ThedevelopmentandperformanceofPrivateEquity

英语国家概况第十三章美国地理位置Geography1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。

阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。

（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。

The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

4。

The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

5。

The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。

Unit 7 Text A女性管理者1 当莫妮卡1971年申请一个行政助理的工作时，有人问她想与男律师共事还是与女律师共事。

“我马上说想与男律师共事，”她说。

“我认为男老板和女雇员的关系更自然，丝毫不需互相调整。

” 但20年后，有人问她同样的问题时，她说：“令我感到惊喜的是，对员工来说，女上司更容易接近，她们更能理解人，与员工更亲密。

”2 今天的女上司仍然发现，她们面临着不易察觉的阻力。

还是有一部分人——有男性，令人惊讶的是还有女性——说很难忍受为女性工作。

女上司的不断涌现，也引出了与工作方式有关的两个主要问题：男人和女人管理风格不同吗？如果有不同，是一件好事吗？3 莫妮卡对这两个问题都持肯定的意见。

莫妮卡现在40岁，有四个孩子，并且是一位拥有45,000名成员的公共部门工会的主席。

“我与员工的关系可能跟在我之前的前任男性主管不同，”她说。

“我知道当有人不得不打电话来说孩子得了腮腺炎而不能来上班是一种什么样的状况。

我的风格更灵活，这不是软弱，只是多了一点理解。

” 莫妮卡的男助理表示赞成：“她往往放权更多，并总是寻求共识。

大家都很开心，也有成就感，因为他们参与了决策，而不是单纯的旁观者。

他们的能量得到了利用。

当然从另一方面看，通过协商而达成一致意见需要的时间要长一些。

”4 那么，这种差异是象征性的还是实质性的呢？可靠的研究指出，男人通常有等级观念，以目标为导向，喜欢有权力的感觉。

相反，女人则是灵活变通的，愿意分享权力。

这一观点往往受到质疑和争论。

有人宣称，有类似的背景、经验和抱负的男女，基本上管理方式相同。

那些年轻女性，特别是很少遭受性别歧视的女性，也是这样认为的。

妮可尔无疑从中得到了教训。

当她的父亲因心脏病去世时，她是一家石油产品出口公司的雇员。

她辞了职，接管了她家在圣大卫县160英亩的果园。

她第一天出现在果园时，一名工人称她第14 / 16页为“亲爱的”。

“他是想试探我。

我气得发抖，”现年34岁的妮可尔说。

一院制Unicameral一党制国家One—party States人权Human rights人权宣言Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen工会Trade unions下议院House of Commons上议院House of Lords个人主义Individualism女权主义Feminism马列主Marxism—Leninism马克思主义Marxism马基雅维里主Machiavelli王权Crown无产阶级Proletariat无产阶专政Dictatorship of the proletariat无政府主义Anarchism专制Despotism专制政府/绝对专制主义Absolute government/absolutism中央与地方的关系Central/Local relations分权Separation of powers公共行政Public administration公民权利Civil rights公民自由Civil liberties正义Justice可审判性Justiciability平等Equality奴隶制Slavery占统治地位的党Dominant party代表Delegate代议员Representative 代议制政府Representative government代表制Representation主权Sovereignty市民社会Civil society市（镇）长Major立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体Constitutional government立法机关Legislatures立法否决Legislative veto立法委员会Legislative committees立法起草Legislative drafting半总统制Semi-presidential systems议长Speaker议会制度Parliamentary system司法机构Judiciary司法行政官Magistrate司法审查Judicial review民主Democracy民主党Democratic Party民主集中制Democratic centralism民意测验Opinion polls共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic机构/制度Institution权力Power权利Rights权利法案Bill of rights权威Authority妇女选举权Women’s suffrage地方长官Prefect地方政府Local government地方政府财政Local government finance地方政治Local politics同意Consent同意投票Approval voting团体理论Group theory邦联Confederation邦联条例Articles of Confederation自由Freedom自由党Liberal parties自由裁量权Discretion自决Self-determination自治Self-government自治领Dominion行为主义Behaviouralism行政Administration行政机关Executives政委员Administrative board行政法庭Administrative tribunal行政法院Administrative court州长Governor多元主义Pluralism多元社会Plural society多头制Polyarchy多数派政府Majority government多数统治Majority rule决策Decision making决策理论Decision theory农奴制Serfdom阶层/阶级Class麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James苏格拉底Socrates极权主义Totalitarianism否决权Veto投票Voting投票率Turnout护宪Entrenchment财产权Property利益Interests利益表达与聚合Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集团Interest group言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press社区/共同体Community社团主义Corporatism社会主义Socialism社会民主主义Social democracy社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy责任Responsibility责任政府Responsible government直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas 欧洲议会European Parliament欧洲共同体European Community歧视Discrimination国际法International Law国家State国家元首Head of state国家消亡Withering away of the state国家财政危机Fiscal