雅思考试 章节题库 阅读理解 (分类题)【圣才出品】

第1章雅思（IELTS）考试指南1.1雅思考试简介1.雅思考试性质雅思（IELTS）考试，全称International English Language Testing（国际英语语言测试系统），为剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部、英国文化协会和IDP教育集团共有，而在中国的雅思考试主要由英国文化协会负责。

该考试以其特有的可靠性和权威性，目前已得到全球多所院校机构、政府部门和职业机构的认可。

该项考试是为打算在交流语言为英语的国家或地区进行学习或工作的人们所设置的英语语言水平考试。

2.雅思考试分类和目的雅思考试分为学术类（Academic）和培训类（General Training）两种类型，学术类在于测试考生是否有在英语环境中就读高校本科或研究生课程的语言能力；普通培训类适用计划移民、出国工作或申请国外非学术培训、中学课程的考生，侧重点在于评估考生是否掌握足够英语技能在英语国家生活的能力。

1.2雅思考试试题分析及解题技巧雅思考试是对考生听说读写四项英语交流能力的测试，测试内容包括听力、阅读、写作和口语共四部分。

雅思考试的试卷结构如下所示：雅思学术类和培训类考试总时间均为2小时24分钟，其中对于听力和口语部分，学术类和培训类考试的测试内容完全相同；而阅读部分和写作部分则使用不同的试题。

需要注意的是除口语外，听力、阅读和写作均在同一天进行测试。

1.雅思听力试题分析及解题技巧雅思听力部分主要是对考生在英语语境中，对实际使用中英语的适应和理解能力的测试。

雅思听力由四部分构成，难度会依次递增，第一部分为两人对话，第二部分通常为一段独白（对话的形式较少出现），第三部分为多人对话（最多四人），第四部分又是一段独白。

其中前两部分内容涉及社会课题，而后两部分与与教育或培训课题相关。

听力时间为30分钟，录音结束后会有10分钟誊写答案的时间，需注意雅思听力中的录音只放一遍。

雅思听力的测试形式多样，其中历年考试中考过的题型达到十几种，主要包括选择题、简答题、完成句子题、完成笔记/表格/图表/摘要/流程图/时间表题、为图表/设计图/地图做标记题、分类和配对题等。

Test 4LISTENINGSECTION 1 Questions 1-10Questions 1-6Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBER for each answer.Questions 7-10Answer the questions below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.7 What does the student particularly like to eat?8 What sport does the student play?9 What mode of transport does the student prefer?10 When will the student find out her homestay address?【答案与解析】1. Keiko 对话中student在回答他的first name时说“It’s Keiko. K-E-I-K-O.”，故此处填Keiko。

此处注意人名首字母必须大写。

2. JO6337 录音中为your passport number is JO 6337，注意: 当数字和字母混和在一起时, 字母必须大写。

3. 4 months 录音中为About four months，可知答案为4 months。

4. (Advanced) English (Studies) 录音中为I’ve enrolled for twenty weeks in the..,urn... Advanced English Studies特别注意: 课程名称为专有名词, 首字母必须大写。

5. (young) children 录音中Do you have any preferences for a family with childrenor without children? I’d like…bu t中的but说明否定了有孩子的家庭。

雅思阅读试题练习与答案全解析一、练习题阅读Passage 1：阅读以下段落，回答问题1-5。

1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The advantages of the Internet.B. The disadvantages of the Internet.C. The impact of the Internet on society.D. The history of the Internet.2. According to the passage, which of the following is a problem caused by the widespread adoption of the Internet?A. Environmental pollution.B. Privacy issues.C. Economic growth.D. Educational improvement.3. Why does the Internet lead to social isolation?A.因为它改变了人们的交流方式B.因为它使人们更容易获取信息C.因为它促进了全球连接D.因为它提供了更多的娱乐方式4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Privacy issues.B. The spread of misinformation.C. Social isolation.D. Education inequality.5. In the author's opinion, how should people use the Internet responsibly?A. They should limit their online activities to protect their privacy.B. They should only consume information from trusted sources.C. They should spend more time on social media to stay connected.D. They should use the Internet as an educational tool to enhance their knowledge.阅读Passage 2：阅读以下段落，回答问题6-10。

◆配对题Passage 1Pupil Size and CommunicationIt has already been well established that changes in pupil size are clearly associated with changes in attitude. In a typical example, when viewing photographs of food, hungry subjects experience a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects (see figure 1). However it now appears that enlarged or constricted pupils can also affect the response of the person who observed them.FIGURE 1DIFFERENCES IN PUPIL RESPONSE of hungry subjects and of sated subjects to color slides of various foods is shown. The subjects first viewed a control slide, then a slide of a food and the change in pupil size was measured.Studies of the pupil as an indicator of attitude point to the possibility that one person uses another person’s pupil size as a source of information about that person’s feelings or attitudes. In one experiment two photographs of an attractive young woman were shown to a group of men. The photographs were identical except that in one the woman’s pupils had been retouched to make them larger and in the other they had been retouched to make them smaller. None of the men reported noticing the difference in pupil size, but when they were asked to describe the woman, they said that the women in the picture with the large pupils was “soft”, “more feminine”or “pretty”. The same woman in the picture with the small pupils was described as being “hard”, “selfish”or “cold”. There could be little doubt that the large pupils made the woman more attractive to the men.It seems that what is appealing about large pupils in a woman is that they are an indicator of interest, which can be interpreted as sexual interest. However, when men view a picture of a woman with large pupils, their own pupils dilate. In other words, seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils. Interestingly, men and womenshowed almost no increase in pupil size when viewing photographs of members of the same sex with dilated pupils.That the dilation response is in fact learned rather than innate is supported by experiments with children. In one experiment, subjects aged 6 to 22 were shown drawings of female faces that had different sized pupils, and asked to choose the one which was “happier”.The results showed that, up to the age of 14, a person does not necessarily perceive larger pupils as being happier than smaller pupils (see figure 2).FIGURE 2Age differences in perceiving a face with large pupils as being happier than a face with small pupilsOf particular interest was another finding by McLean: blue-eyed subjects were more likely to judge large pupils as being happy and than brown-eyed subjects.This finding was confirmed when another group of subjects were asked to fill in the pupils on drawings of happy faces and angry ones: the blue-eyed subjects drew larger “happy”pupils and smaller “angry”pupils than the brown-eyed subjects (see figure 3).FIGURE 3BLUE-EYED SUBJECTS drew larger pupils on a sketch of a happy face and smaller pupils on a scowling face than brown-eyed subjects. In addition, when viewing a picture that normally causes dilation or constriction, blue-eyed people show a greater change in pupil size.Blue-eyed people have also been found to have a stronger pupil response than brown-eyed people when they view a picture that causes pupil dilation or constriction. To be more precise, with respect to the total range of response from the smallest pupil size to the largest, the range is greater for blue-eyed people than it is for brown-eyed people.Based on the information in Reading Passage 3, “Pupil Size and Communication”, indicate the relationship between each of the two measures listed below in terms of:PC. if there is a positive correlationL/N if there is little or no correlationNI if there is no informationWrite your answers (PC, L/N, NI) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.MEASURE 1 MEASURE 21. Changes in pupil size Changes in attitude2. Images of food Pupil dilation in hungry subjects3. Small pupil size in picture of woman Negative response in male subject4. Pupil dilation in picture of woman Pupil dilation in male subject5. Pupil dilation in picture of woman Pupil dilation in female subject6. Small pupil size in picture of woman Negative response in female subject7. Subjects under 14 years of age Positive response to large pupils8. Darkness of eye color in photograph Subject’s estimate of “happiness”【答案与解析】1.PC 本题问瞳孔大小与态度变化的关系。

