买家b. A loan from a U.S. bank to a foreign borrower.c. A purchase of foreign financial assets by a U.S. buyer.d. A U.S. citizen?s repayment of a loan from a foreign bank.12.In a country?s balance of payments, which of the following transactions are debits?⼀个国家的收⽀平衡表中,哪个交易属于借项？ Aa.Domestic bank balances owned by foreigners are decreased.外国⼈拥有的国内银⾏资产的下降b.Foreign bank balances owned by domestic residents are decreased.c.Assets owned by domestic residents are sold to nonresidents.d.Securities are sold by domestic residents to nonresidents.13.The role of ___D_______ is to direct one nation?s savings into another nation?s investments:资⾦流的作⽤是指导⼀个国家的储蓄进⼊到另⼀个国家的投资a.Merchandise trade flowsb.Services flowsc.Current account flowsd.Capital flows资⾦流14.The net value of flows of goods, services, income, and unilateral transfers is called the: 商品,服务,收⼊和单⽅⾯转让等现⾦流的净收益叫经常账⽬（户）Ba.Capital account.b.Current account.经常账⽬（户）c.Trade balance.d.Official reserve balance.15.The net value of flows of financial assets and similar claims (excluding official international reserve asset flows) is called the: ⾦融资产和类似的资产（官⽅国际储备资产流除外）的净值流叫 Aa.Financial account.⾦融帐b.Current account.c.Trade balance.d.Official reserve balance.15.The financial account in the U.S. balance of payments includes: 美国国家收⽀表中的⾦融帐包括：Ba.Everything in the current account.b.U.S. government payments to other countries for the use of military bases.美政府采⽤其它国家军事基地所需⽀付款项c.Profits that Nissan of America sends back to Japan.d.New U.S. investments in foreign countries.16.ＡU.S. resident increasing her holdings of a foreign financial asset causes a: ⼀个美国居民增持⼀外国⾦融资产会引起Da.Credit in the U.S. current account.b.Debit in the U.S. current account.c.Credit in the U.S. capital account.d.Debit in the U.S. capital account.美国资本帐的借帐17.A foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial asset causes a: ⼀个美国居民增持本国⼀⾦融资产会引起 Ca.Credit in the U.S. current account.b.Debit in the U.S. current account.c.Credit in the U.S. capital account.美国资本帐的贷帐d.Debit in the U.S. capital account.18.A deficit in the current account: 经常帐户中的⾚字 Aa.Tends to cause a surplus in the financial account.会导致⾦融帐中的盈余b.Tends to cause a deficit in the financial account.c.Has no relationship to the financial account.d.Is the result of increasing exports and decreasing imports.19.In September, 2005, exports of goods from the U.S. decreased $3.3 billion to $73.4 billion,and imports of goods increased $3.8 billion to $144.5 billion. This increased the deficitin:2005年8⽉,美国商品出⼝降低了33亿美元,共734亿美元；商品进⼝上升到1145亿美元,上长了38亿.这样增加了哪个⽅⾯的⾚字？Ca.The balance of payments.b.The financial account.c.The current account.经常帐户d.Unilateral transfers.20.Which of the following would contribute to a U.S. current account surplus? 以下哪项有助于美国现⾦帐的盈余？ Ba.The United States makes a unilateral tariff reduction on imported goods.b.The United States cuts back on American military personnel stationed in Japan.美国削减在⽇本的军事⼈员c.U.S. tourists travel in large numbers to Asia.d.Russian vodka becomes increasingly popular in the United States.21.Which of the following transactions is recorded in the financial account?以下哪个交易会被当作⾦融帐Aa.Ford motor company builds a new plant in China 福特摩托公司在中国设⽴车间b. A Chinese businessman imports Ford automobiles from the United States.c. A U.S. tourist spends money on a trip to China.d.The New York Yankees are paid $10 million by the Chinese to play an exhibitiongame in Beijing, China.22.If a British business buys U.S. government securities, how will this be entered in the balanceof payments? 如果⼀英国商⼈购买了美国政府的债券,那么这个交易在收⽀平衡表中会被当作是？ Ca.It will appear in the trade account as an import.b.It will appear in the trade account as an export.c.It will appear in the financial account as an increase in U.S. assets held by foreigners.会被当作是外国⼈所有的美国资产增长d.It will appear in the financial account as a decrease in U.S. assets held by foreigners.23.In the balance of payments, the statistical discrepancy or error term is used to: 在收⽀平衡表中, 统计差异与错误项⽬会⽤来确保借帐总和跟贷帐总和⼀致 Aa.Ensure that the sum of all debits matches the sum of all credits.b.Ensure that imports equal the value of exports.c.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-payments deficit.d.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-payments surplus.24.Official reserve assets are: 官⽅储备资产是 Ba.The gold holdings in the nation?s central bank.b.Money like assets that are held by governments and that are recognized bygovernments as fully acceptable for payments between them. 