Module 1 Small Talk
一、题材内容与学习目的
本模块讨论生活中的闲谈、聊天(small talk) 内容，目的是让学生认识不同文化背景中谈话时的交际规则和交谈的基本技巧，提高学生的社会交际能力。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
informal adj. serious adj. confidently adv. lack v.
advanced adj. nod v. yawn v. sigh v.
prize n. application n. form n. immigration n.
visa n. impolite adj. tidy v. favour n.
reception n. embassy n. certain pron. reply n.
saleswoman n. firm n. fax n. outspoken adj.
motto n. shortcoming n. absence n. systematic adj.
coincidence n. customer n. mature adj. awkward adj.
tease v. typist n. contradict v. pregnant adj.
apology n. cautious adj. acquaintance n. messy adj.
divorce n. fool n. clerk n. haircut n.
anyhow adv. modest adj. brunch n. anniversary n.
hostess n. interrupt v. violate v. function n.
psychologist n. successful adj. imagine v. purpose n.
circumstance n. apologise v.
（2）短语
small talk make friends
(be) nervous about think of
body language look away from
social rules in addition
find out human being
put one’s foot in one’s mouth as a consequence
cheer sb. up leave out
(be) aware of take the lead
show off
2．语法：学习和区别didn’t need to do和needn’t have done的用法。
这两种结构都表示过去不必做某事，但didn’t need to do通常表示“没必要，实际上也没做某事”；而needn’t have done则表示“虽然没必要，但已经做了某事”。例如：
I didn’t need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9:00 a.m.
I needn’t have got there so early because she didn’t come until 10:00.
3．功能：表达有义务和无义务。例如：
You must arrive on time at a party.
You have to arrive on time at a party.
You mustn’t take yellow flowers for the host.
You don’t have to take yellow flowers for the host.
You don’t have to take a gi ft.
You don’t need to take a gift.
4．话题：社交技巧。
Module 2 Fantasy Literature
一、题材内容与学习目的
本模块的主题是幻想小说，阅读课文节选自著名幻想小说His Dark Materials。要求学生掌握相关词汇，培养叙述故事梗概等技能，并提高对中外幻想文学、电影的鉴赏力。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
hero n. novel n. behave v. bush n.
hesitate v. doubt n. direction n. bite v.
arch v. tail n. alarm n. sniff v.
edge n. square adj. shape n. level adj.
bare adj.bend v. dream v. awake adj.
marry v. cottage n. punish v. appeal n.
cafeteria n. envelope n. literary adj. bond n.
output n. schoolchildren n. typewriter n. stateswoman n.
gifted adj. roots n. flesh n. format n.
anecdote n. draft n. burden n. swift adj.
stubborn adj. overcome v. adjustment n. automatic adj.
target n. curriculum n. distribute v. accumulate v.
deposit n. thus adv. attain v. status n.
sorrow n. ought v. magical adj. power n.
possess v.
（2）短语
play an important part in put down
hold out come up to
turn away sweep over
keep one’s eyes on fix on
cast about (be) laden with
look around for put a spell on
(be) associated with appeal to sb.
(be) restricted to ahead of
look back over one’s shoulder catch a glimpse of
set out
2．语法：动词的-ing形式作状语
（1）作时间状语：表示时间，多置于句首，也可置于句末。例如：
Walking in the street, I met a friend of mine.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Don’t laugh while eating.
Before going abroad, he studied in Peking University.
After watching TV, he went to bed.
On arriving in Beijing, he went to see his uncle.
（2）作原因状语：表示原因，多置于句首或句末，也可置于句中。例如：
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
She rang him up, hoping to get his support.
The boy, being very polite, was loved by many teachers.
（3）作条件状语：表示条件，多置于句首。例如：
Working hard, you will succeed.
（4）作让步状语：表示让步，多置于句首。例如：
Though working very hard, he couldn’t make enough money to pay off his debt.
（5）作结果状语：表示结果，常置于句末。例如：
The boy fell off his bike, breaking his right arm.