◆排序题Passage 1New Rules for the Paper GameA Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded thepaperless office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating. In fact, consumption, especially of printing and writing papers, continues to increase. World demand for paper and board is now expected to grow faster than the general economic growth in the next15 years. Strong demand will be underpinned by the growing industrializationof South-East Asia, the reemergence of paper packaging, greater use of facsimile machines and photocopiers, and the popularity of direct-mail advertising. In 2007, world paper and board demand reached 455 million tonnes, compared with 241 million tonnes in 1991.B The pulp and paper industry has not been badly affected by the electronictechnologies that promised a paperless society. But what has radically altered the industry’s structure is pressure from another front—a more environmentally conscious society driving an irreversible move towards cleaner industrial production. The environmental consequences of antiquated pulp mill practices and technologies had marked this industry as one in need of reform.Graphic descriptions of deformed fish and thinning populations, particularly in the Baltic Sea where old pulp mills had discharged untreated effluents for 100years, have disturbed the international community.C Until the 1950s, it was common for pulp mills and other industries to dischargeuntreated effluent into rivers and seas. The environmental effects were at the time either not understood, or regarded as an acceptable cost of economic prosperity in an increasingly import-oriented world economy. But greater environmental awareness has spurred a fundamental change in attitude in the community, in government and in industry itself.D Since the early 1980s, most of the world-scale pulp mills in Scandinavia andNorth America have modernized their operations, outlaying substantial amounts to improve production methods. Changes in mill design and processes have been aimed at minimizing the environmental effects of effluent discharge while at the same time producing pulp with the whiteness and strength demanded by the international market. The environmental impetus is taking this industry even further, with the focus now on developing processes that may even eliminate waste-water discharges. But the ghost of the old mills continues to haunt the industry today. In Europe companies face a flood of environment-related legislation. In Germany companies are now being held responsible for the waste they create.E Pulp is the porridge-like mass of plant fibres from which paper is made. Papermakers choose the type of plant fibre and the processing methods, depending on what the end product will be used for: whether it is a sturdy packing box, a smooth sheet of writing paper or a fragile tissue. In wood, which is the sourceof about 90% of the world’s paper production, fibres are bound together by lignin, which gives the unbleached pulp a brown color. The pulping stage separates the wood into fibres so they are suitable for paper making. Pulping can be done by mechanical grinding, or by chemical treatment in which woodchips are “cooked”with chemicals, or by a combination of both methods.F Kraft pulping is the most widely used chemical process for producing pulp withthe strength required by the high-quality paper market. It is now usually carried out in a continuous process in a large vessel called a digester. Woodchips are fed from a pile into the top of the digester. In the digester, the chips are cooked in a solution called white liquor, composed of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and sodium sulphide. The chips are cooked at high temperatures of up to 170℃for up to three hours. The pulp is then washed and separated from the spent cooking liquor which has turned dark and is now appropriately called black liquor. An important feature of kraft pulping is a chemical recovery system which recycles about 95% of the cooking chemicals and produces more than enough energy to run the mill. In a series of steps involving a furnace and tanks, some of the black liquor is transformed into energy, while some is regenerated into the original white cooking liquor. The recovery system is an integral part of production in the pulp and paper industry. The pulp that comes out has little lignin left in the fibres. Bleaching removes the last remaining lignin and brightens the pulp. Most modern mills have modified their pulping processesto remove as much of the lignin as possible before the pulp moves to the bleaching stage.Below is a list of possible factors, A-G, which will influence the amount of paper being used in the future. From the list, choose FOUR factors which are mentioned in the passage.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.【答案】1-4：B E F G【解析】此类问题的解答办法比较单一：首先阅读题干，然后搞清楚题干选项的意思，最后通过阅读原文，判断哪些因素在原文中被提及。

雅思（IELTS）真题精选及详解（二）LISTENINGSECTION 1 Questions 1-10Questions 1 and 2Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.1. In the lobby of the library George sawA. a group playing music.B. a display of instruments.C. a video about the festival.【答案】C【解析】根据原文，George在图书馆的大厅（lobby）中的展台（stand）上看到了一个关于节日的录像（video），故选C。

2. George wants to sit at the back so they canA. see well.B. hear clearly.C. pay less.【答案】B【解析】根据原文，George认为坐在后面可以“hear the whole thing better”，而该句意思与hear clearly意思相同。

Questions 3-10Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Singer (price【答案与解析】3. 48 North Avenue(根据提示词address可知，题目考查的是地址，故此处应填数字+街道。

另需注意，地址是专有名词, 首字母需要大写。

)4. WS6 2YH(根据提示词postcode可知，题目考查的是邮编。

答案有两种可能性, 即数字与字母混合或纯数字。

需要注意，在书写英国邮编时, 两个数字中间通常空一个格。

)5. 01674553242(根据提示词telephone可知，本题考查电话号码的听写，测试考生对数字的敏感度和反应度。

雅思考试题目及答案详解一、听力部分1. 问题：What is the man's reason for calling the woman?答案：A. To arrange a meeting.2. 问题：What does the woman suggest the man should do next?答案：B. Check his email.3. 问题：What is the main topic of the lecture?答案：C. Climate change.二、阅读部分1. 问题：According to the passage, what is the primary function of the liver?答案：The liver processes nutrients and detoxifies the blood.2. 问题：What does the author suggest about the impact of technology on society?答案：The author suggests that technology has both positive and negative effects on society.3. 问题：What is the main argument of the article?答案：The main argument is that education should be more focused on critical thinking skills.三、写作部分1. 问题：Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of livingin a city.答案：[考生应提供至少两个城市生活的优势和劣势，并给出合理的解释和例子。

]2. 问题：Some people believe that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sportsfacilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?答案：[考生应表达自己对增加体育设施是否能改善公共健康的看法，并提供支持自己观点的理由。