官⽅国际储备资产是⼀种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的⼀种⽀付⼿段得到充分认可/doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html ernment T-bills and T-bonds. /doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html ernment holdings of SDR?s 25.Which of the following constitutes the largest component of the world?s international reserveassets? 下列哪项构成了世界国际储备资产的⼤部份？ Da.Gold.b.Special Drawing Rights.c.IMF Reserve Positions.d.Foreign Currencies.外汇（币）26.The net accumulation of foreign assets minus foreign liabilities is: 海外净资产的积累减去外债等于C/doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html official reserves./doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html domestic investment./doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html foreign investment.国外投资净值/doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html foreign deficit.27.A country experiencing a current account surplus: ⼀个国家经历经常帐户的盈余Ba.Needs to borrow internationally.b.Is able to lend internationally.就有能⼒向外放贷c.Must also have had a surplus in its "overall" balance.d.Spent more than it earned on its merchandise and service trade, international incomepayments and receipts and international transfers.28.The ___C_______ measures the sum of the current account balance plus the private capitalaccount balance. 官⽅结算差额是指经常帐户余额的总和加上私⼈资本帐（B=CA+FA,FA:为⾮官⽅投资和储备）a.Official capital balanceb.Unofficial capital balancec.Official settlements balance官⽅结算差额d.Unofficial settlements balance29.If the overall balance is in __A________, there is an accumulation of official reserve assetsby the country or a decrease in foreign official reserve holdings of the country's assets. 如果综合差额处于盈余，那么会出现本国官⽅储备资产的积累或者国外官⽅储备的减少（B=CA+FA,B+OR=0，OR:官⽅储备⾦额）a.Surplus盈余b.Deficitc.Balanced.Foreign hands30.Which of the following is the current account balance NOT equal to? 以下哪项不等同于现⾦帐 Da.The difference between domestic product and domestic expenditure.b.The difference between national saving and domestic investment./doc/d3d32473ff4733687e21af45b307e87100f6f858.html foreign investment.d.The difference between government saving and government investment. 政府储蓄与政府投资的差值True/False Questions31.Capital inflows are debits and capital outflows are credits. 资⾦流⼊是借项，资⾦外流是贷项32.The net value of the flow of goods, services, income, and gifts is the current account balance.(T) 商品,服务,收⼊和单⽅⾯转让等现⾦流的净收益叫经常账⽬余额33.The net flow of financial assets and similar claims is the private current account balance. ⾦融资产和类似的资产的净值叫经常帐⽬余额34.The majority of countries' official reserves assets are now foreign exchange assets, financialassets denominated in a foreign currency that is readily acceptable in internationaltransactions. (T)⼤部份官⽅储备资产作为以外汇资产和⾦融资产为命名的外币在世界上交易与流通.35.A country's financial account balance equals the country's net foreign investment.⼀个国家的⾦融帐差额相当于⼀个国家的净国外投资36.A country has a current account deficit if it is saving more than it is investing domestically.⼀个国家如果在国内的储蓄⽐投资要⼤,那么会出现经常账⽬⾚字37.The official settlements balance measures the sum of the capital account balance plus thepublic current account balance. 官⽅结算差额是资⾦帐户余额的总额加上公共经常帐户余额38.A nation's international investment position shows its stock of international assets andliabilities at a moment in time. (T)⼀个国家的国际投资状况反映出它在特定时间⾥的国际资产股份以及债务情况.39.A nation is a borrower if its current account is in deficit during a time period. (T)在⼀段时间内,如果⼀个国家的经常帐出现⾚字,那么它就是借⽅.40.A nation is a debtor if its net stock of foreign assets is positive. 如果⼀个国家的国外资产净储备是正数,那么它是借⽅（债务⽅）41.A transaction leading to a foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial assetwill be recorded as a debit on the U.S. financial account.如果⼀项交易引起⼀外国居民增持美国⾦融资产的股份,那么这项交易在美国⾦融帐中会被当作借项42.A credit item is an item for which a country must pay. 贷项是指⼀个国家必须还款的条项43.Gold is a major reserve asset that is currently often used in official reserve transactions. 黄⾦作为主要的储备资产,常被⽤在官⽅储备交易当中.44.The current account balance is equal to the difference between domestic product and nationalexpenditure.(T)经常项⽬余额等于国民⽣产与国民⽀出的差额45.In 2007 U.S. households, businesses and government were buying more goods and servicesthan they were producing.(T)２００７年,美国家庭,商业,政府购买的商品和服务⽐他们⽣产（商品和服务）的要多.46。