2019年雅思考试阅读理解提分训练试题及答案(三篇).doc

2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena ofirritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed"neuroglia". They are characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The parts of a neuron(B) The structure of animals' nerve(C) The nervous system of vertebrates(D) The development of the brain2. According to the passage , the nerve cord of vertebrates is(A) large(B) hollow(C) primitive(D) embryological3. The author implies that a careful investigation of a biological structure in an embryo may(A) Improved research of the same structure in other species(B) A better understanding of the fully developed structure(C) Discovering ways in which poor development can be corrected(D) A method by which scientists can document the various stages of development4. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the(A) sensory endings(B) cranial nerve(C) spinal cord(D) peripheral nerves5. All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT(A) connective tissue(B) cardiac muscle(C) glandular activity(D) smooth muscle6. In what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells?(A) lines 1-2(B) lines 9-12(C) lines 12-14(D) lines 16-18CBBCA D。

Section1青春期能力发展（重复19年4月13日第一篇文章，考试文章和部分题目稍有改动，真题仅供参考）Section2蜜蜂对于生态的重要性Section3可以参考：历史教学新方法 New Ways of Teaching HistoryNew Ways of Teaching HistoryIn a technology and media-driven world， it＇s becoming increasinglydifficult to get ou r students’attentions andkeep them absorbed in classroom discussions. This generation， in particular，has brought a unique set of challenges to the educational table. Whereas youthare easily enraptured by high-definition television， computers，iPods， videogames and cell phones， they are less than enthralled by what to them areobsolete textbooks and boring classroom lectures. The question of how to teachhistory in a digital age is often contentious. On the one side， the old guardthinks the professional standards history is in mortal danger fromflash-in-the-pan challenges by the distal that are all show and no the other Side， the self-styled “disruptors”offer over-blown rhetoric about how digital technology has changedeverything while the moribund profession obstructs all progress in the name ofoutdated ideals. At least， that＇s a parody （maybe not much of one） of how thedebate proceeds. Both supporters and opponents of the digital share moredisciplinary common ground thaneither admits.When provided with merely a textbook as a supplemental learning tool， testresults have revealed that most students fail to pinpoint the significance ofhistorical events and individuals. Fewer still are ableto cite andsubstantiate primary historical sources. What does this say about the way oureducators are presenting information？ The quotation comes from a report of a1917 test of 668 Texas students. Less than 10 percent of school-age childrenattended high school in 1917； today，enrollments are nearly universal. Thewhole world has turned on its head during the last century but one thing hasstayed the same： Young people remain woefully ignorant about history reflectedfrom their history tests.Guess what？ Historians are ignorant too， especiallywhen we equate historical knowledge with the ＂Jeopardy＂ Daily a test， those specializing in American history did just fine. But thosewithspecialties in medieval， European and African history failed miserably whenconfronted by items about Fort Ticonderoga， the Olive Branch Petition， or theQuebec Act —all taken from a typical textbook. According to thetesters， the results from the recent National Assessment in History， likescores from earlier tests， show that young people are ＂abysmallyignorant＂ of their own history. Invoking the tragedy of last September，historian Diane Ravitch hitched her worries about our future to the idea thatour nation＇s strength is endangered by youth who do poorly on such tests. Butif she were correct， we could have gone down the tubes in 1917！There is a huge difference between saying ＂Kids don’t know the history we want then to know＂ and saying ＂Kids don＇tknow history at all.＂ Historical knowledge burrows itself into ourcultural pores evenif young people can＇t marshal it when faced by a multiplechoice test.If we we ren’t such hypocrites（or maybe if we were better historians）we＇d have to admit that today＇sstudents follow in our own footsteps. For too long we＇ve fantasized that byrewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem，however， is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No humanmind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917， and it cando no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be appliedto every time period， it is that the only constant is change. The teaching ofhistory， or any subject for that matter， is no exception. The question is nolonger whether to bring new technologies into everyday education； now， thequestion is which There is a huge difference between saying ＂Kids don’t know the history we want then to know＂ and saying ＂Kids don＇tknow history at all.