雅思阅读题库(完整版)第一部分：选择题（Multiple Choice）1. “……” 这句话的意思是什么？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D2. 下列哪个选项与文章主题无关？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D3. 作者在第二段中提到了哪个事实？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D第二部分：填空题（Fill in the Blanks）请将以下空格处填上合适的单词。

1. 根据研究显示，____增加了人们患心脏病的风险。

2. 在夏日，许多人喜欢到____上放松休闲。

3. 这座城市以其____而著名，吸引了许多游客。

第三部分：判断题（True/False）1. 该文章的主要目的是提供瑜伽的健身指导。

(True/False)2. 文章中提到的研究结果是基于最新的科学数据。

(True/False)3. 该杂志的编辑具有多年的运动经验。

(True/False)第四部分：配对题（Matching）请将下列问题与相应的答案配对。

1. 问题1a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C2. 问题2a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C3. 问题3a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C第五部分：段落标题题（Paragraph Headings）请从以下选项中选择合适的标题来概括每个段落的内容。

1. 段落1的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C2. 段落2的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C3. 段落3的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C以上是完整版的雅思阅读题库。

希望对你的备考有所帮助！。

◆段落标题对应题Passage 1Rapid Police ResponseA Police departments in the United States and Canada see it as central to theirrole that they respond to calls for help as quickly as possible. This ability to react fast has been greatly improved with the aid of technology. The telephone and police radio, already long in use, assist greatly in the reduction of police response time. In more recent times there has been the introduction of the “911”emergency system, which allows the public easier and faster contact with police, and the use of police computer systems, which assist police in planning patrols and assigning emergency requests to the police officers nearest to the scene of the emergency.B An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by policeofficers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious ones are the ability of police to apply first-aid lifesaving techniques quickly and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime.It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime, as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department, too, is enhanced if rapid response is consistent, and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say, rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.C While these may be the desired consequences of rapid police response, actualresearch has not shown it to be so beneficial. For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a call is received by the police.When response times increase to 3-4 minutes-still quite a rapid response-the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced. Similarly, in identifying witnesses to emergencies or crimes, police are far more likely to be successful if they arrive at the scene no more than four minutes on average, after receiving a call for help. Yet both police officers and the public define “rapid response”as responding up to 10-12 minutes after calling the police for help.D Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response?Studies have shown that people tend to delay after an incident occurs before contacting the police. A crime victim may be injured and thus unable to call for help, for example, or no telephone may be available at the scene of the incident.Often, however, there is no such physical barrier to calling the police. Indeed, it is very common for crime victims to call their parents, their minister, or even their insurance company first. When the police are finally called in such cases the effectiveness of even the most rapid of responses is greatly diminished.E The effectiveness of rapid response also needs to be seen in light of the natureof the crime. For example, when someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home, there is little point, in terms of identifying those responsible for the crime, in ensuring a very rapidresponse. It is common in such burglary or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours, days, even weeks after it has occurred. When the victim is directly involved in the crime, however, as in the case of a robbery, rapid response, provided the victim was quickly able to contact the police, is more likely to be advantageous. Based on statistics comparing crimes that are discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Spelman and Brown (1981) suggest that three in four calls to police need not be met with rapid response.F It becomes clear that the importance of response time in collecting evidence orcatching criminals after a crime must be weighed against a variety of factors.Yet because police department officials assume the public strongly demands rapid response, they believe that every call to the police should be met with it.Studies have shown, however, that while the public wants quick response, more important is the information given by the police to the person asking for help.If a caller is told the police will arrive in five minutes but in fact it takes ten minutes or more. Waiting the extra time can be extremely frustrating. But if a caller is told he or she will have to wait 10 minutes and the police indeed arrive within that time, the caller is normally satisfied. Thus, rather than emphasizing rapid response, the focus of energies should be on establishing realistic expectations in the caller and making every attempt to meet them.List of Headingsi The presumptions of policy makersii Need for more equitable parenting policiesiii The impact of dual employmentiv Comparison of employed and non-employed mothersv The benefits of balanced responsibilityvi The unchanged role of the female parentvii The effect of stress on the female parentviii Disadvantages of parental equalityix The experts’view of the male parent’s rolex Commitment of mothers to their paid jobsxi Origins of anxiety in working mothersExample AnswerSection A. …ii…1. Section B2. Section C3. Section D4. Section E5. Section F【答案与解析】1. vi(该段的主题句是第一句“Despite the significant increase…Australian researchstudies over the last l5 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labor for family work are very rigid indeed (Watson 1991)”，其中rigid一词就暗含了这么多年澳大利亚家庭中的劳务分配没有发生多大的变化，再结合下文就可知道女性在家庭中的角色没有发生多少变化，所以本段大意概括准确的是选项vi。

◆图表填空题Passage 1The Rollfilm RevolutionThe introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it much more convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance, but its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneous exposures had been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment and conditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to be held in the hand were easily achieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional stand cameras, manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras intended specifically for hand use.One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas’s “Detective”camera of 1881. Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could be used unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameras were called “Detectives”. Many of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, in which a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another following exposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers, magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroomfor loading and processing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographic manufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York.Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880, being one of the first to do so in America. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people were put off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, with the camera manufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative “film”. This could be fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. The combined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glass plates in their light-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the 1850s, none had been very successful because of the limitations of the photographic materials then available. Eastman’s rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality; the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great Success.The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera: Eastman’s first design was patented with an employer F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastman detective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was too high and the design too complicated. Eastman set about developing a new model, which was launched in June 1888. Itwas a small box, containing a roll of paper-based stripping film sufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: set the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the release button to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind on the film. A hundred exposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum book provided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name “Kodak”, which was easily pronounceable in most languages, and had two Ks which Eastman felt was a firm, uncompromising kind of letter.The importance of Eastman’s new roll-film camera was not that it was the first. There had been several earlier cameras, notably the Stirn “America”, first demonstrated in the spring of 1887 and on sale from early 1888. This also used a roll of negative paper, and had such refinements as a reflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker. The real significance of the first Kodak camera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing service. Hitherto, virtually all photographers developed and printed their own pictures. This required the facilities of a darkroom and the time and inclination to handle the necessary chemicals, make the prints and so on. Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources or the desire to do these. When a customer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he sent it to Eastman’s factory in Rochester where the film was unloaded, processed and printed, the camera reloaded and returned tothe owner. “You Press the Button, We Do the Rest”ran Eastman’s classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is, who could afford $25 or five guineas for the camera and $10 or two guineas for the developing and printing. A guinea ($5) was a week’s wages for many at the time, so this simple camera cost the equivalent of hundreds of dollars today.In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No. 2 Kodak camera. The paper-based stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since the processed negative image had to be stripped from the paper base for printing. At the end of 1889 Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid base. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, the new film not only made the roll-film camera fully practical, but provided the raw material for the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced, including several folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6 cm ×16.5 cm in size. Other manufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films, and other firms began to offer developing and printing services for the benefit of the new breed of photographers. By September 1889, over 5,000 Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company was daily printing 6,000-7,000 negatives. Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demand for processing: 900 Kodak users returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the week after the New York centennial celebration.Complete the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.【答案】1-5：A Wire String, set the shutter, aim the camera, (The) Memorandum Book, record each picture【解析】根据图中已知的两个信息“V Line Impression”和“Special Key”可定位到原文第四段的第六、七句对照相机曝光操作过程的描述“Its operation was simple: set the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the release bottom to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind on the film. A hundred exposures had to be made, so it was important to record eachpicture in the memorandum book provided, since there was no exposure counter”该句中共有5个分句对应了题中的四个步骤及其功能，只要根据句中的描述，将每一步骤对应到图表中即可。

