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第3讲主旨大意类题型概述题型破解1 寻找主题句确定文章大意解题指导文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。
一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。
速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等词。
[典例](2020·全国卷Ⅱ·B篇)Some parents will buy any hightech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with mathrelated skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知)after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 childparent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higherincome parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal De v elopmental Science.27．What is the text mainly about?A．A mathematical method.B．A scientific study.C．A woman psychologist.D．A teaching program.解析B文章的第一段为主题段，表明研究结果，再结合“科学研究”类说明性文章的语言特征，即文中出现的“found” “researcher” “analyse”等词汇，不难判断出本文应为“一项科学研究”，故选B。
第十讲代词和名词(对应学生用书第28页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)—Can you tell us your________ for happiness and a long life?—Living every day to the full，definitely.A．recipe B．record C．range D．receiptA[句意：——你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？——当然是充实地过好每一天。
recipe秘诀，食谱；record录音，记录；range范围；receipt 收据。
]2．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)Some schools will have to make________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.A．judgments B．adjustmentsC．comments D．achievementsB[考察名词辨析。
句意：为了和全国的足球改革保持一致，一些学校将不得不做出调整。
judgment判断；adjustment调整；comment评论；achievement成就。
]【导学号：25874019】3．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.—I'd like to，but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my________．A．requests B．excusesC．apologies D．regretsC[考察名词辨析。
句意：——戴夫，去和妈妈说声抱歉。
——我愿意去，但是恐怕她不承受我的抱歉。
request请求；excuse借口；apology抱歉；regret 懊悔，遗憾。
]4．(2021·江苏高考卷)She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained apowerful________ in last year's election.A．symbol B．portrait C．identity D．statueA[考察名词辨析。
第二讲如何写好正文和结尾(对应学生用书第97页)一、发表看法1．写作步骤：发表观点→阐述理由或论据→总结、重申观点。
2．考前须知：(1)做这种题型，发表观点或看法后不要马上完毕，一般都要说出你持这种观点或看法的理由，否那么，文段就没有说服力。
(2)列出理由时不一定要直接说because，可以间接地陈述，要不露痕迹地说出理由，因为这是在写作，而不是在答复简答题。
3．常用句式赞成：①I maintain/hold the opinion that...我持……观点。
②I am in favour of the idea that...我赞成……这个想法。
③I strongly approve of the idea/view/position/brief/point that...我强烈地赞成……④I firmly support the idea/practice that...我坚决地支持……这个想法/做法。
⑤From my point of view/From my personal perspective/From my personalangle alone/As far as I am concerned，I prefer...就我而言，我赞成……⑥The opinion is both sound and reasonable.这个想法合情合理。
⑦From my personal perspective，understanding plays an important role in ourdaily life.在我看来，理解在日常生活中扮演着重要角色。
⑧As far as I am concerned，it's essential for people to care about others.在我看来，关心他人是非常重要的。
反对：①I am opposed to the idea that...我反对……这个想法。
模式4| 词义猜想题(对应学生用书第52页)单词、短语的含义单词表示的对象句子的含义代词的指代对象根据上下文猜想单词或短语的含义。
猜想单词(一般是名词)代表什么范畴的东西。
根据上下文猜想某个句子的含义。
根据上下文猜想代词it，they，that，these，those代指的人或物。
解题技巧，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。
2.利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。
3.利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。
4.根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、比照、因果关系等。
5.根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。
[典例1] (2021·江苏高考卷，B节选)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roost．As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Ad v ances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world. 58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________〞．A．be the worstB．be the bestC．be just as badD．be just as good58.B[考察词义猜想。
技法4| 利用词汇复现解题(对应学生用书第38页)词汇的复现关系指的是某一个词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其它形式重复出现在语篇中。
1．原词复现：指的是一个单词在一个语义场中以同样的词形反复出现，有时兼有词性变化。
[典例](2021 ·江苏高考卷) I'm an ambitious ________，and when I started going through chemo(化疗)，even though I'm a very positive person，I lost my drive to write.A．reader B．writer C．editor D．doctorB[句意：我是一个雄心勃勃的作家，当我开场化疗的时候，虽然我是一个很积极乐观的人，但是我失去了写作的动力。