（6）作方式或伴随状语：表示方式或伴随，多置于句末，也可置于句首。例如：
He sat at the table, reading a magazine.
Laughing and talking, they went into the room.
3．功能：用一般现在时讲故事。例如：
The story is about a girl called Lyra and a boy called Will, and it takes place in several different worlds. In Lyra’s world, everyo ne has a daemon, a creature that is part of them but separate from them at the same time. This daemon can, for example, be a dog or a bird. Your daemon knows everything you think and is your closest friend. In the story, a group of people invent a machine that can separate a person from his daemon. They try the machine on children. Lyra tries to stop this.
4．话题：幻想小说，如His Dark Materials和The Lord of the Rings等。
Module 3 Interpersonal Relationships—Friendship
一、题材内容与学习目的
本模块题材内容为人际关系、友谊，并引入了与此有关的词汇。要求学生理解上述内容并掌握有关的词汇，培养学生积极的友谊观及相关的语言技能。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
close adj. trust v. chat v. note n.
financially adv. amount n. fair n. raise v.
theft n. swing v. count v. lively adj.
quarrel v. & n. regret v.sweets n. alike adj.
betray v. considerate adj. forgive v. loss n.
scold v. hurt adj. bungalow n. pine n.
worm n. cage n. tiny adj. swell v.
walnut n. squirrel n. ripen v. harvest n.
slide v. stony adj. spray n. carpenter n.
broom n. cigar n. slip v. damp adj.
scratch v. heel n. tear v. underwear n.
salute n. spy n. perfect adj. acute adj.
privilege n. rewind v. predict v. click v.
flee v.pace v. couple n. partner n.
mention v. bottom n.
（2）短语
burst out knock … over
lose interest in from time to time
turn round raise money
on the phone make up
keep in touch lose touch with
(be) ashamed of (be) blessed with
(be) allergic to (be) on good terms with
(be) nostalgic for all at once
bring … to mind in return
belong to from the bottom of one’s heart
2．语法：非谓语动词
（1）动词的-ing形式的完成式：动词的-ing形式的完成式由“having+动词的-ed形式”构成。它表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词之前。例如：
Having lost all my old friends, I felt shy and lonely at my new school.
That weekend, having thought about the situation for a while, I decided to ask Roy about the theft.
Having left something in the cloakroom, I went inside to get it.
（2）动词的-ing形式的否定式：动词的-ing形式的否定式通常是在-ing形式的前面加否定词not。例如：
Not knowing what to do, he asked the teacher for advice.
Not having finished his homework, Jack can’t go out to play.
（3）有些动词既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。
1）remember to do：记住要做的事；remember doing：记得过去曾经做过的事。例如：Remember to post the letter before 10.
I remember posting the letter.
2）forget to do：忘记做要做的事；forget doing：忘记了过去曾经做过的事。例如：
I forgot to do my homework yesterday.
I forgot telling him the news.
3）try to do：试图/ 努力做某事；try doing试一试/试着做某事。例如：
He tried to write better.
If the front door is locked, try knocking at the back door.
4）mean to do：打算做某事；mean doing：意味着做某事。例如：
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
Missing this train means waiting for another two hours.
5）regret to do：对发生的事表示“抱歉、遗憾”；regret doing：对已经发生的事表示“后悔”。例如：
I regret to tell you that you failed in this exam.
I regret telling her the news.
6）go on to do：接着做（另一件事）；go on doing：继续做（同一件事）。例如：
After finishing the homework, he went on to write a letter.
After a while, he went on working.
7）stop doing：停止做某事；stop to do停下别的事来做某事。此句型中，stop是不及物动词，不定式作目的状语。例如：
Stop talking. The baby is sleeping.
He was very tired and stopped to have a rest.
8）在need, want, require等动词后用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。例如：
The room needs cleaning. (=The room needs to be cleaned.)
Your composition requires improving. (=Your composition requires to be improved.)
3．功能：谈论人际关系。例如：
I’ve known her for six years.