◆信息及段落搭配题Passage 1The Research on Self-esteemA Self-esteem is generally considered the evaluative component of theself-concept, a broader representation of the self that includes cognitive and behavioral aspects as well as evaluative or affective ones. While the construct is most often used to refer to a global sense of self-worth, narrower concepts such as self-confidence or body-esteem are used to imply a sense of self-esteem in more specific domains. It is also widely assumed that self-esteem functions as a trait, that is, it is stable across time within individuals.B Self-esteem is an extremely popular construct within psychology, and has beenrelated to virtually every other psychological concept or domain, including personality (e.g., shyness), behavioral (e.g., task performance), cognitive (e.g., attributional bias), and clinical concepts (e.g., anxiety and depression). While some researchers have been particularly concerned with understanding the nuances of the self-esteem construct, others have focused on the adaptive and self-protective functions of self-esteem. Self-esteem has been related both to socioeconomic status and to various aspects of health and health-related behaviors, as has a related construct, self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, a term associated with the work of Bandera, refers to an individual’s sense of competence or ability in general or in particular domains.C Low self-esteem is the universal common denominator literally among allpeople suffering from addictions to any and all mind altering substances such as alcohol—not genes. In the book Alcoholism: A False Stigma: Low Self-Esteem the True Disease (1996), Candito reports, “Those who have identified themselves as ‘recovered alcoholics’indicate that low self-esteem is the most significant problem in their lives. Low self-esteem is the true problem and the true disease. Alcohol is but a symptom of an alcoholic’s disease.”Studies have found that 18-year olds who used drugs frequently were using them as early as age seven, already more psychologically troubled than their peers. They were already anxious and unhappy, alienated from their family and peers, and overly impulsive. Low self-esteem, lack of conformity, poor academic achievement and poor parental-child relationships are also indicators of young children likely to end up using drugs.D Candito comes to the conclusion that low self-esteem is the underlying origin fall problematic behaviors, and the true disease that plagues the world, resulting in alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and all other obsessive behaviors including criminal behavior. This conclusion is also shared by Andrew Keegan (1987) who maintains that low self-esteem either causes or contributes to neurosis, anxiety, defensiveness, and ultimately alcohol and drug abuse. The reason why some become alcoholic while others do not is dependent upon their ability to contend with low self-esteem.E However, many of the positive outcomes attributed to high self-esteem are notsubstantiated by research, according to Brown psychologist Krueger. Krueger, associate professor of psychology and faculty member from three other universities, formed that conclusion after reviewing more than two decades of objective research studies on self-esteem at the invitation of the American Psychological Society. Their report appears in this month’s issue of Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a supplement to Psychological Science. “Across most measures-school and job performance, violence and crime, and health-there were few consistent links between the level of self-esteem and the quality of outcomes,”said Krueger. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs or engaging in early sex, the task force reported. If anything, high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking. The exception was a connection between high self-esteem and reduced chances of the eating disorder bulimia in females. In adults, according to the task force, occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. And neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence.F In fact, pleasant feelings and enhanced initiative were the two benefits of highself-esteem found by the task force. High self-esteem has a strong relationship to happiness and low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Those with high self-esteem were also found to exhibit more persistence at tasks. Yet the task force also noted that there are basically two types of high self-esteem—that which is realistic, and that whichis out of touch with reality. People who fall into the former category accept their good qualities. Those in the latter are characterised as narcissistic, defensive or conceited individuals. In some studies, narcissism led to some negative qualities such as increased aggression in retaliation for wounded pride.G The self-esteem movement began in California during the 1980s with the ideathat many of society’s problems were related to low self-esteem. The California legislature financed a task force to increase self-esteem in an effort to reduce welfare dependency, unwanted pregnancy, school failure, crime, drug addiction and other problems, with the goal of saving taxpayer dollars, according to the task force. Since then, there has been a nationwide proliferation of techniques to raise self-esteem—particularly in schools—and a proliferation of books marketed to people helping themselves. Yet, “after a quarter of a century of research, the high hopes of the self-esteem movement have not been realized, and customers of the self-help industry should not look to heightened self-esteem as a panacea,”said Krueger.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1. Researchers focused their studies on varied aspects of self-esteem.2. Some researchers related problematic drink behaviors to self-esteem.3. The reason of violence seems not related to the quality of self-esteem.4. Andrew Keegan agreed that low self-esteem is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors.5. Many inventions of methods are stimulated to increase the self-esteem.【答案与解析】1.B 根据题干中的关键词varied aspects of self-esteem可定位到B段的第二句“Whilesome researchers have been particularly concerned with understanding the nuances of the self-esteem construct, others have focused on the adaptive and self-protective functions of self-esteem”，可知研究院关注的焦点是不同的，和题干中的表述一致，因此答案是B。