crisis of the state非暴力反抗Civil disobedience非暴力行为Non-violent action制定法Statute Law制衡Checks and balance委任Patronage委员会Commission质询Interpellation法Law法令Act法官Judge法治Rule of law法律的正当程序Due process of law法案，议案Bill宗教自由Freedom of religion审判Adjudication审查制度Censorship官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy实证主义Positivism封建主义Feudalism革命和反革命Revolutionand counter-revolution政体Polity政纲platform政变Coup D’etat政府Government政府组成过程Government formationprocess政府首脑Head of government政府调查Public inquiry政治Politics政治义务Politicalobligation政治文化Political culture政治中的种族问题Race in politics政治心理学Political psychology政治发展Political development政治行动委员会（美国）Politicalaction committee政治行为研究Political behaviour政治地理学Political geography政治权力Political power政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(andPesidium)政治沟通Political communication政治体系/政治系统Political system政治参与Political participation政治财政Political finance政治科学Political science政治社会化Political socialization政治社会学Political sociology政治学的定量方法Quantitative methods in politics政治态度Political attitudes政治腐败Political corruption政治继承Political succession政治理论Political theory政治暴力Political violence政治影响Political influence政治整合/政治一体化Politicalintegratio政党分赃制Spoils system政党认同Party identification政党代表大会Party convention政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization政党核心集团Machine政党秘密会议Caucus政策分析Policy analysis政策实施Implementation政策输出研究Policy output studies城市政府City government城邦国家City state贵族/贵族制Aristocracy思想库Think tank看守政府Caretaker government选区Constituency选民登记Registration of electors选择投票Ticket-splitting选择领导Leadership selection选举Elections选举团Electoral college选举纲领Election program选举制度Electoral system选票Ballot重农主义Physiocracy重划选区Redistribution重商主义Mercantilism种族灭绝Genocide种族主义Racism种族隔离Apartheid顺从Deference保守主义Conservatism保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism修正主义Revisionism独立机构Independent agency独立宣言Declaration ofIndependence独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism独裁制Autocracy帝国Empire帝国主义Imperialism美国革命American Revolution美国国会Congress美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府Prime minister/Primeministerial government总统，总统制President/Presidentialsystem总罢工Generalstrike总督Governor-General派别Faction咨询和同意Advice and consent宣传Propaganda宪法Constitutional law宪法规约Conventionoftheconstitution宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism神权政治Theocracy神授王权Divine right of kings费边主义Fabianism绝对专制主义Absolutism统治阶级Ruling class统治能力Governability恐怖Terror恐怖主义Terrorism格劳修斯Grotius监护Tutelage监察专员Ombudsman党派首领Boss罢免Recall恩格斯Engels缺席投票Absence voting特权Prerogative特许状Charter秘密警察Secret police倒台与政权更迭Breakdown and regime change候选人选择candidate selection爱国主义Patriotism被保护国Protectorate竞争性政党制度Competitive partysystem竞选运动Election campaign部门Department部长，部Minister/Ministry部长会议Council of Ministers准司法Quasi-judicial准--非政府组织Quango资历制Seniority资产阶级Bourgeoisie资本主义Capitalism浮动投票人Floating vote浪漫主义Romanticism宽容Toleration家长型控制Paternalism调查委员会Selectcommittee预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting陪审团Jury理性Rationality理性选择方法Rational choice 教权主义Clericalism教会与国家Church and State基本权利Fundamental right基层党组织Primary party organization职能代表Functional representation授权立法Delegated legislation授权学说Mandate theory常设委员会Standing committee累计投票Cumulative vote唯心主义Idealism领导Leadership第二院，上议院Second chambers康德Kant混合政府Mixed government弹劾Impeachment隐私Privacy殖民统治Colonial government 联合，联合政府Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主Consociational democracy联合国United Nations联邦制Federalism联邦党人文集Federalist Papers联盟，联合League超载Overload超国家政府Supranational government博爱Fraternity斯大林Stalin 斯宾诺莎Spinoza斯密，亚当Smith,Adam最低下限Droop quota最高行政法院Conseil d’A etat最高法院Supreme court黑格尔Hegal辉格党与托利党Whigs