We first met six years ago. I remember meeting him for the first time.
We’re close friends.
We get on very well. We trust each other.
We sometimes quarrel.
We see each other from time to time.
We’ve lost touch.
We still keep in touch.
4．话题：谈论人际关系。
Module 4 Music
一、题材内容与学习目的
本模块话题是“音乐”，阅读课文为音乐人物专访，文化角阅读文章介绍了美国的一项音乐奖(the Grammy Awards)。学生要学会应用新学词汇、句型等基础知识，围绕话题开展听、说、读、写活动，促进学生正确看待音乐的功能，并通过音乐增长知识、丰富生活。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
relative n. interpret v. characteristic n. poetry n.
poetic adj. combine v. ambition n. regarding prep.
rhyme n. passerby n. pedestrian n. semicircle n.
interval n. plug v. socket n. organ n.
suite n. session n. saucer n. voluntary adj.
shrink v. vacant adj. lid n. handle n.
tap v. mop v. popcorn n. relay v.
liveliness n. relief n. relax v. collection n.
scene n. symbolic adj. honour v. present v.
therefore adv.
（2）短语
give concerts (be) true of
folk song give life to
(be) the same with share feelings and ideas with
make contact with master musician
compose music side road
barrel organ all of a sudden
dance to the music draw upon
in addition to
2．语法：现在完成进行时
（1）现在完成进行时的用法
1）表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，这个动作是否继续下去，则由上下文决定。它常与表示一段时间的状语，如：all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, these few days, for…, since…等连用。例如：
Liu Fang has been living in Canada since then.
I have been waiting for you here for an hour.
He has been doing his homework all this morning.
2）表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作。例如：
I have been meeting her at the library.
I have been telling you to be careful for weeks.
（2）现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”这一概念，有时两者意思差不多，可互相替代。例如：
He has taught English for twenty years.
He has been teaching English for twenty years.
但在强调动作一直在进行即动作的延续性时，多用现在完成进行时；如果强调动作的结果时，则多用现在完成时。例如：
He has been reading the book.
He has read the book.
3．功能：表达情感。例如：
I think it’s wonderful.
It’s ridiculous!
It makes me feel very happy.
I always feel so optimistic when I think of summer.
I feel really happy when I hear it.
I adore listening to songs like that.
I can’t stand listening to songs like tha t.
4．话题：音乐。
Module 5 Cloning
一、题材内容与学习目的
本模块的主题是“克隆”，阅读课文的第一部分介绍小说《弗兰肯斯坦》的故事梗概，第二部分是小说节选。要求学生掌握相关词汇，培养相关语言技能。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
clone v. terrify v. wrinkled adj. wing n.
disgust v. murder v. refuse v. breathe v.
rush v. fear n. identical adj. beneficial adj.
cure v. imaginary adj. head n. acid adj.
bacteria n. tissue n.make-up n. transparent adj.
twisting adj. fundamental adj. component n. pea n.
procedure n. insert v. controversial adj. valid adj.
optional adj. contradictory adj. vice n. virtue n.
flexible adj. compulsory adj. regulation n. handy adj.
resist v. sow v. rot n. pest n.
analyse v. suspect n. spit v. fingernail n.
accompany v. absorb v. arise v. violence n.
（2）短语
burn out contrast with
throw oneself on … make a sound
again and again by mistake
treat … as stem cell
a sequence of (be) identical to
rely on as follows
knock out get out of control
as far as we know break down
vice versa bring … back to life
2．语法：虚拟语气（一）
虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观愿望、假想或建议。
（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中的用法：在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示不可能实现的愿望，谓语动词有以下三种形式：
1）表示目前不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中谓语动词用过去式（be动词一般用were）。例如：
I wish I knew him.
2）表示过去不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中谓语动词用“had + 动词的-ed形式”。例如：
I wish I had not created this creature.
3）表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中谓语动词用“would / could + 动词原形”。例如：
I wish I could fly to the moon one day.