][点拨]根据后面的“I lost my drive to write.〞可知，作者是一个作家(writer)。
write和writer属于原词复现。
2．同义词、近义词的复现：同义词、近义词复现是借助意思一样或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文的语义得以连接起来。
[典例1](2021·江苏高考卷) In his first years of high school，Gabriel would look pityingly at the music students，struggling across the campus with their heavy instrument cases，________at school for practice hours before anyone else had to be there.A.rising up B．coming up C．driving up D．turning upD[在他上高中的第一年，加布里埃尔总是同情地看着学音乐的学生，拖着沉重的乐器盒子，困难地在校园里走，在别人还都没到的时候，来到学校，练习几个小时。
第六讲状语从句(对应学生用书第16页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)Located________ the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.A．why B．when C．which D．whereD[句意：由于位于“一带一路〞的交汇处，江苏将为“一带一路〞的建立作出更大的奉献。
where在此引导地点状语从句。
]2．(2021·江苏高考卷)________ some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure.A．Because B．If C．Unless D．WhileD[句意：一些人做事的动机是成功的需求，而其他人做事的动机是害怕失败。
while在此处表示比照，意为“然而，但是〞。
]【导学号：25874011】3．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)It is so cold that you can't go outside________ fully covered in thick clothes.A．if B．unless C．once D．whenB[句意：外面很冷，你不能出去，除非你用厚衣服把自己裹得严严实实。
if如果；unless除非；once一旦；when当……的时候。
]4．(2021·江苏高考卷)Lessons can be learned to face the future，________ history cannot be changed.A．though B．as C．since D．unlessA[句意：虽然历史不可改变，但是却可以从中汲取教训面对未来。
though 虽然，尽管；as和……一样；since因为，自……以来；unless除非。
第一讲时态和语态(对应学生用书第3页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ________．A．was being followed B．was followingC．had been followed D．followedA[句意：他匆匆回家，一次也没有回头看看是否正被跟踪。
这里if引导的宾语从句用过去进展时表示过去某一时刻(hurried home)正在进展的动作。
又因he与follow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
] 2．(2021·江苏高考卷)He's been informed that he ________ for the scholarship because of his academic background.A．hasn't qualified B．hadn't qualifiedC．doesn't qualify D．wasn't qualifyingC[句意：他被告知，因为其教育背景，他没有资格获得这笔奖学金。
根据语境可知，此处描述的是客观事实，因此使用一般现在时。
]【导学号：25874000】3．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)The real reason why prices ________，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.A．were B．will beC．have been D．had beenA[句意：物价为什么(过去)很高，现在依然很高的真正原因很复杂，不是一个简短的讨论就可以满意地解释这个问题的。
根据后面的still are可知，此处是和“现在〞比照，故用一般过去时。
Unit 3Back to the pastA．根据汉语或首字母提示完成以下句子1．The London Tower is one of the world's historic buildings，about which a (讲座) will be given in the Meeting Room on the first floor tomorrow.2．Mount Vesuvius hasn't (爆发) for many years.3．The United Nations said at least 25，000 people had (逃离) since fighting started a week ago.4．Beijing's air quality is poor.It is quite common to have (沙尘暴)．5．The little boy，buried under the (废墟) for nearly two days，was found by the rescue team.6．This wall is a war (纪念碑) and it has the names of everyone who died in the war.7．Two (雕像) stood in a city park: one female and the other male.8．Without saying a word，Anna took hold of my arm and (前进) me off to the headmaster's office.9．The man got (中毒) after drinking the water in the bottle.10．When the mid-autumn festival is near，shop windows are beautifully d ．11．Over the past few years，the world has been frequently hit by severe natural d caused by earthquakes，hurricanes，floods and droughts as well.12．Huge areas of rainforest are being d every year by human beings seeking quick profits.13．Chinese Premier Li Keqiang attended the closing c of the second Summer Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing on August 28，2021.14．He c that he had been waiting for us until the flowers faded.15．The judge d that the young man was guilty of an attempted murder，while he himself insisted that he was innocent.【答案】8．marched 15．declaredB．用所给词的适当形式填空16．，I got zero in the final test for writing my name at the place of “number〞．(fortunate)17．E-Commerce is a trade activity of affairs taking Internet as operation platform.(commerce)18．Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy，and wise.(wealth)19．We will build our motherland into a modern socialist country.(power)20．One was originally by Chinese Red Cross ambassador Jet Li in April 2007 as the Red Cross Society of China.(found) 21．She devoted her years to the cause of studying the of the Forbidden City.(remain)【导学号：36742048】22．A bomb in the market.The was heard a mile away.(explode)23．He made full use of wood from the nearby his house to make a sofa for the widow.(wood)24．He got a little because of poverty，so he always his children to value the chance of study.(educate)25．It is time someone made him of the effects of his actions.If so，he can gradually raise public moral ．(aware)【答案】18．wealthy19.powerful20.Foundation; founded 21．remaining; remains22.exploded; explosion23.woods; cation; educates 25．aware; awarenessA．补全以下短语1．take over 夺取；接收2．under protection 受保护3．turn out 结果是4．break down 分解；失败；崩溃；抛锚5．together with 与……一起6．be divided into 被划分为7．on exhibition 展出，展览8．go through 穿过，通过，浏览，经受9．carry out 执行，贯彻，完成10．in memory of 纪念11．no doubt 无疑，确实12．rise up against 起义13．stand in one's path 阻碍(某人)14．come down with 患(病)15．make sb.aware of 让某人意识到16．have enough of 对……感到厌烦B．选用上述短语填空17．He couldn't return to Ireland，as he was no longer of the law.18．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will be the class.19．The teacher，his students，is planting trees on the hillside.20．The rumor that Tom washed his socks once a month to be untrue.21．When the car on the highway for a third time，John's patience completely ran out.22．Some of the children's paintings are now at the school.23．It is more difficult to a plan than to think one out.Just as you know，saying is one thing and doing another.24．Columbia，as can be easily guessed，was named Columbus，who discovered America in 1492，even though he never actually set foot on the land.25．He has a bad temper and will not listen to anybody，so you'd better not ．26．I a cold that forced me to slow down my training.27．There's that the 3D technology can print a variety of items that traditional manufacturing can't make.28．I'm surprised you haven't him，yet I found him very boring.【答案】17.under protection18.taking over 19．together with20.turned out21.broke down 22．on exhibition23.carry out24.in memory of25.stand in his path26.came down with27.no doubt28.had enough of1．Near the city was a volcano.[译文]离该城不远处有一座火山。
第九讲动词和动词短语(对应学生用书第25页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help________ your year ahead.A．shape B．switchC．stretch D．sharpenA[句意：年终时快速回忆一年的成功和失败将有助于你决定来年的开展。
shape“决定……的形成，影响……的开展〞，符合句意。
switch“转变，改变〞；stretch“变大，拉长〞；sharpen“(使)变得锋利，变得清晰〞。
] 2．(2021·江苏高考卷)He did not________easily，but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause.A．approach B．wrestleC．compromise D．communicateC[句意：他不会轻易妥协，但是很乐意承受任何对崇高的事业有益的建立性意见。
approach靠近，接近；wrestle摔跤；compromise妥协，让步；communicate交流。
]3．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to________ to their greatest potential.A．accelerate B．improveC．perform D．developD[句意：学校应该是鼓励个体最大限度地开展潜能的地方。
accelerate加速；improve改善，提高；perform表现，表演；develop开展。
] 4．(2021·江苏高考卷)Top graduates from universities are________ by major companies.A．chased B．registeredC．offered D．compensatedA[句意：大学毕业的尖子生是大公司争夺的对象。
第四讲名词性从句(对应学生用书第12页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20，half of________ it used to charge.A．that B．whichC．what D．howC[句意：我们选择这家旅馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是他们过去所收价格的一半。
空处在句中引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作charge的宾语，因此只能选择what。
half of what it used to charge“它过去所收价格的一半〞。
]2．(2021·江苏高考卷)It is often the case________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.A．why B．what C．as D．thatD[句意：通常，对于那些心怀希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。
it在句中是形式主语，that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope是主语从句，在句中作真正的主语。