◆完成摘要题Passage 1Wrap up Your Visit with the Perfect GiftSection A“It is better to give than to receive”; “Never look a gift horse in the mouth”; “Beware of Greeks (ancient, of course) bearing gifts”. Gifts are a fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures. They are also an important part of our business relationships.There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity. Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and chances are he or she will understand you perfectly, though you may not understand a single word of each other’s languages. It can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you place upon the relationship. Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to the culture of the recipient and you have an invaluable chance to earn respect and lay the foundations of a durable and mutually beneficial business relationship.For all countries, take account of climate, especially in regard to clothing. Some gifts can be ruined by extremely hot or humid climate, possibly causing theirreceiver considerable anguish.Consider the kinds of products that are abundant in the country concerned and try for something that is uncommon there. Think about the level of language skills: a book with hundreds of pages of English text may be at best useless, at worst embarrassing, to a person with limited English.Inform yourself as much as possible about local customs, rules and etiquette, especially to do with wrapping, presenting, superstitions, taboos and, importantly, customs and quarantine regulations.The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift-giving in some countries of Asia and the Middle East.Section BHong Kong Chinese greatly appreciate simple greeting cards, though obviously they will not refuse small tokens of friendship in the form of gifts.Books with plenty of illustrations are most appreciated in Indonesia. Inappropriate items: alcohol, products made from pigs, warm clothing. Ties and cuff links are not commonly worn.In Iran, short-sleeved shirts and any visual representation of naked or partiallydressed people, male or female, are highly inappropriate. Don’t bother with ties, videos or records. As in all Islamic countries, there is a strict taboo on any pork products.Respecting the Arab tradition, gifts should endeavor to praise the recipient in Iraq and should never be of an order that cannot reasonably be reciprocated.Avoid certain color combinations: red, white and black (colors of the Nazi flag); and red, green and black (the Palestinian flag) in Israel.Gifts are normally exchanged at the beginning of meetings with Japanese and should be given and received with both hands. It is seen as impolite to give an unwrapped gift. The emphasis should be on high quality, though not necessarily expensive, items.When in Jordan, it is preferable, but not vital, to avoid green in packaging. Normal Arab customs apply so no alcohol, pork, women’s clothing etc. Arabs generally do not greatly appreciate handcrafts in wood, fabric or pottery. Gifts should ideally appear valuable.Again, the exchange should be made with both hands in Korea. Also, similar to Japan, is the emphasis on presentation. Do not use red ink to write the names of therecipients. It is worth remembering that it is customary for a gift given to a company to be shared out around the office concerned, so items that lend themselves to this practice—like a bottle of good whisky—are very well received.Laos has virtually no cultural taboo items. It would be difficult to offend with virtually any gift.Business contacts in the People’s Republic of China are keen recipients of good Scotch whisky and American cigarettes, to the point where it is almost obligatory to take some along when you go there. Or, if not obligatory, it certainly helps to warm relations.Do not open gifts in the presence of the giver in the Philippines. Not recommended are items alluding to religion. Many people are Catholic and many others Moslems. This also means literature and art with any possible suggestions of lewdness or racism are to be strictly avoided.For Thailand, gifts should not be wrapped or packaged in black. Modest gifts, like ties, scarves and key rings, are much appreciated. Traditionally, sharp objects like knives or even letter openers are not given as gifts.No special gift-giving customs in Vietnam, but the Vietnamese are enthusiasticgift givers and like very much to receive them as well. Liquor and wine can be problematic, for reasons pertaining to Vietnamese tastes rather than morality or religion.Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.There are important details to consider when 1_____ Some cultures have prohibitions on animal products such as those from 2_____ Others have political aversions to specific 3_____ because of their use on certain countries’flags. Similarly, Thais do not like gifts with 4_____ wrappings, and in Korea it is suggested that name tags written in red should be avoided. But presentation is not only restricted to what wrappings or pen you use. In Japan care should also be taken in selecting gifts that are of good 5_____.【答案与解析】1. gift-giving(根据原文A的最后一句“The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift-giving in some countries of Asia and the Middle East”，可知在送礼时要考虑许多细节，因此，此处应填gift-giving。

第二部分章节题库第1章阅读理解◆选择题Passage1Worms Put New Life Into Derelict SitePoisoned soil at an old steelworks is being cleansed by thousands of worms A Thousands of deep-burrowing earthworms are to help turn the long-derelictsite of a steelworks into woodland and a renewable energy park.B As part of a pioneering low-cost plan to reclaim the site of the former HallsideSteelworks at Cambuslang near Glasgow,worms are being used to accelerate the process of soil regeneration and to transform the land,over time,into an attractive and financially productive site.C Hallside’s closure in1979put an end to more than100years of steelproduction.The surrounding land had become heavily compacted and was too contaminated with heavy metals such as chromium,cadmium and leads to support any kind of brick and mortar development.D The site’s30hectares were left abandoned until1990,when a rescue plan puttogether by local landscaping and earthmoving company,HL Banks,and the regional developer,Scottish Greenbelt,was approved by local authorities.E Now the site has been covered by a two-meter layer of partially treated sewagematerial which has been mixed with colliery waste.This will be converted into usable soil by about21,000Lubricus territories(garden lobworms)and Aporrectodea longa(black headed worms)that have been let loose on the site.F The specially raised hermaphrodites,which are self-impregnation,will spend thenext five to ten years chewing their way through the topping layer to create a soil structure able to sustain long-term plant growth.Without them,the process could take up to60years.G Researchers at Bell College of Technology in nearby Hamilton examined the useof earthworms in land regarding,and found that even in the hostile mixture of coal-tip waste and partially treated sewage,earthworms were able to speed up the process of soil recomposition.H They selected different varieties of deeper burrowing earthworm species,whose bulk feeding and casting actions,as well as their ability to improve the mineral content of soil,would increase the rate of reformulation much faster than the natural processes.I Sean Ince,of Bell’s department of biology,says,“The idea is that earthwormswill contribute in a cumulative way to further soil binding,and that they will aerate and add nitrogen to the soil covering the Hallside site.”J At the same time,Scottish Greenbelt has begun planting the area with250,000 trees including willow and alder specially selected for their ability to grow on degraded land.K These will have the dual function of extracting contaminants from the soilthrough their root systems,and burning or chipboard manufacture.L By using the cash raised from wood harvesting,David Craven,director of Scottish Greenbelt,says he expects Hallside to be self-financing.M“The first tranche of trees was planted in April and they are now over six feet tall,despite dry weather through the summer,”he says.The fields are being planted on a four-year rotation basis and will be used to help us meet our costs. N Craven says the cost of land bio-remediation—the labor intensive process of removing soil for chemical and bacterial cleansing-could have been more than 30m.O At Bell College,Ince says“There’s a whole legacy of toxic soil contamination going back many years.There is physical degradation of the soil as well as contamination from metals,including lead,chromium and arsenic.”P Sampling of the soil at regular intervals over the next few years will give an indication of the level of contaminants.Within less than20years the land could be re-integrated into the community.Q Hopes of a successful outcome at Hallside have paved the way for similar regeneration plans for the nearby Gartoosh steelworks and at Glengarnock in Ayrshire.1.The Hallside site has been_____.A.turned into a steelworks from a woodland and an energy park.B.in use as an energy park.C.disused for a long period of time.D.out of use for a short period of time.2.After more than one hundred years of steel production at Hallside,_____.A.the land could not be used for anything.B.it was impossible to use the land to build on.C.the land could then be built on.D.the land could be used for any purpose.3.The plan to reclaim Hallside was proposed by_____.A.Scottish Greenbelt and the regional developer.B.local authorities and Scottish Greenbelt.C.a local landscaping company and authorities.D.Scottish Greenbelt and HL Banks.4.In the conversion of the soil at the Hallside site,_____.A.two types of worms are being used.B.three types of worms are being used.C.many types of worms are being used.D.thousands of different types of worms are being used.5.The soil regeneration at the Hallside site will take_____.A.60years.B.between5and10years.C.over60years.D.less than five years.【答案与解析】1.C.根据题干关键词Hallside site可定位到原文C和D段，C段中“Hallside’s closurein1979put an end to more than100years of steel production”，可知该厂于1979年倒闭，D段中“The site’s30hectares were left abandoned until1990”，可知直到1990年该厂才开始重新使用。