（2）在if引导的非真实条件句中，表示与现在事实相反时，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be动词一般用were），主句的谓语用“would / could / might + 动词原形”的形式。例如：If that happened, it would be terrible.
If I were you, I would ask the teacher for advice.
If he had time, he could go with you.
3．功能：谈论对现在和过去表示遗憾。例如：
I wish I had not created this creature.
I wish I were not here.
I wish I could fly!
I wish I had not done this terrible thing.
4．话题：克隆及科学伦理。
Module 6 War and Peace
一、题材内容与学习目的
通过学习有关诺曼底登陆的文章，讨论“战争与和平”这一话题，培养学生热爱和平的精神。
二、语言知识目标
1．词汇
（1）单词
abandon v. operation n. survivor n. last v.
occupy v. beach n. troop n. commander n.
eventually adv.heroism n. deep adj. wound v.
shocked adj. memorial n. overlook v. condemn v.
nationality n. rescue v. afterwards adv. drop v.
bomb n. campaign n. station n. chain n.
view n. chaos n. senseless adj. courage n.
sacrifice n. memorable adj. company n. baggage n.
bedding n. comb n. confidential adj. mess n.
perfume n. razor n. scissors n. shave v. & n.
stockings n. tractor n. yell v. barbershop n.
moustache n. wax n. sharpener n. jar n.
carrot n. cheers int. liberation n. constitution n.
vinegar n. worthwhile adj. statesman n. encourage v.
helmet n. arm v. disagreement n. personnel n.
civilian n.
（2）短语
declare war on make a breakthrough
pick up war memorial
to one’s astonishment
2．语法：虚拟语气（二）
（1）在if引导的非真实条件句中，表示与过去事实相反时，条件从句的谓语用“had +动词的-ed”形式，主句的谓语用“would / could / might have + 动词的-ed”的形式。例如：If they had reached the beach, they would have been killed.
If Germany hadn’t invaded Poland, the British wouldn’t have declared war.
If I had had the money last week, I could have bought a car.
（2）在if引导的非真实条件句中，表示将来不大可能实现的事情时，条件从句的谓语用“动词的过去式（be动词一般用were）或were to + 动词原形或should + 动词原形”的形式，主句的谓语用“would / could / might + 动词原形”的形式。例如：
If it rained tomorrow, I would not go there.
If it should rain in a few days, the crops could be saved.
If he were to come back this evening, he might help us repair the car.
注意：
（1）有时用without短语代替if从句。例如：
Without air, there would be no living things.
（2）有时条件从句同主句的谓语动词的动作发生的时间不一致（被称为错综时间条件句），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如：
If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.
If I hadn’t spent much time practising speaking English at school, I would not be able to speak it so well now.
If we hadn’t got everything ready now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
3．功能：谈论记忆。例如：
I remember seeing fires in the distance.
I remember that the house shook.
If I remember rightly, we weren’t supposed to do that.
The first thing I remember was the sound of the planes.
I’ll never forget hearing that sound.