由于主语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，故用that引导主语从句。
]3．(2021·江苏高考卷)—What a mess! You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame，Mum.I am________ you have made me.A．how B．what C．that D．whoB[句意：——真是一团糟！你总是这么懒！——妈妈，不该责备我。
我是你培养的。
what引导表语从句，且在从句中充当宾语补足语，意为“……样子的人〞。
]【导学号：25874007】4．(2021·北京高考卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing________ she was heading.A．why B．where C．how D．whenB[句意：简漫无目的地沿着绿树成荫的街道往前走，不知道要去哪里。
第十一讲介词和介词短语(对应学生用书第32页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)Determining where we are________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.A．in contrast to B．in defense ofC．in face of D．in relation toD[句意：根据我们周围的环境来确定自己身在何处，这是我们生存的一项必不可少的技能。
in relation to“与……相关；涉及〞，符合句意。
in contrast to“与……相比拟〞；in defense of“防卫，为……辩护〞；in face of“面对〞。
]2．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around________ Thomas Edison.A．thanks to B．regardless ofC．aside from D．but forD[句意：要不是托马斯·爱迪生，现在许多让我们受益的东西也许就不会在我们身边了。
thanks to由于；regardless of不顾，不管；aside from除……之外；but for要不是。
]3．(2021·江苏高考卷)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay________．A．in place B．in orderC．in shape D．in fashionC[句意：汤姆总是在早晨慢跑，他也经常做俯卧撑来保持身材。
in place 在正确的位置；in order有序，有条理；in shape安康状况良好；in fashion流行。
第二讲非谓语动词(对应学生用书第6页)1．(2021·江苏高考卷)Many Chinese brands，________ their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.A．having developed B．being developedC．developed D．developingA[考察非谓语动词。
句意：很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
本句的主语“Many Chinese brands〞与动词“develop〞之间是主动关系，因此用现在分词，又根据句中的时间状语“over centuries〞可知，此处应该使用现在分词的完成式。
故答案为A。
] 2．(2021·江苏高考卷)In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ within the work.A．to hide B．hiddenC．hiding D．being hiddenB[考察非谓语动词。
句意：在艺术评论中，你必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏了一个秘密信息。
句中message与hide是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
]3．(2021 ·江苏高考卷)Much time ________ sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.A．being spent B．having spentC．spent D．spendingC[考察非谓语动词。
句意：因为坐办公室的时间太长，所以工作人员一般都受安康问题的困扰。
句首用独立主格构造在句中作状语，表示原因。
(对应学生用书第55页) 类型1| 广告宣传(对应学生用书第55页)考察要点方法技巧1.广告宣传的目的。
2．广告中提及的时间、地点、人物。
3．所介绍的事物、产品的特征。
4．所宣传的活动、工程的内容及其作用。
，了解大意。
2．找准关键词、关键句，把握住细节。
3．通过分析、比照，筛选出可用信息。
(2021·江苏高考卷，A)-Learning：An Alternative Learning OpportunityDay School ProgramSecondary students across Toronto District School Board (TDSB) are invited to take one or two e-Learning courses on their day school timetable.Students will remain on the roll at their day school.The online classroom provides an innovative，relevant and interactive learning environment.The courses and on-line classroom are provided by the Ministry of Education.These online courses：are taught by TDSB secondary school teachers；are part of the TDSB student's timetable；and，appear on the student's report upon completion.Benefits of e-LearningInclude：access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school；able to regularly use a computer or mobile device with Internet access. Students need to spend at least as much time with their on-line course work as they would in a face-to-face classroom course.A．they are given by best TDSB teachersB．they are not on the day school timetableC．they are not included on students' reportsD．they are an addition to TDSB courses57．What do students need to do before completing e-Learning courses?A．To learn information technology online.B．To do their assignments independently.C．To update their mobile devices regularly.D．To talk face to face with their teachers.【语篇解读】本文是一那么广告。