＂ Historical knowledge burrows itself into ourcultural pores even if young people can＇t marshal it when faced by a multiplechoice test. If we weren’t such hypocrites（or maybe if we were better historians） we＇d have to admit that today＇sstudents follow in our own footsteps. For too long we＇ve fantasized that byrewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem，however， is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No humanmind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917， and it cando no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be appliedto every time period， it is that the only constant is change. The teaching ofhistory， or any subject for thatmatter， is no exception. The question is nolonger whether to bring new technologies into everyday education； now， thequestion is which technologies are most suitable for the range of topicscovered in junior high and high school history classrooms. Fortunately，technology has provided us with opportunities to present our Civil War lessonplans or our American Revolution lesson plans in a variety of new ways.Teachers can easily target and engage the learners of this generation byeffectively combining the study of history with innovative multimedia- PowerPointand presentations in particular can expand the scope of traditional classroomdiscussion by helping teachers to explain abstract concepts while accommodatingstudents* unique learning styles. PowerPoint study units that have beenpre-made for history classrooms include all manner of photos， prints， maps，audio clips， video clips and primary sources which help to make learninginteractive and stimulating. Presenting lessons in these enticing formats helpstechnology-driven students retain the historical information they＇ll need toknow for standard exams.Whether you are covering Revolutionary War lesson plans or World War IIlesson plans， PowerPoint study units are available in formats to suit the needsof your classroom. Multimedia teaching instruments like PowerPoint software aregetting positive results the world over， framing conventional lectures withcaptivating written， auditory and visual content that helps students recallnames， dates and causal relationships within a historical context.History continues to show us that new times bring new realities. Educationis no exception to the rule. The question is not whether to bring technologyinto the educational environment. Rather， the question is which technologiesare suitable for U.S. and world history subjects，from Civil War lesson plansto World War II lesson plans. Whether you’re covering your American Revolution lesson plans or your Cold War lessonplans， PowerPoint presentations are available in pre-packaged formats to suityour classroom＇s needs.Meanwhile， some academic historians hold a different view on the use oftechnology in teaching history. One reason they hold is that not all facts canbe recorded by film or videos and literature is relatively feasible in thiscase her challenge they have to be faced with is the painful process tolearn new technology like the making ofPowerPoint and the editing of audio andvideo clips which is also reasonable especially to some elderly historians.QuestionReading this passage has eight paragraphs， A- GChoosing the correct heading for paragraphs A- G from the list of headingbelowWrite the appropriate number， i- x， in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi unavoidable changing facts to be considered when picking up technologymeansii A debatable place where the new technologies stand in for historyteachingiii Hard to attract students in traditional ways of teaching historyiv Display of the use of emerging multimedia as leaching toolsv Both students and professionals as candidates did not produce decentresultsvi A good concrete example illustrated to show how multimedia animates thehistory classvii The comparisons of the new technologies applied in history classviii Enormous breakthroughs in new technologiesix Resistance of using new technologies from certain historianx Decisions needed on which technique to be used for history teachinginstead of improvement in the textbooks28 Paragraph A29 Paragraph B30 Paragraph C31 Paragraph D32 Paragraph E33 Paragraph F34 Paragraph GQuestion 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in ReadingPassage？In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet， writeYES if the statement is trueNO if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage35 Modem people are belter at memorizing historical information comparedwith their ancestors.36 New technologies applied in history- teaching are more vivid forstudents to memorize the details of historical events.37 Conventional ways like literature arc gradually out of fashion as timegoes by.Question 38-40Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage， usingmore than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.Contemporary students can be aimed at without many difficulties byintegrating studying history with novel. ..38.... Conventional classroomdiscussion is specially extended by two ways to assist the teachers tointerpret ...39... and at the same time retain students＇distinct learningmodes. PowerPoint study units prepared beforehandcomprising a wide variety ofelements make ...40.... learning feasible. Combined classes like this can alsobe helpful in taking required tests.。

Title：印第安文明古迹Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析对于文化类的考察，放在第一篇的位置相对而言，对于考生而言还是比较友好的，尤其是针对古迹一类的词汇，学生相对而言应该还是比较熟悉的，类似于Relic这样的生词，考前应该完全熟悉并且做到心中有数。

具体可参考文章：C13——TEST3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation？Reading Passage 2Title：人类和人工智能的结合在太空探索中的应用Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析本篇文章相对而言还是比较简单的，在文章的理解上面首先就不是很难，其次在文章当中一直会重复出现AI等平时常见的生词，因此对于学生做题在信心上面也是很有帮助的，对待这篇文章，最重要的就是要做到定定心心。