6月18日雅思考试真题阅读Passage 1题材：商业类新旧情况：旧题题型：选择4+多选9文章大意：类似文章及旧题仅供参考Corporate social Responsibility a new concept of "market"Maybe Ben & Jerry’s and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a monopoly on making an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about the minefield of "ethical" marketing. The Body Shop, along with the American ice cream maker Ben and Jerry’s, was hailed as a new breed of green, or environmentally conscious, business.Ben and Jerry’sA Ben & Jerry’s offers a very sweet benefits package to employees. First, every one of the 700+ Ben & Jerry’s workers is entitled to three free pints of ice cream, sorbet or frozen yogurt per day worked. (Some workers use allotments of their free treats to barter for other goods and services in town such as haircuts. ) Beyond the freebies, personnel receive a 50% discount on the company’s frozen goodies, a 40% discount on merchandise a nd a further 30%break on non-Ben & Jerry’s foods at company outlets.B Workers are further entitled to paid family leave and may take advantage of the Employee Stock Purchase Program to purchase company stock (after six months with the organization) at a 15%discount. Beginning in 1998, 316 stock options are awarded to each worker (excluding directors and officers) andstock is also assigned to each employee’s 401K plan at the end of the calendar year. These contributions are intended to achieve the company’s goal of linked prosperity, i. e. to assure that future prosperity is widely shared by all employees.C Other benefits include:Health insurance, including coverage for well baby-care and mammogramsLife insurance (twice the employee’s annual salary)Dental insuranceLong-term disability plan paying 60% of salary six months afterdisability for duration of disabilityShort-term disability plan paying 60% of salary for six monthsMaternity leave with full pay for six weeks after deliveryThe Body ShopD History of The Body Shop Anita Roddick started The Body Shop with a mere ￡4, 000 and a dream. With over 1, 900 stores in 50 countries. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 in Brighton, England. From her original shop, which offered a line of 25 different lotions, creams, and oils, Roddick became the first successful marketer of body care products that combined natural ingredients with ecologically-benign manufacturing processes. Her company’s refusal to test products on animals, along with an insistence on no exploitative labor practices among suppliers around the world, appealed especially to upscale, mainly middleclass women, who were and have continued to be the company’s primary market. As sales boomed, even the conservative financial markets approved of The Body Shop‘’s impressive profit picture, and a public stock offering in 1984wassuccessful. An expansion campaign followed. In 1988 the company entered the U. S. market by opening a store in New York City, and by 1997 the company boasted 1, 500 stores, including franchises, in 47 countries. Anti-marketing seemed to be smart marketing, at least as far as The Body Shop was concerned.E Part of the secret of The Body Shop’s early success was that it had created a market niche for itself. The company was not directly competing against the traditional cosmetics companies, which marketed their products as fashion accessories designed to cover up flaws and make women look more like the fashion models who appeared in their lavish ads. Instead, The Body Shop offered a line of products that promised benefits other than appearance—healthier skin, for instance—rather than simply a better-looking complexion. The company is known for pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetic market and establishing social responsibility as an integral part of company operations. The Body Shop is known for its ethical stances, such as its monetary donations to the communities in which it operates, and its business partnerships with developing countries. In 1988 Roddick opened her first store in the United States, and by that time—through various social initiatives such as the "Stop the Burn" campaign to save the Brazilian rainforest (the source of many of the company’s natural ingredients, and strong support of employee volunteerism—The Body Shop name had become synonymous with social activism and global preservation worldwide. The company had also become immensely profitable.F By the mid-1990s, however, The Body Shop faced growing competition, forcing it to begin its first major advertising initiative, the most prominent part of which was the "Ruby"campaign. The campaign was personified by Ruby, a doll with Rubenesque proportions who was perched on an antique couch and who looked quite pleased with herself and her plump frame. Randy Williamson, a spokesperson for The Body Shop, said, "Ruby is the fruit of our long-established practice of challenging the way the cosmetic industry talks to women. The Ruby campaign is designed to promote the idea that The Body Shop creates products designed to enhance features, moisturize, cleanse, and polish, not to correct ‘flaws. ’ The Body Shop philosophy is that there is real beauty in everyone. We are not claiming that our products perform miracles. "G The Competition the Body Shop lost market share in the late 1990’s to product-savvy competitors that offered similar cosmetics at lower prices. The main competitors are H20, Sephora, Bath and Body Works, and Origins. Research Results Research showed that women appreciate The Body Shop for its ethical standards. They are pleased by companies with green actions, not promises. The research proved that The Body Shop has been put on the back burner in many people’s minds: overcrowded by newer, fresher Brands. Companies like the Body Shop continually hype their products through advertising and marketing, often creating a demand for something where a real need for it does not exist. The message pushed is that the route to happiness is through buying more and more of their products. Under such consumerism, the increasing domination of multinationals and their standardised products is leading to global cultural conformity. Other downfall factors also include misleading the public, low pay and against unions, exploiting indigenous people ; Also the mass production, packaging and transportation of huge quantities of goods is using up theworld’s resources faster than they can be renewed and filling the land, sea and air with dangerous pollution and waste.H The Problem The Body Shop has used safe and timid advertising over the last decade, decreasing market share and brand value. With the rise of new, more natural and environmentally friendly competitors, The Body Shop can no longer stand behind being the greenest or most natural. The Solution The Body Shop is the originator of ethical beauty with our actions speaking louder than our words. This is the new direction of The Body Shop. We will be a part of different acts of kindness in big cities. We will eliminate unwanted graffiti, purify city air, and give the customer an opportunity to be a part of something good.Questions 1-4The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-4 your answer sheet.1 An action taken to Establishing social responsibility in conservation project2 A description of the conventional way the ads applied to talk to its customers3 A history of a humble origin and expansion4 management practices are intended to lined up the company’s goal with participants’ prosperityQuestions 5-7Choose the three correct letter, A- F.Write your answers in boxes 5-7 on your answer sheet.5-7) What are true about the Ben & Jerry’s company managementA There was little difference between the highest salary andthe lowestB They were advertising their product with powerful internal marketing.C They offer the employee complimentary productD Employee were encouraged to give services back to the communityE the products are designed for workers to barter for other goods and servicesF offered a package of benefits for disable employeesQuestions 8-10Choose the three correct letter, A- F.Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.What are the factors once contributed to the success for the BODY SHOP ?A pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetics marketB appealed to primary market mainly of the rich womenC focused on their lavish ads campaignD The company avoided producing the traditional cosmetics productsE its moral concept that refuses to use animals- tested ingredientsF its monetary donations to the communities and in developing countriesQuestions 11-13Choose the three correct letter, A- F.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.What are the factors leading to the later failure for BODY SHOP company?A its philosophy that there is real beauty in everyone is faultyB fail to fulfill promises while acted like misleading the public,C faced growing competitionD its creating demand for something that the customers do not actually needE its newer, fresher Brands are not successful in the MarketF fail to offer cosmetics at lower prices than competitors部分答案回忆：1.E2.F3.D4.B5-7.C D F(IN EITHER ORDER)8-10.A E F(IN EITHER ORDER)11-13.B C D(IN EITHER ORDER)(仅供参考)。