2021高考英语二轮专题复习练习：专题一阅读理解考点3 主旨大意考点3 主旨大意题A(2021·北京，A)My First Marathon(马拉松)A month before my first marathon，one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks，leaving me only two weeks to train.Yet，I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school.In my first P．E.class，the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball.I didn’t do either well.He later informed me that I was “not athletic”.The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years.When I started running in my 30s，I realized running was a battle against myself，not about competition or whether or not I was athletic.It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.A test of wills！The night before my marathon，I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous，but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line，my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied.So I stopped to readjust.Not the start I wanted！At mile 3，I passed a sign：“GO FOR IT，RUNNERS！”By mile 17，I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly.Despite the pain，I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21，I was starving！As I approached mile 23，I could see my wife waving a sign.She is my biggest fan.She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a．m.or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished！And I got a medal.In fact，I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签)，I can now call myself a “marathon winner”.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。
类型6| 文化教育(对应学生用书第74页)考察要点方法技巧1．文章的主题。
2．所述文化教育的开展、特点、功能。
3．不同文化教育间的异同、优点及缺点。
4．价值观、道德观、风俗习惯的形成。
1．抓住文章的内在逻辑关系，理清脉络。
2．定位关键信息词、主题句，明确主旨。
3．重点关注所述对象的特征，并进展归纳概括。
(2021·天津高考，C)When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden，carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers.But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction, a better t of all, he was happier.Far happier.These are the findings of a 40year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，〞said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery.“And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.〞Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47.Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's mentalhealth scores with their boyhoodactivity scores.Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school，and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp．Those who had done the most boyhood activities weretwice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people，five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.Working—at any age—activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence—the underpinnings (根底) of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isn't everything.As Tolstoy once said，“One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one's work.〞1．What do we know about John?A．He enjoyed his career and marriage.B．He had few childhood playmates.C．He received little love from his family.D．He was envied by others in his childhood.2．Vaillant's words in Paragraph 2 serve as ________．A．a description of personal values and social valuesB．an analysis of how work was related to competenceC．an example for parents' expectations of their childrenD．an explanation why some boys grew into happy men3．Vaillant's team obtained their findings by ________．A．recording the boys' effort in schoolB．evaluating the men's mental healthC．comparing different sets of scoresD．measuring the men's problem solving ability4．What does the underlined word “sharp〞probably mean in Paragraph 4?A．Quick to react.B．Having a thin edge.C．Clear and definite.D．Sudden and rapid.5．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．Competent adults know more about love than work.B．Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.C．Love brings more joy to people than work does.D．Independence is the key to one's success.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章。