4．话题：战争与和平。
Made by Tu Minggang
June 16, 2012
高中英语学习材料 ***鼎尚图文理制作*** 单元质量评估(一) 一、单项选择（共10小题；共10分） 1. Travelling has really helped to broaden our , which makes us wiser. A. differences B. horizons C. shortcomings D. hardships 2. I didn't mean to tell you his name; it was a of my tongue at that time. A. fault B. coincidence C. dilemma D. slip 3. Thousands of young college students have the job, because it provides a high salary, a long paid vacation every year and many other attractive benefits. A. applied for B. turned down C. thrown away D. complained of 4. --- How did you make such rapid progress in your English? Do you have any secrets? --- No. Only hard working. A. in terms of B. in honor of C. by means of D. on behalf of 5. I'd like Jim Jack, to go to the farewell party on behalf of our class. A. more than B. less than C. rather than D. or rather 6. --- Why are you so late, Tom? --- I was on half the way when it to me that I had left my notebook at home, so I had to fetch it. A. occurred B. hit C. happened D. reminded 7. --- Miss Brown is very busy, isn't she? --- Yes, she is. She has greater responsibilities so far. A. taken off B. taken out C. taken in D. taken on 8. the courses(跑道) for the sports meeting gave us much pleasure as well as knowledge. A. Looking out B. Marking out C. Taking out D. Breaking out 9. The maths examination was rather difficult; to our joy, the students passed it. A. a great many B. a great many of C. a great deal of D. plenty of 10. Such differences that we're moving from one level of understanding to another. A. suppose B. control C. indicate D. improve 二、完形填空（共20小题；共30分）
必修1 第一单元ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I came here. …For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at
. Unit 1 1.加利福尼亚（州） 2.加利福尼亚（州）人 3.vt. 说明；阐明 4.adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的 5.n. 差别；区分；卓著 6.n. （从外国移入的）移民 7.继续存在；继续生存 8.n. 海峡 9.白令海峡 10.adj. 北极的；北极区的 11.北极 12.n. 手段；方法 13.用……办法；借助…… 14.adj. 史前的 15.n. 大多数；大半 16.n.（政府的）部；（全体）牧师；牧师的 职责 17.adj. 天主教的n.天主教徒 18.n. 阿拉斯加（州） 19.n. 圣弗朗西斯科（也称旧金山） 20.n. 冒险家 21.习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 22.prep. 尽管；不管 23.n. 苦难；困苦 24.vt. 选择；决定做某事；选举某人 25.adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的 26.n. 铁路；扶手；（护栏的）横条 27.n. 百分比；百分率 28.n. 洛杉矶 29.n. 意大利 30.n. 意大利人；意大利语adj.意大利人 的；意大利语的 31.n. 丹麦（北欧国家） 32.坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等） 33.n. 好莱坞；美国电影业 34.n. （人口、贸易的）繁荣vi. 处于经 济迅速发展时期 35.n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机 36.n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨语 37.n. 韩国；朝鲜 38.n. 韩国/朝鲜人；朝鲜/韩语adj.韩 国（人/语）的；朝鲜（人/语）的39.n. 巴基斯坦 40.adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的n.巴基斯坦人 41.vi. 移入（外国定居） 42.n. 移民；移居入境 43.adj. 人种的；种族的 44.n. 横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道 45.n. & adj. 代理；副职 46.n. 侄子；外甥 47.n. 地极；电极；磁极 48.n. 申请人 49.n. 海关；关税；进口税 50.n. 社会主义者；社会党人adj.社会主 义者的 51.n. 社会主义 52.vi. 发生；出现 53.n. 牛（总称） 54.n. （美）讲西班牙语的美国人 55.vt. 指出；指示；表明；暗示 56.背靠背 57.n. 行李（<美>baggage） 58.vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven)刮；剃 59.n. 缆绳；绳索；电缆 60.缆车；（美）有轨缆车 61.安德鲁·海利迪 62.n. （有轨）电车 63.adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的 64.adv. 显然地；显而易见地 65.n. 闸；刹车；制动器Vi. & vt. 刹 （车）；用制动器减速 66.n. (公车)售票员；列车员;（乐队）指挥 67.vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤n.滑动；滑倒 68.n. 码头 69.n. 面包房；面包厂 70.n. 渡船；渡口vt.摆渡；渡运 71.天使岛 72.与……合作或一起工作 73.vt. & n. 租用；雇用 74.adj. 迷人的；吸引人的 75.划线；标出……界线 76.n. 海鸥 77.包括；吸收 78.n. 角；角度 79.许多；很多 80.申请；请示得到