但是把握好时间。

具体可参考文章：C9——TEST1 Passage2 Is anybody out there？Title：科技爆炸带来的负面影响Question types：待补充文章内容回顾具体可参考这一篇类似的文章：Alexander Henderson （1831-1913）Born in Scotland， Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful grandfather， also called Alexander， had founded the family business， and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh， it owned Press Estate， 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle， the large mansion on the northern edge of the property， and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area，playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh， Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career， he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855， however， he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish- Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source ofartificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Hendersonacted as chairman of the association＇s first meeting， which was heldin Notman＇s studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship， their styles of photography were quite e Notman＇s landscapes were noted for their bold realism，Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images， showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication had limited circulation （only seven copies have ever been found）， and was called Canadian Views and contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson＇s early work.In 1866， he gave up his business to open a photographicstudio， advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes， houses， and markets are alive with human activity， and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land，cutting ice on a river， or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade， steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirsof a trip or as gifts， and catering to this market， Henderson hadstock photographs on display at his studio for mounting， framing， or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad， in London， Edinburgh， Dublin， Paris， New York， and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario， in Canada， documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche， du Lievre，and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to theMaritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year， while in the lower St Lawrence River region， he took some photographs of the construction of the lntercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec，Montreal， Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway （CPR） as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia， where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west， photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897， when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913， his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada， Ottawa， and the McCord Museum of Canadian History， Montreal.题型难度及技巧分析这篇文章在三篇文章当中看上去和第二篇文章有点类似，但是从雅思真题的这篇文章来看，第二篇文章更加偏向于科技而不是强调人工智能。

2019年雅思考试阅读模拟试题：段落标题(1)Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesAVolcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption—cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava—is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floorhas a basement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they arealso thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every yearthey add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smokingaway for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth：enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world's atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.BGeologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack—like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly 'flow' like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents,is powerful enough to fracture the 'eggshell' of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.CThese zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow： vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa—the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes,like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth's crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific 'ring of fire' where there have been the most violent explosions—Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen's in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.DBut volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests faded, after snowin June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.。

2019年8月10日雅思阅读考试真题及解析上周六完成了最新一期的雅思考试，那么大家对自己的考试分数有没有信心呢？和来一起看看2019年8月10日雅思阅读考试真题及解析。

一、考题解析P1 芭蕾P2 潮汐能P3 IT公司选址二、名师点评1. 本次考试难度整体简单。

2. 整体分析：涉及发展史类（P1）、科学类（P2）、商业类（P3）本场考试题型整体偏细节题型，配对题行较少，第一篇共两个题型（判断和填空），定位明显，逻辑清晰，简单易懂；第二篇文章为旧题，话题比较陌生，好在题型定位明显，并无太大理解障碍；第三篇为新题，，共两个题型，说明性质文体，但话题不够熟悉，行文方式学术化较强，难度略高。

3. 主要题型：本次考试配对题型比例较低，主要出现在第二篇中，细节题偏多，尤其是判断与填空题型占主要，故对考生来说，要求快速定位能力。

4. 文章分析：第一篇文章主要介绍芭蕾舞的发展历程；第二篇文章讲述科学家利用海洋潮汐，为人类提供能量来源，例如发电等；第三篇介绍IT公司选择公司地址时需要考虑的因素；5. 部分答案及参考文章：Passage 1：题型：判断6+填空 7Until 1689，ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. It wasn＇t until the rise of Peter the Great that Russiansociety opened up to the West. St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s isolationism. Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was to challenge the west. Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment，but as a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized way of behaving. The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians，but to create a cultivated and new Russian people.Empress Anna，（1730 –1740）was devoted to ostentatious amusements （balls， fireworks， tableaux）， and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of Jean-Baptiste Landé as dancing-master in the military academy she had founded in 1731 for sons of the nobility. In 1738， he became ballet master and head of the new ballet school， launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia， and winning the patronage of elite families.France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg （1801-1831），Jules Perrot（1848-1859）and Arthur Saint-Léon （1859-69）.In the early 19th century， the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket. A seating section called a rayok，or ＇paradise gallery＇， consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet， because tickets in this section were inexpensive.One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar， and all the dancers were， in a sense， Imperial servants.In the theatre，the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and，out of respect，after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern： first，the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box， then to that of the theater director， and finally to the general public1. T2. F3. NG4. T5. T6. F7. theater8. win worldwide popularity9. dance and dress10. ？11. successful publication12. director13. comic技巧分析：本文并未出现配对题型，考生应尽可能利用定位法找出答案，细节题型同时出现，考生可以根据顺序原则快速定位答案范围，同时留意三个题型间的关系，如处在中间的判断题，可以根据单选的最后一题出现的位置向后找，可以提高效率；做选择题时需要注意巧妙利用排除法，找出最合适的答案；最后需要注意多选题答案一般涉及文章一部分，根据其出现的位置，可以从文章结尾向前找答案，节省时间。