雅思考试阅读题及答案解析2017年雅思考试阅读精选题及答案解析人若是把一生的光阴虚度，便是抛下黄金未买一物，以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的'2017年雅思考试阅读精选题及答案解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure Ineffective1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank's, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6."The premise is that site-authentication images increasesecurity because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image," said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. "From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time."7.He added: "If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better," he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey "gives our customers a fairly easy way ofauthenticating the Bank of America Web site," said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. "It was very well received."13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured. The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something fishy.14.Mr. Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank's Web site more secure. He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security blanket. "It's not like we're betting the bank on SiteKey," he said.15.Most financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is legitimate. The banks often drop a small software program, called a cookie, onto a user's PC to associate the computer with the customer. If the customer logs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother's maiden name.16.Rachna Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal questions. She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of confidence.17.RSA Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, "has a lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers," Ms. Dhamija said. "Ultimately that might be why they adopted it. Sometimesthe appearance of security is more important than security itself."(811 words)Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1.According to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against fraud.2.In the Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn't log on without seeing the correct pictures.3.According to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right pictures.4.The image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have currently.5.Bank of America is the first bank that adopted the image system.Questions 6-13 Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6.What is ING Direct and Vanguard?7.What might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?8.What may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?9.The key to online banking security is to verify the ______ of customers.10.Where is PassMark Security located?11.What is the reason why SiteKey is popular among onlinebanking customers?12.What was used instead of images in the Harvard and M.I.T. study?13.How many security methods are mentioned in this passage?Answer keys1. 第一段"Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection."似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一个措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。

第二部分雅思考试八大题型之标题对应题DAY1标题对应属于雅思阅读中非常特殊的一种题型，它是典型的主旨考查题，不同于雅思阅读中的其他细节考查题型。

一段话的标题（heading）往往就是这段话的主旨，或者说这段话的中心思想。

而要确定段落的中心思想，就不能从某个细节入手，而应考虑整个段落的结构和框架，这样才能得出正确的答案。

这种题型对学生的词汇量、语感和整体把握的能力要求较高，所以要求我们在做这种题目的时候要注意整体把握，而不是只抠细节。

1. 先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划掉。

注意：虽然Heading题的选项肯定比题目个数多，但是选项是一定不会重复使用的。

原因很简单，每段话都有一个不同的主旨，只对应一个标题；如果重复，那就意味着两个不同的段落主旨相同，这是不可能的，因为若主旨相同肯定会合成一段而非分成两段。

所以，若题目中出现了这样的提示：You may use any heading more than once, 根本不用管，这是个陷阱。

2. 对于Heading题，我们要先读文章，再看选项，读一段话，做一道题。

注意：这种题目不宜先看选项，因为这是一种主旨归纳题而不是细节考查题，最怕先入为主，选项中有很多干扰项，看了之后会影响大家客观地理解段落真正的主旨。

3. 读每段话时，要抓住该段的主题句或中心词。

正确答案往往是主题句的改写或包含相应段落的中心词。

4. 某段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去。

5. 这种题目中的干扰项往往是段落中未展开说明的细节，有时候我们可以适当使用排除法，以缩小选择范围。

备注：1）所有的标题只会用一次；2）问句一般不会是主题句（起过渡作用）；3）举例子的句子不会是主题句；4）若遇到某个段落的标题不能确定时，务必先做其他段落，以免造成“连锁错误”，即错一个往往就意味着错两个。

You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-6.Please choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs listed below.NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. You may use any heading more than once.1. Paragraph A:2. Paragraph B:3. Paragraph C:4. Paragraph D:5. Paragraph E:6. Paragraph F:Mass TransitA Mass transit refers to municipal or regional public shared transportation, such as buses, streetcars and ferries, open to all on a nonreserved basis. An important form of mass transit is rapid transit, such as subways and surface light rail systems, designed for commuting between urban and suburban (or exurban) centers. Mass transit can be divided into fixed route systems (often involving rails), such as streetcars and subway trains, and non-fixed route transit (along surface streets or water), such as buses and ferries, but does not usually include airplanes, taxis, or long-distance rail with more formal ticketing procedures.B Mass transit systems offer considerable savings in labor, materials and energy over private transit systems. Since far fewer operators are required for per passenger transported, they can be better trained and more strictly licensed and supervised. When utilized to any reasonable fraction of their capacity, mass transit vehicles carry a far higher passenger load per unit of weight and volume than do private vehicles. They also offer fuel savings, not only because of the relative reduction in weight transported, but also because they are large enough to carry more efficient engines. Further, if emphasis is given to mass transit in the planning of future ground transportation systems, smaller rights of way will be possible, lessening the amount of landscape that must be paved over for highways and roads. Although mass transit offers many savings, it does require some sacrifices in personal convenience. There is the necessity to travel on a fixed rather than an individually selected schedule and to enter and disembark from the system only at certain designated locations. The obvious goal for a mass transit system is to have as few unused passenger accommodation as possible.C The history of mass transportation is intimately connected to industrialization, urbanization, and the separation of residence from workplace. By the beginning of the 20th century, London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest, and other major cities had fixed rail subway systems (sometimes elevated); by the 1920s buses were common. In the United States, patronage of mass transit grew steadily from 1990 (six billion passengers per year) to 1927 (over 17 billion), but plummeted during the GreatDepression. Patronage grew again during World War II, peaking in 1946 at 23 billion riders, but then dropped steadily every year until the mild renaissance of public transit in the early 1970s.D The total number of riders in 1970 was less than that of 1910. The reasons for these declines are complex and often political. Los Angeles, for example, had over 1,000 miles of trolley and interurban lines before 1930; this system was taken over by a private company, dismantled, and replaced with noisy, polluting and comparatively slow buses. Since few people chose to ride them, costs rose, thereby cutting the number of passengers further. To reduce costs, private companies eliminated outlying branches and smaller stations. These trends, along with inexpensive gasoline, suburban and highway development, the deterioration of older subway lines, and the greater freedom cars offered, helped turn the United States into a car culture.E However, as the public has grown increasingly concerned over the impact of cars on the environment and the quality of life in urban areas, there is growing support for the development of more efficient and comfortable mass transit systems. Models for such systems were developed in Europe and Japan. Trains in the Paris Metro, for example, operate on rubber tires and can reach speeds of 48 mph (77km/h). Smaller cities are watching developments in Edmonton, Canada, which built a km rapid transit system of lightweight trains at a cost of $ 65 million instead of adding five new freeways at ten times the cost.F In the United States, efforts to upgrade mass transit systems have experienced mixed results. The trend has been away from private ownership; by 1999 over 90% of North American mass transit was publicly owned and managed. The BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) system serving San Francisco and neighboring cities maintained service during the 1989 earthquake, but it has never attracted the number of riders originally anticipate d. Washington .’s Metro system (144 million riders in 1988) included a wider area of service and more efficient schedules. Currently buses account for 60% of mass transit riders in the Untied States; innovations such as articulatedbuses and reserved lanes on highways are balanced by the problems of noise, air pollution and traffic. The issue of mass transit has come full circle; it is once again a central social and political issue.★答案与解析1.答案为x。