英语学科知识与能力精 编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】
第一章英语语言基础知识 第一节中学英语语音知识 一，字母，音素（phoneme）和音标（phoneme symbol）： 1. 根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍以及阻碍程度，将26个英文字母分为 元音字母： a e i o u 半元音字母：w y 辅音：其他 （注）区分元音vowels的方法： 舌头抬起的高度——高中低 舌头最高部分的位置——前中后 元音的长度或紧度——长元音短元音 唇的圆展度——圆唇非圆唇 2.英语音素： （注）英语音标发音方法巧记： · /p/ ，/t/，/k/，/f/ ，/s/，/b/，/d/，/g/，/z/，/h/，/r/，/m/，/n/，/j/，/ w/与汉语拼音了的声母发音一致。 · /θ/像一张嘴，咬住舌头，正是这个音标的发音。/e/与之相同，只不过清浊有变 化。 · /v/就是拼音的w（乌）。 · /?/是拼音的sh（师）。
· /ts/是拼音的c（次）。 · /t?/是拼音的ch（吃）。 · /tr/发音像汉字“戳” · /?/是拼音的r（日）。 · /dz/很难表达啊...有z（资）的音，但是前面浊化了。· /d?/是拼音的zh（知）。 · /dr/读“捉” · /?/是拼音的ng（就是ang eng ing ong的后半部分）
二，语音的变化： 1.音节：一个音节至少有一个元音字母 1）重读：Stressed 2）连音：liaison 辅音+元音 R/re+元音 辅音+半元音 元音+元音 4）音的同化：assimilation 1 因唇形的影响而发生的同化： （1）[n], [d], [t]在双唇音[m], [b], [p]前面被同化，如ten men (十个人) 音 鼻辅音 舌侧音 （浊辅音） [l]齿 龈边音 [r]舌尖 齿龈后部 摩擦音 半元音 （浊辅音） [w]舌 后软颚半元音 [j]舌前硬颚半元 音 双唇音：bilabial 软腭：velar 齿槽：alveolar 上颚：palatal 齿音：dentals
Test for Module 8 Unit 1-2 I. 词汇检测（共10小题, 每空1分, 满分10分） 1)单词拼写(5分) 1. He was late for school, so he s____________ into the classroom by the back door in order not to be noticed by his teacher. 2. Don't b____________ me with your silly questions. I have a lot of work to do now. 3. Thoughts are expressed by m____________ of words. We should learn to express ourselves. 4. If I could o____________ $9000 scholarships annually, I would be able to complete my studies. 5. Thanks to the good policy, economy is b____________, which has created job opportunities. 2）请用所给词的适当形式填空(5分) 6. She could not resist ________________ (laugh) at him in those clothes. 7. I really object to __________________ (treat) like this. It is unfair to me. 8. If you go on working like this, you're bound _________________ (break) down sooner or later. 9. Builders sometimes have to wait up to 2 years from submitting an _________________ (apply) until permission is granted. 10. I __________________ (forbid) from going out with my friends last night. II. 完形填空（共20小题；每小题2分, 满分40分） Yesterday was a very rainy day. My back garden was miserable. The sunflowers tried to keep __11__ by covering their faces with their petals(花瓣). The poor fir tree was so cold that his needles(针叶) were __12__. Our willow tree made matters worse __13__ crying so hard that little “rivers” flowed down his leaves onto the other plants __14__. They were all annoyed. The willow tree said he was sorry and __15__ that he was always unhappy when it rained. “That's silly, ” his neighbor, the apple tree, told him. “__16__ is good for willow trees!” “Be brave, ” said the giant cherry tree. “The rain won't __17__ forever. ” Then the cherry tree shook her branches, sending __18__ flying through the air and into the fishpond. The fish swam __19__ to the water surface. They had been studying fish dancing. “Do you know how hard it is to __20__ our lesson with the rain dropping on our roof?” asked the biggest fish.“You just made it twice as annoying and __21__ in here. I have such a headache!” The cherry tree __22__ for being so thoughtless. She promised to shake her branches in a different __23__ next time. There was so much water in the gutter(排水沟) that a river __24__. Two green-and-gold ducks came and went for a __25__ in the river. As it was only wide enough for one duck, they began __26__ with each other about who should be the leader.