距离高考还有12天(对应学生用书第104页)单项填空之高频词汇1．condition n．条件，状况，状态；情况，环境，形势2．conscience n．良心，良知，内疚3．consequence n．结果，后果4．consideration n．考虑；关心5．construction n．建造；建立；建筑物6．contribution n．奉献7．crowd n．群，人群8．custom n．习惯，习俗9．damage n．损失，损害，损坏；(用复数)赔偿费10．determination n．决心情景交际之常考俚语1．a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush一鸟在手，胜似二鸟在林2．a cat nap打个盹儿3．a ouch potato躺椅上的马铃薯(懒鬼)4．a load off my mind心头大石落地5．a piece of cake小菜一碟，易事一件6．a slap in the face公然受辱7．a thick skin厚脸皮8．a weight off my shoulders放下肩头重担9．all thumbs笨手笨脚10．back on track改正自新完形填空之熟词新义1．excuse v．免除某人的职责(熟义：n.借口；原谅)He was excused from piano practice.2．freeze v．惊呆；吓呆；不动，停顿(熟义：v.结冰，(使)冻结)When faced with so many options，the lion chooses to freeze and wait insteadof attacking the man holding the chair.3．ground n．理由(熟义：n.地面)He has strong grounds for more money.4．govern v．影响；支配(熟义：v.管理；控制)The law of supply and demand governs the prices of goods. 5．hit n．成功；红极一时的人或事(熟义：v.击中；打击) Tuhao is quite a hit of this year.6．ill adj.& ad v.坏的；坏地(熟义：adj.生病的)It's no good speaking ill of others.7．interest n．利益；股份(熟义：n.兴趣)Our family has interests in the business.8．invite v．吸引(熟义：v.邀请)Don't leave the window open—it's inviting thieves to enter.阅读理解之障碍词汇1．alternative adj.选择性的；供选择的n．可供选择的事物2．anniversary n．周年纪念3．approach v．接近；靠近n．方法；途径；接近；靠近4．brochure n．资料(或广告)手册5．budget n．预算；预算拨款v．编制预算adj.低廉的；经济的6．buffet n．自助餐v．打击7．dismiss v．让……离开；遣散；解散；辞退；开除8．diverse adj.不同的；相异的；多种多样的9．extinction n．灭绝10．expand v．扩展；膨胀11．issue n．问题；发行；(报刊)一期12．invade v．侵入；侵略13．intelligence n．智力；聪明14．playwright n．剧作家15．precious adj.珍贵的；珍贵的16．ridiculous adj.荒唐的；愚蠢的17．sculpture n．雕刻；雕塑；雕像18．thrill n．& v．兴奋；冲动thriller n．惊险小说。
距离高考还有13天(对应学生用书第103页)单项填空之高频词汇1．character n．文字；性格；角色2．charge n．管理；掌管；费用；控告3．coincidence n．巧合，巧事4．comfort n．舒适，抚慰5．comment n．评论6．commitment n．承诺，允诺，承当7．company n．公司；陪伴；交往；客人8．competence n．能力，胜任，管辖权9．concern n．关心，关注10．conclusion n．结论；完毕情景交际之常考俚语1．cold fish态度冷冰冰，没有热情的人2．green eyed嫉妒3．green hand新手4．He is ripe in years but green in heart.老当益壮。
5．lose your heart to someone和某人谈恋爱6．win your heart赢得你的心7．heart of stone石头心肠8．pour out your heart倾吐你的心事9．not to wear your heart on your sleeve不要太情绪化10．put your heart at rest放下心来完形填空之熟词新义1．allow v．使可能(熟义：v.允许)This diet allows you one glass of wine a day.2．bear v．显示；带有(熟义：v.忍受；容忍)He was badly wounded in the war and still bears the scars.3．better v．改善；优化(熟义：adj.& ad v.较好的；较好地)A key first step in bettering your evaluation is to look carefully at your sourcesof health information.4．cloudy adj.不明朗的；不清晰的(熟义：adj.多云的)Who will take his place still remains cloudy.5．course n．一道菜(熟义：n.课程；过程；航线)The courses vary with the season in this restaurant.6．fail v．缺乏；缺乏(熟义：v.失败)Last year the rain failed and many crops died.7．fresh adj.无经历的(熟义：adj.新鲜的)She is quite fresh to the work.8．gain v．(钟表)快(熟义：v.获得；赢得)Don't worry！My watch gains.We still have time.阅读理解之障碍词汇1．accumulate v．积累；积聚2．accuracy n．准确，准确3．acknowledge v．成认(权威或主张)；告知(信件/礼物)已收到；表示谢意；对……打招呼4．bounce v．使弹起；蹦；上下晃动n．弹跳；跳动5．brake n．闸v．刹车6．brand n．商标；品牌7．distinguish v．区别；区分8．distinction n．区别；差异9．dilemma n．窘境；困境；进退两难10．expectation n．期望；期待11．enthusiastic adj.热情的；狂热的12．equip v．提供设备；装备；配备equipment n．装备；设备13．harmony n．和谐；和睦；融洽harmonious adj.融洽的；和睦的14．literature n．文学15．litter n．垃圾；废弃物v．乱丢；把……弄得乱七八糟16．remain v．保持；剩下；仍是17．remote adj.偏僻的；偏远的18．ruin v．使毁坏；使消灭n．废墟；遗迹19．transparent adj.透明的；清澈的20．unbelievable adj.难以置信的。
距离高考还有14天(对应学生用书第102页)单项填空之高频词汇1．balance n．平衡2．bargain n．协议，合同；廉价货3．base n．根据地，基地；(棒球)垒4．behalf n．代表某人，为了某人5．behaviour n．行为，举止6．benefit n．优势，益处7．board n．木板；膳食；委员会，董事会8．burden n．重担，负担9．ceremony n．典礼，仪式；礼节10．challenge n．挑战(性)情景交际之常考俚语1．eat his words食言2．elbow one's way用胳膊肘挤来挤去为自己开道3．get a black eye被别人打青了眼睛4．make eyes抛媚眼5．cast sheep's eye暗送秋波6．You have an eye for something.有眼光有见解。