◆简答题Passage 1Why Some Women Cross the Finish Line Ahead of Men?A Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a highersuccess rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer of them apply for these positions. The study, by recruitment consultants NB Selection, shows that while one in six men who appear on interview shortlists get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women.B The study concentrated on applications for management positions in the$45,000 to $110,000 salary range and found that women are more successful than men in both the private and public sectors. Dr Elisabeth Marx from London based NB Selection described the findings as encouraging for women, in that they send a positive message to them to apply for interesting management positions. But she added, “We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men.”C Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. Oneexplanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably already proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. Dr Marx said that when women apply for positions they tend to be better qualified than their male counterparts but are more selective and conservative in their job search. Women tend to research thoroughly beforeapplying for positions or attending interviews. Men, on the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they have will not prevent them from doing a good job.D Managerial and executive progress made by women is confirmed by the annualsurvey of boards of directors carried out by Korn/Ferry/Carre/Orban International. This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as nonexecutive directors compared with the previous year. However, progress remains painfully slow and there were still only 18 posts filled by women out of a total of 354 nonexecutive positions surveyed. Hilary Sears, a partner with Korn/Ferry, said, women have raised the level of grades we are employed in but we have still not broken through barriers to the top.E In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been thedelayering of management structures. Sears said that this has halted progress for women in as much as delayering has taken place either where women are working or in layers they aspire to. Sears also noted a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who have started up on their own.F In business as a whole, there are a number of factors encouraging the prospectof greater equality in the workforce. Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. In addition a far greater number of women are now passing through higher education, making them better qualified to move into management positions.G Organisations such as the European Women’s Management DevelopmentNetwork provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. Through a series of both pan European and national workshops and conferences the barriers to women in employment are being broken down.However, Ariane Berthoin Antal, director of the International Institute for Organizational Change of Archamps in France, said that there is only anecdotal evidence of changes in recruitment patterns. And she said, “It’s still so hard for women to even get on to shortlists, there are so many hurdles and barriers.”Antal agreed that there have been some positive signs but said “Until there is a belief among employers, until they value the difference, nothing will change.”Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1. What change has there been in the number of women in top management positions detailed in the annual survey?2. What aspect of company structuring has disadvantaged women?3. What information tells us that more women are working nowadays?4. Which group of people should change their attitude to recruitment?【答案与解析】1. doubling(本题题干问的是管理层女性数量有什么变化。

◆观点搭配题Passage 1Fanwall Noise BarrierNoise generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways is an increasing problem in Australia and there is growing concern among highways authorities in Australia about the limitations of some types of noise barriers which have been installed in this country.The Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in Sydney faced a problem when it decided to proceed with the link between Concord Road at Rhodes and the F4 Freeway at Homebush (Country Road 5030) as the new arterial would deliver heavy traffic right past the backyards of suburban homes. This was because the RTA had purchased and removed a number of houses to allow the new corridor to be built, exposing to road traffic noises houses which were once located in a quiet back street.Initially, the RTA had proposed to erect a new timber fence, replacing the existing suburban fences, to act as a noise barrier. Timber noise barriers were used quite extensively on the recently constructed F3 Freeway link from Pearce’s Comer to Berowra. However, RTA engineers have become more acutely aware of noise and the problems which arise if ineffective noise barriers are installed. They alsoappreciate the benefits of early consultations with the affected residents and local councils.Residents of the area were fully briefed on the appearances, the performance and the benefits of various types of noise barriers. The majority opted for the Fanwall barrier, which also provides security advantages to the householders. The Fanwall barrier to be installed at Rhodes is the first to be erected in Australia. Fanwall barriers have been used in the United States and have been very effective at noise attenuation with up to 10 dB reduction in noise level reached at L.A. International Airport. Similar success has been achieved in various highway projects right across the USA.In the USA, concrete has proved to be the most popular material for constructing noise barrier walls. As is happening in Australia, early barrier designs opted for low timber barriers selected largely on the basis of cost. However, low barriers are not effective and high timber barriers have become much more expensive. In addition to this poor durability of timber fences, the combination of initial capital cost, maintenance costs and replacement cost quickly makes timber barriers very expensive.The advantages of concrete include low capital cost and durability. Furthermore, concrete barriers can be engineered for a variety of site condition andarchitectural finishes can be applied to enhance aesthetics.Fanwall is a two-component, modular, free-standing pre-cast concrete noise barrier which can be cheaply and quickly erected on a variety of foundation conditions. The wall is engineered to be stable under design wind load conditions while maintaining relatively low bearing pressures on the foundation soils. Therefore, like the timber barriers, the Fanwall barrier can be built without expensive concrete footings or piles, speeding the construction time up and reducing costs. Furthermore, Fanwall is maintenance free and it is not susceptible to damage by fire and vandalism.Because the Fanwall barriers are engineered into a modular form, construction is easily staged. At Rhodes, the Fanwall noise barrier will be built in three stages commencing in mid August. Staging will enable further consultation with local residents and allow access to be maintained across the site via local roads. However, most importantly, the greater proportion of the barrier will be in place prior to the road corridor being constructed, reducing the effect of construction noise.In the passage, the writer describes a planning process, problems and issues which arise, and the steps taken to deal with them. From the list of situations and possible actions below (A-I), select the steps taken to deal with the problems and issues, as outlined in the reading passage.Write the appropriate letter (A-I) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1. Problem 12. Cause of problem 13. Proposed solution to problem 14. Objection-potential problem 25. Procedure6. The final solution to problem 1Situations and Possible ActionsA. RTA purchase of housesB. Concern about the effectiveness of some noise barriersC. Suburban houses to be exposed to heavy traffic noiseD. Erect a Fanwall noise barrierE. Construction of a new freeway linkF. Concern about purchase of houses by the RTAG. Consult with local residentsH. Erect a large timber noise barrierI. Change the route of the new freeway【答案与解析】1.C 本题是要找出存在的问题。