选修8 Unit 1 大课文多样性的土地 加州 加州是美国第三大洲,但是人口最多。它也有不同的是最多元文化国家在美国,有吸引了来自世界各地的人们。的习俗和语言的移民活在新居。这个文化多样性并不令人惊讶当你知道他的历史加州。本土美国人 什么时候到的第一批人我们现在知道的加利福尼亚,没有人真的知道。然而,很可能在加利福尼亚居住美国印地安人是至少一万五千年前。科学家们认为这些定居者穿过白令海峡在北极到美国的一种方法中存在的陆地桥在史前时期。在16世纪,欧洲人到来之后,当地人中蒙受了重大损失。数千人的死亡或被迫成为奴隶。另外,许多人死于这种疾病所带来的欧洲人。然而,从一些这些可怕的时代,今天还有更多的美国人住在加州比任何其他国家。 西班牙 在18世纪,加州被西班牙。名西班牙士兵初到南美洲,在16世纪早期当他们攻打当地人,把他们的土地。两个世纪以后,西班牙人定居在大部分南美和沿西北海岸的我们现在所称的美国。第一个西班牙去加州,大多数都是虔诚的教徒。他们的部门是要教导天主教给当地人。1821年,墨西哥取得了他们的从西班牙独立。加州的一部分则成了墨西哥。1846年美国宣战墨西哥和战争结束后获美国、墨西哥不得不给加州
到美国。然而,仍有强烈的西班牙影响国家。这就是为什么今天超过40的加州人说西班牙语作为第一或第二语言。 俄罗斯人 在19世纪初,俄罗斯的猎人,这些原本,开始去阿拉斯加定居在加州。在那里的今天是大约2.5万美籍俄裔住在旧金山市区和郊区。 黄金生产商 1848年1月24日,美墨战争后不久,有人在加州发现了黄金。快速致富的梦想吸引了来自世界各地的人们。最近的,因此第一个到达,是来自美国人民和来自美国。然后从欧洲和亚洲的冒险者随之而来。事实上,一些达到了他们的梦想成为富足。一些死亡或回到家,但是大多数住在加利福尼亚使自己的生活不顾大的困难。他们就住在新城镇或在农场工作。在加州成为31日当选美国的联邦州在1850年,已经是一个多元文化的社会。 晚来者 尽管中国移民开始到在淘金热期间,他们的建筑……（文件丢失）从西方的铁路网络到东海岸带来了更大的编号到加州十九世纪六十年代。今天,美藉华人住在加州的所有部分,尽管大部分选择呆在“唐人街”的洛杉矶和旧金山。 意大利人等其他移民,主要渔民还酿酒师,到达了加州在十九世纪。在1911年移民建立了镇来自丹麦的自己,今天仍然继续他们的丹麦文化。到了二十世纪二十年代电影产业被确立在美国加利福尼亚州的好莱坞。因此本行业的繁荣——吸引了欧洲人包括许多犹太民族主
《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初级中学） 一、考试目标 1. 英语学科知识与能力 具有扎实的英语语言基础知识和语言能力；具备从事初中英语教学所需要的英语语言能力；能理解有关英语国家的语言、历史和文化等相关知识。 2．英语学科教学知识与能力 掌握基本的、适合初中英语教学的学科教学知识和英语课程标准知识，并能用以指导初中英语教学。 3．英语学科教学设计能力 能够根据英语学科特点，针对初中学生的认知特点、语言水平和学习需要选择并设计合理的教学内容，形成完整合理的教学方案。 4. 英语学科教学实施能力 理解初中英语课堂教学实施的基本原则和方法，具备实施语言课堂教学的基本能力；能够依据教学设计，根据教学实际情况，采用恰当的教学手段，引导学生进行有效学习。 5. 英语学科教学评价知识与能力 了解初中英语课堂教学评价的基本知识和方法，能够对学生的语言学习进行恰当的评价；了解教学反思的基本方法和策略，能够对自己的课堂教学实践进行反思，提出改进的思路。 二、考试模块内容与要求 (一) 语言知识与能力 1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和内容，并能在课堂教学中加以运用。 2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情感和与学生良好沟通的能力；能够筛选并改编适合初中学生英语水平的教学材料。 3. 能在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。