2019年7月20日雅思阅读考试真题及答案最近的雅思考试难度越来越大，真题是大家主要参考的内容，那么7月20号的考试是怎样的呢？今天就跟着一起来看看2019年7月20日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。

P1 Solving an Arctic Mystery 北极科考船（2014.10.25旧题）文章主旨：对北极科考船失踪事件的调查。

包含判断7，填空6参考答案：判断1-4：1. TRUE2. NOT GIVEN3. FALSE4. FALSE5. NOT GIVEN6. FALSE7.TRUE填空8-13：8. geology9. sonar10. manufactured11.water12.engines13.stories参考原文：TORONTO （AP）- One of two British explorer ships that disappeared in the Arctic more 160 years ago has been found，Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced Tuesday. The HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were last seen in the late 1840s. Canada announced in 2008 that it would search for the ships ledby British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin.Harper， speaking in Ottawa， said it remains unclear which ship has been found，but images show there＇s enough information to confirm it＇s one of the pair.Franklin and 128 hand-picked officers and men vanished on an expedition begun in 1845 to find the fabled Northwest Passage. Franklin＇s disappearance prompted one of history＇s largest and longest rescue searches， from 1848 to 1859， which resulted in the passage＇s discovery.The route runs from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Arctic archipelago. European explorers sought the passage as a shorter route to Asia， but found it rendered inhospitable by ice and weather.＂This is truly a historic moment for Canada，＂ said Harper，who was beaming， uncharacteristically. ＂This has been a great Canadian story and mystery and the subject of scientists，historians，writers and singers so I think we really have an important day in mapping the history of our country.＂Harper＇s government began searching for Franklin＇s ships as it looked to assert Canada＇s sovereignty over the Northwest Passage，where melting Arctic ice has unlocked the very shipping route Franklin was after.The original search for the ships helped open up parts of the Canadian Arctic for discovery back in the 1850s. Harper said the ship was found Sunday using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. The discovery comes shortly after a team of archeologists found a tiny fragment from the Franklin expedition. Searchers discovered an iron fitting that once helped support a boat from one of the doomed expedition＇s ships in the King William Island search area.Franklin＇s vessels are among the most sought-after prizes in marine archaeology. Harper said the discovery would shed light on what happened to Franklin＇s crew.Tantalizing traces have been found over the years，including the bodies of three crewmen discovered in the 1980s.The bodies of two English seamen - John Hartnell， 25， and Royal Marine William Braine， 33 - were exhumed in 1986. An expedition uncovered the perfectly preserved remains of a petty officer， John Torrington， 20， in an ice-filled coffin in 1984.Experts believe the ships were lost in 1848 after they became locked in the ice near King William Island and that the crews abandoned them in a hopeless bid to reach safety.The search for an Arctic passage to Asia frustrated explorers for centuries，beginning with John Cabot＇s voyage in 1497. Eventually it became clear that a passage did exist， but was too far north for practical use. Cabot， the Italian-British explorer，died in 1498 while trying to find it and the shortcut eluded other famous explorers including Henry Hudson and Francis Drake. No sea crossing was successful until Roald Amundsen of Norway completed his trip from 1903-1906.P2 蜂王（英文标题待补充）文章主旨：待补充参考答案：待补充参考原文：待补充P3 Nature works for Nature Works™PLA新型塑料（2017.10.14旧题）文章主旨：对一种新型塑料的特性的介绍参考答案：判断27-30：27. B28. C29. F30. A填空（流程图）31-34：31. starch32. fermentation33. condensation34. polymer单选35-38：35. B36. C37. A38. D单选39-40：39. A40. C参考原文：AA dozen years ago，scientists at Cargill got the idea of converting lactic acid made from corn into plastic while examining possible new uses for materials produced from corn wet milling processes. In the past，several efforts had been made to develop plastics from lactic acid，but with limited success. Achieving this technological breakthrough didn’t come easily， but in time the efforts did succeed. A fermentation and distillation process using com was designed to create a polymersuitable for a broad variety of applications.BAs an agricultural based firm， Cargill had taken this product as far as it could by 1997. The company needed a partner with access to plastics markets and polymerization capabilities， and began discussions with The Dow Chemical Company. The next step was the formation of the joint venture that created Cargill Dow LLC. Cargill Dow’s product is the world’s first commercially available plastic made from