7．save one's face换回面子8．pull a long face拉长了脸9．face the music不得不承受惩罚、承当后果，必须承受出现的局面10．a matter of face面子攸关的事情完形填空之熟词新义1．ache v．渴望(熟义：v.& n．疼痛)Having left for ages，he was aching for home.2．against prep.映衬(熟义：prep.逆着；反对；倚，靠；碰) The picture looks nice against the white wall.3．blue adj.忧郁的；忧伤的(熟义：n.蓝色)His songs always make me feel blue.4．build v．使增强；使更强壮n．体格；身材(熟义：v.建筑；建造) One should receive training to build up one's confidence.You're right，Josh.He may have a small build.5．damage n．赔偿金(复数)(熟义：v.& n．损坏)He claimed 8，000 damages from the taxi company.6．escape v．被忘掉；被无视(熟义：v.逃跑；逃脱)The name escapes me for the moment.7．exploit v．利用(熟义：v.开采；开发；剥削)You must exploit every opportunity to learn English.8．foreign adj.不熟悉的(熟义：adj.外国的；外文的)The subject is foreign to all of us.阅读理解之障碍词汇1．abundant adj.大量的，丰富的，丰裕的2．accessible adj.易接近的；可到达的3．accommodation n．住宿；膳宿4．board n．木板；布告牌；委员会；(政府的)部v．上(车/船/飞机) 5．bonus v．繁荣；轰鸣；激增n．隆隆声；(营业等的)激增；(经济等的)繁荣6．botanical adj.植物学的7．champion n．冠军championship n．锦标赛8．departure n．离开；出发9．deposit n．订金；押金v．存款；放下；放置储存10．expression n．表达；词句；表示；表情11．explicit adj.充分表达清楚的；明确的12．energetic adj.精力旺盛的13．instant adj.立刻的；速食的；速溶的；方便的14．instruction n．指示；命令；用法说明；操作指南；教育；指导15．instrument n．乐器；工具；器械16．pyramid n．金字塔17．reflect v．反映；反射18．wrinkle n．皱纹19．voyage n．航行；旅行20．view n．看法；见解；风景；风光。
模式3| 推理判断题(对应学生用书第48页)隐含信息、言外之意作者的观点、看法文章出处、读者对象预测后文通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。
通过对事件、景物、话语的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法。
通过对格式、构造、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。
通过理解上文情节、事理的表达，结合行文逻辑分析，推出文章后文要讲述的内容。
解题技巧逻辑，在文中要有事实依据。
2．学会read between the lines和read beyond the lines，透过字里行间，去推断隐含意义。
3．利用归纳法、演绎法、类比法对文中的论据进展分析，从而推出论点和结论。
4．整合信息，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。
(2021·江苏高考卷，C)El Niño，a Spanish term for “the Christ child〞，wasnamed by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Niño sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects，both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped America's economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall inpoor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Niño，in 199798，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Niños come with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute(ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure(根底设施)can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers(下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2021 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors，civil conflict is related to El Niño's harmful effects—and the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.61．What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?A．It is named after a South American fisherman.B．It takes place almost every year all over the world.C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.63．The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that________．A．more investment should go to risk reductionB．governments of poor countries need more aidC．victims of El Niño deserve more compensationD．recovery and reconstruction should come first64．What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A．To introduce El Niño and its origin.B．To explain the consequences of El Niño.C．To show ways of fighting against El Niño.D．To urge people to prepare for El Niño.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了厄尔尼诺现象的名称来历、特点、影响，以及如何为之提前做好准备，以减少损失。
类型3| 科普知识(对应学生用书第62页)考察要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。
2．事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。
3．事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。
4．相似事物间的异同。
1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。
2．把握文章构造：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。
3．认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、作比拟、打比方等。
(2021·江苏高考卷)Before birth，babies can tell thedifference between loud sounds and voices.They can evendistinguish their mother's voice from that of a femalestranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birdscould rule_the_roost．As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Ad v ances，some mother birds may teach theiryoung to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chickscan then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2021 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！〞call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？〞Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.〞58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________〞．A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be just as bad D．be just as good59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which________．A．can receive quality signals B．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment better D．make the loudest call【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。