（二）语言教学知识与能力 1．了解英语教学基本理论，包括语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观等对初中英语教学的指导作用。 2．理解《全日制义务教育普通初级中学英语课程标准（实验）》的目标内容（语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识），以及课程标准的其他相关知识，并能在教学设计与实施中运用。 3．掌握英语语言知识（语音、词汇、语法等）的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。 4．掌握英语语言技能（听、说、读、写）的教学原则和训练方法。 5．能结合英语社会文化语境，设计并实施英语知识和技能的教学与训练。 （三）教学设计 1．了解初中学生的认知特征、已有的英语知识、语言能力和学习需求，能够说明教学内容与学生已学知识之间的联系。 2．理解课程标准的目标要求，能够根据学生的特点选择恰当的教学内容。 3．掌握根据恰当的教学内容，设定合理、明确与具体的教学目标。 4．能根据教学目标，创设教学情景、设计有效的教学活动、安排合理的教学过程、编制辅助教学材料。 5．能够根据教学内容和教学过程，设计有效的学习评估活动。 （四）教学实施与评价 1．掌握英语课堂教学的基本步骤与方法，能够创设教学情景，激发学习动机，引导学生参与语言学习活动。 2．掌握指导学生学习的方法和策略，能依据英语学科特点和学生的认知特征，根据教学实际情况，恰当地运用语言讲解、互动练习、提问、反馈等方法，帮助学生有效学习。 3．掌握课堂管理基本方法，熟悉课堂活动常用组织形式，能在教学活动中以学生为中心组织教学，能在课堂教学的不同阶段中发挥教师的作用。 4．掌握课堂总结的方法，能适时地对教学内容进行归纳、总结与评价，科学合理地布置作业。
选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading CALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California. NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, t he native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases b rought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
项目名称：迎接大学语言教学的挑战－强化英语和汉语的 语言知识和运用能力 主要负责大学：香港城市大学 参与的教资会资助大学：香港浸会大学、香港中文大学、香港理工大学 项目负责人：香港城市大学 韩礼德语言研究及智能应用中心主任／ 翻译及语言学系教授 卫真道教授 计划旨在提升大学生的中、英语文知识和运用能力，协助大学生达到高等教育的语文要求。计划由四个互容互补的研究子项目组成，提供多元的、能兼顾教和学的需求的平台，帮助学生提升中英文能力。 第一个研究子项目致力开发一个智能网上写作系统，让大学生能够更熟练地完成英语写作，并为应对更具挑战性的职场和学术写作任务作好准备。透过本项目，学生将能全面掌握理解和应用英语的技巧，其内容涵盖面广，从日常用语到论文写作都有所囊括。 第二个研究子项目期望学生能够透过对中、英文有效使用的自主探索，提升语言能力，并对语言学习产生深远的影响。要达到以上目标，学习必须涵盖以下五个模块：学习动机（Motivation）、参与感（Engagement）、关联性（Relevance）、创意（Innovation）及知识传播（Transferring of knowledge）。这个MERIT课程鼓励学生主动参与，在探索创新的学习活动当中发现问题，并利用创意寻找解决方案，以达到知识传递的目标。学生将合作建立名为“我有答案＂（Ask-Me-Why）的网站，分享和公布学习成果。 第三个研究子项目以提高成年人的汉语水平（包括书面语和口语（粤语及普通话））和沟通技巧为目标，建立名为“国际汉语沙龙＂（International Chinese Language Salon，ICLS）的线上多媒体学习平台。该平台将提供互动说话训练和在线写作指导，每名学生都会收到学习反馈。此外，平台上还能找到各式各样的在线学习资源，例如影片教学、录音教材、实用的语法和语音参考指引等等。 第四个研究子项目的目标是撰写《香港学生英语发音指南》An English Pronunciation Guide for Cantonese Students in Hong Kong一书，书的内容包括：（1）
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution
人教版高中英语选修8 课文及翻译 选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading CALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California. NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the
英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the