annually renewable resources such as com：Nature Works™ PLA is a family of packaging polymers （carbon-based molecules）made from non-petroleum based resources.Ingeo is a family of polymers for fibers made in a similar manner.CBy applying their unique technology to the processing of natural plant sugars，Cargill Dow has created a more environmentally friendly material that reaches the consumer in clothes，cups，packaging and other products. While Cargill Dow is a stand-alone business，it continues to leverage the agricultural processing， manufacturing and polymer expertise of the two parent companies in order to bring the best possible products to market.DThe basic raw materials for PLA are carbon dioxide and water. Growing plants， like com take these building blocks from the atmosphere and the soil. They are combined in the plant to make carbohydrates （sucrose and starch） through a process driven by photosynthesis. The process for making Nature Works PLA begins when a renewable resource such as corn is milled，separating starch from the raw material. Unrefined dextrose， inturn， is processed from the starch.ECargill Dow turns the unrefined dextrose into lactic acid using a fermentation process similar to that used by beer and wine producers. This is the same lactic acid that is used as a food additive and is found in muscle tissue in the human body. Through a special condensation process，a lactide is formed. This lactide is purified through vacuum distillation and becomes a polymer （the base for NatureWorks PLA） that is ready for use through a solvent-free melt process. Development of this new technology allows the company to “harvest” the carbon that living plants remove from the air through photosynthesis. Carbon is stored in plant starches，which can be broken down into natural plant sugars. The carbon and other elements in these natural sugars are then used to make NatureWorks PLA.FNature Works PLA fits all disposal systems and is fully compostable in commercial composting facilities. With the proper infrastructure， products made from this polymer can be recycled back to a monomer and re-used as a polymer. Thus， at the end of its life cycle， a product made from Nature Works PLA can be broken down into its simplest parts so that no sign of it remains.GPLA is now actively competing with traditional materials in packaging and fiber applications throughout the world； based on the technology’s success and promise，Cargill Dow is quickly becoming a premier player in the polymers market. This new polymer now competes head-on with petroleum-based materials like polyester. A wide range of products that vary inmolecular weight and crystallinity can be produced，and the blend of physical properties of PLA makes it suited for a broad range of fiber and packaging applications. Fiber and non-woven applications include clothing，fiberfill，blankets and wipes. Packaging applications include packaging films and food and beverage containers.HAs Nature Works PLA polymers are more oil- and grease-resistant and provide a better flavor and aroma barrier than existing petroleum-based polymers，grocery retailers are increasingly using this packaging for their fresh foods. As companies begin to explore this family of polymers，more potential applications are being identified. For example，PLA possess two properties that are particularly useful for drape fabrics and window furnishings. Their resistance to ultraviolet light is particularly appealing as this reduces the amount of fading in such fabrics， and their refractive index is low， which means fabrics constructed from these polymers can be made with deep colors without requiring large amounts of dye. In addition， sportswear makers have been drawn to the product as it has an inherent ability to take moisture away from the skin and when blended with cotton and wool， the result is garments that are lighter and better at absorbing moisture.IPLA combines inexpensive large-scale fermentation with chemical processing to produce a value-added polymer product that improves the environment as well. The source material for PLA is a natural sugar found in plants such as com and using such renewable feedstock presents several environmental benefits. As an alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers，theproduction of PLA uses 20%-50% less fossil fuel and releases a lower amount of greenhouse gasses than comparable petroleumbased plastic；carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed when the feedstock is grown and is returned to the earth when the polymer is degraded. Because the company is using raw materials that can be regenerated year after year， it is both cost competitive and environmentally responsible.。