文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。
长难句解读：And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.分析：the more...，the more...“越……就越……〞，固定句式。
翻译：鸟妈妈对着鸡蛋叫得越是频繁，小鸟乞讨的声音就越像(鸟妈妈的叫声)。
58．B[考察词义猜想。
根据句中的转折词But与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。
]59．A[考察细节理解。
根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers〞，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于鸟妈妈与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，因此此题答案为A。
]60．C[考察推理判断。
根据倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.〞可知，与鸟妈妈的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的理论：适者生存，故此题答案为C。
]A(2021·镇江高三一模)Spatial navigation(空间导航)relies on brain regions that are commonly affected by the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.Before severe and obvious memory problems set in and people are diagnosed with dementia(痴呆)，they might report problems with finding their way around and frequently get lost in familiar neighborhoods.In that early stage，however，it is difficult to know whether their damaged navigational skills are actually due to the disease or simply a part of normal aging—because we currently don't have a firm grasp on what “normal〞is.In their recent study，Spiers and his colleagues aimed to change that by establishing a common baseline for adults' navigational skills，which naturally decline with age.For that，the researchers needed large numbers of people—hence the idea for crowdsourcing the experiment via a gaming APP that measures spatial navigation ability.Navigating inside a game may not be exactly the same as finding one's way in a realworld situation.But people are likely to use the same cognitive mechanisms(认知机制)in both situations.“If you are good at navigating，you'll do well in thegame.And if you are bad at finding your way out there，you'll also struggle in the video game，〞Spiers says，adding that their team still plans to compare the game performance with reallife performance in the near future.Since its launch in May，some 2.5 million healthy people have played Sea Hero Quest，making it one of the most impressive scientific experiments to date just by the sheer number of participants.“To my knowledge，never before has spatial navigation been quantified on such a large scale，〞says Katherine Possin，an assistant professor of neuropsychology at the University of California，San Francisco，who was not involved with the research.So far one of the main findings coming out of Sea Hero Quest is a simple linear decline with age：From the age 19 onward，spatial navigation steadily worsens from year to year.The 19 year olds were able to remember their starting point and accurately hit it by shooting a flare(信号弹)back to that position 74 percent of the time.Those aged 75 succeeded only 46 percent of the time.this finding seems to fit with the longheld assumption that men are better navigators，rather it may reflect that males have more experience with games.The researchers tried to account for this possibility，yet still found a gender difference in performance.Spiers notes，however，that the games boys and girls play in early childhood—which could influence brain development and spatial skills—are much harder to account for.“The question is why.And we don't have an answer yet，〞Spiers says.“We are really skimming the surface.There's so much data from everyone who's played the game.We have two years of analysis ahead of us.〞【语篇解读】本文是科普说明文。