2019年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案A“Your battery is now fully charged”, Announced the laptop computer to its owner, Donald A Norman, with enthusiasm-perhaps even a hint of pride?---in its synthetic voice. To be sure, distractions and multitasking are hardly new to the human condition. “A complicated life, continually interrupted by computing requests for attention, is as old as procreation,”laughs Ted Selker of the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMedia Lab. But increasingly, it is not just our kids pulling us three ways at once; it is also a relentless barrage of e-mail, alerts, alarms, calls, instant messages and automated notifications, none of them coordinated and all of them oblivious to whether we are busy—or even present. “It’s ridiculous that my own computer can’t figure out whether I’m in front of it, but a public toilet can,”exclaims Roel Vertegaal of Queen’s University in Ontario.BHumanity has connected itself through roughly three billion networked telephones, computers traffic lights—even refrigerators and picture frame—because these things make life more convenient and keep us available to those we care about. So although we could simply turn off the phones, close the e-mail program, and shut the office door when it is time for meeting or strench of concentrated work, we usuallydon’t. We just endure the consequences.CNumerous studies have shown that when people are unexpectedly interrupted, they not only work less efficiently but also make more mistakes. “It seems to add cumulatively to a feeling of frustration,”Picard reports, and that stress response makes it hard to regain focus. It isn’t merely a matter of productivity and the pace of life. For pilots, drivers, soldiers and doctors, errors of inattention can be downright dangerous. “If we could just give our computers and phones some understanding of the limits of human attention and memory, it would make them seem a lot more thoughtful and courteous,”says Eric Horvitz of Microsoft Research. Horvitz, Vertegaal, Selker and Picard are Eric Horvitz among a small but growing number of researchers trying to teach computers, phones, cars and other gadgets to behave less like egocentric oafs and more like considerate colleagues.D“Attentive”computing systems have begun appearing in newer Volvos and IBM has introduced Websphere communications software with a basic busyness sense. Microsoft has been running extensive in-house tests of a much more sophisticated system since 2003. Within a few year, companies may be able to offer every office worker a software version of the personal receptionist that only corner-suite executives。

Section 1 厄尔尼诺现象El-Nino—the usual weather in the Pacific文章介绍了厄尔尼诺显现的影响，“康拉德”号的海上调研以及结果，最后Gilbert Walker教授的理论研究和证实判断题（NG，T，NG，T，F，F，NG）填空题（famine，crops，global，ocean temperature，air pressure，mild winters）Section2 工作场所Section 3 手机2019年最后一场雅思G类考试的大作文考题回忆如下：In many countries， the amount of rubbish is rapidly increasing. Why doe it happen？ What can we do to solve this problem？这道题曾于2018年11月出现在其他考区，也和剑桥真题集5-B的G类大作题目高度相似。

组长搬运剑桥真题集后附9分范文过来，供大家学习参考。

剑5 General Traning Test B， Writing Task 2：Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish.Why do you think this is happening？What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced？审题：当题中有more and more，可在文中提及与过去的对比；当问政府措施，通常围绕立法、征税、罚款、投入经费、提供设施；当问到垃圾，属于环境话题，通常涉及污染、回收；此外，可对关键名词rubbish进行拆分，从而产生观点展开讨论。

就考题而言，有“increasingly”，也可适当用“ past”之类的字样改写并回应。

范文分段分析（划线为建议积累的话题相关表达）：以下范文的段落结构可能会让大家觉得不熟悉、难以上手，没关系，这种2-part类的题目相对好写，只需开头结尾改述背景并预告/总结全文，每个主体段各回应一个问题/写作任务即可。

2019年雅思阅读理解精选试题及答案卷面总分：100分答题时间：50分钟试卷题量：10题一、问答题（共10题，共100分）1.Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warne d of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key:抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman:开展览会的人, 出风头的人物3. unassuming:谦逊的, 不夸耀的, 不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off pe rson’s back:不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate:受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed:不再担忧，不被打扰Questions 1-7Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.正确答案：1. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A “… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunesmusic-store.”2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Parag raph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers.”5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it l ead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”2.new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses findthem a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s i mmune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to puta polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. Forsafety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminatingside-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.Questions 10-13Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic thanthe ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers正确答案：1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。

2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案雅思的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage1：蝴蝶保护色Copy your neighbour参考答案：A THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance？Until recently， this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists，armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity，battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate， others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators：“Keep off，we’re poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection， other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.B But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area，” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum，London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicryresearch，” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance， Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity， the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich，but comparatively well collected，so I pretty much knew what was there，says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”C Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo， Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Cen tral and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours， toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies， but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs，” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.D Even though all ithomiines are poisonous，it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic， but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is： an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic， with varying degrees of verisimilitude， a focal or model species，” says John Turner from the University of Leeds.“The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour，many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.E But why are there so many different mimicry rings？ One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height，” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy，providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing pat terns don’t match very well，” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still， according to DeVries， this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.F “When I first went out to Ecuador，I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it，” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept，however，was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought，if this idea really is true， and I can work out why， it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings，there were also 69 other insect species，including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly，all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him，Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers， he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.G The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive，” he recalls. “For example，most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor， while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.H However， this being practice rather than theory， things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights，” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land， but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far，so good，but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.I Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy，” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab， it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”1-5. E、B、G 、F 、D6-E、TRUE、NOT GIVEN、FALSE、NOT GIVEN、TRUE12-13. D、BPassage2： CRS企业社会责任感参考答案：The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing” ---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility，the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States.A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments，communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally， reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grou nds that they will improve a company’s image， strengthen its brand，enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock.B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education，health care，and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its endsat the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time，a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs，wealth，and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.C A company’s impact on society also changes over time，as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos，now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow，firms may risk their very survival.D No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources，expertise，and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it canhave a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company contributes between $250，000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other importan t constituencies. What’s more，GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is，it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE’s recrui ting and retention is modest.F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth，currently，there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges，representing 45% of all U.S. Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes，however，that community colleges face special challenges：IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated，and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money andproducts，Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs，contribute to curriculum development，and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case，volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition：a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural，and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently，the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short，nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its valueproposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.V、 viii、 iv、 vii、 i、iii、 iiequal opportunity、internal costC、C、 A、 BPassage3：沙漠造雨参考答案：A. Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case，out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert，” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot， wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke， the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet？”B. The answer， of course， was condensation. Back home in London，a physicist friend，Philip Davies，explained that the glass，chilled by the rain outside，had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point， causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued， Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert，simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”C. Today， a decade on， his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenh ouse”. Local scientists，working with Paton under a license from hiscompany Light Works， are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine thatproduces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago，Marco Goldschmied，president of the Royal Institute of British Architects，called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”seawater greenhouse as developed by Paton has three main both air-condition the greenhouse and provide water for front of the greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot dry air blows in through a front wall is made of perforated cardboard kept moist by a constant trickle of seawater pumped up from purpose is to cool and moisten the incoming desert cool moist air allows the plants to grow faster. And，crucially， because much less water evaporates from the leaves，the plants need much less moisture to grow than if they were being irrigated in the hot dry desert air outside the greenhouse.air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse is completed by the second feature：the roof. It has two layers：an outer layer of clear polyethylene and an inner coated layer that reflects infrared radiation. This combination ensures that visible light can steam through to the plants， maximizing the rate of plant growth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer， sand kept away keep the air around the plants cool.F. At the lack of the greenhouse sits the third elements. This is the main water production ，the air hits a second moist cardboard wall that increases its humidity as it reaches the condenser，which finally collects from the hot humid air the moisture for irrigating the condenser is metal surface kept cool by still more seawater. It is the equivalent of the window onPaton’s Morcoccan s of pure distilled water form on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.Abu Dhai greenhouse more or less runs ors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature，humidity， and windless days，fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. “Once it is tuned to the local environment，you don’t need anyone there for it to work” says Paton. “We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug， and in the future we could make it entirely independent of the grid，powered from a few solar panels.”ics point out that construction costs of around $4 a square foot are quite illustration， however， Paton presents that it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. Thus the plants need only an eighth of the Volume of water used by those grown conventionally. And so the effective cost of desalinated water in the greenhouse is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator， which is good economics. Beside it really suggests an environmentally - friendly way of providing air conditioning on a scale large enough to cool large greenhouses where crops can be grown despite the high outside temperatures.27-31：YES、NO、YES、NOT GIVEN、 NO32-36：hot dry air、moist、heat、condenser、pure distill water37-40：fans、solar panels、construction costs、environmentally-friendly。