and Tories等级Estates集体主义Collectivism集体行动Collective action集体领导Collective leadership集合理论Coalition theory街区选举，集团投票Block vote普通法Common law游说Lobbying雇主组织Employer’sorganization强制性投票Compulsory voting鼓励性行动Affirmative action路德，马丁Luther,Martin●解散议会社会工作：social work●社会工作者：socialworker●案主：client●个案社会工作：socialcase work●团体社会工作：socialgroup/team work●社区社会工作：socialcommunity work●社会工作导论：Theintroduction ofsocial work●社会工作实务：socialwork practice●做好事的人：do-gooders●预防贫穷协会:theSociety for thePrevention of Pauperism●慈善组织协会:the CharityOrganization Society●睦邻运动:the settlementmovement●汤恩比馆:Toybee Hall●霍尔馆:Hull House●《社会保障法案》:SocialSecurity Act●《济贫法》:The Elizabeth PoorLaw●《社会诊断》:Social Diagnosis●全美社会工作者协会：theNational Association of SocialWorkers●社会福利：social welfare●人类行为的生态学模式：Ecological model of humanbehavior●人类行为的医学模式： MedicalModel of Human Behavior●人格紊乱： personalitydisorders●客观事实：objective facts●主观感受：subjective feelings●问题觉醒：problem awareness●家庭暴力：domestic violence●老年人虐待 elder abuse●遗弃： abandonment●忽视：neglect●吸毒：addiction disorders●社会学概论：Introduction toSociololgy●社会问题：social issues●社会调查：social research●弱势群体：Vulnerable groups●/a disadvantaged minority●独身子女： the only child●单亲家庭：a single parent family农民工：migrant workers●社会排斥：social exclusion●社会融合：social integration●社会救助：social assistance●功能主义：functionalistperspective●镜中我：looking-glass self●机械团结:mechanical solidarity●越轨：delinquency●矫治： Correction●社会调查的理论与方法 Theories& Methods for SocialInvestigation●社会调查方法 Methods forSocial Investigation●社会工作 Social Work●社会统计分析与SYSTAT应用Social Statistics Analysis &SYSTAT Application●社会统计学 Social Statistics●社会问题研究 Research onSocial Problems●社会心理学 Social Psychology●社会学概论 Introduction toSociololgy●社会学简论 Brief Introductionto Sociology●社会学理论专题 Current Issuesin Theories of Socilolgy●社会学问题研究 Research onProblems of Sociology●社会学研究方法 ResearchMethods of Sociology●社会主义财政学 Finance ofSocialism●社会主义各国政，经体制讨论Discussion on Political &Economic Systems in Socialism ●社会学 Sociology●社会工作者 Social worker●案主 Client●社会问题 Social problem●社会心理 Social mental state ●社会调查 The societyinvestigates●个案社会工作 Social cases work ●团体社会工作 Social group work ●社区社会工作 social Communitywork●社工导论 The introdution ofsocial work●社会调查应用 the applicationfor society investigates●家庭暴力 Domestic violence●失恋 Disappoint in love●人在情境中 Person in situation ●弱势群体 disadvantaged groups ●社会保障 social security●社会福利制度the socialwelfare system●社会公德 social morality●单亲家庭 single parent family ●独生子女 the only child●失业率 rate of unemployment ●民工 the imigrant worker●社会学概论 Introduction toSociology●社会工作概论 Introduction toSocial Work●社会心理学 Social Psychology ●国外社会学学说 SociologicalTheories in the West●社会调查与研究方法 SocialSurvey & Research Method●社会统计与计算机应用 SocialStatistics and Application ofComputer●马克思主义社会学经典著作选读Selected Readings ofMarxist-Leninist Classics●社会保障与社会福利 SocialSecurity & Social Welfare●当代社会学理论 ModernSociological Theories●社会政策 Social Policy ●文化人类学CulturalAnthropology●中国社会思想史History of SocialTheories in China●人口社会学Sociology ofPopulation●农村社会学 RuralSociology●城市社会学 UrbanSociology●家庭社会学Sociology of Family●发展社会学Sociology ofDevelopment●经济社会学Economic Sociology●组织社会学Sociology ofOrganization●专业英语 Englishfor Sociology●社会学专题讲座Issues of Sociology●民俗学 FolkloreStudies●文化社会学Cultural Sociology●宗教社会学Sociology ofReligion●教育社会学Sociology ofEducation●越轨与犯罪社会学Sociology ofDeviance & Crime●当代社会的生活文化Life Style in CurrentSociety●西方社会思想史History of WesternSocial Thought●社会问题 SocialProblems●社会分层与社会流动SocialStratification &Mobility●科学社会学Sociology ofEducation●社会项目评估和统计指标 StatisticalIndexes & uation ofSocial Projects●文化社会学Cultural Sociology●历史社会学Historical Sociology●政治社会学 PoliticalSociology●法律社会学 Sociology of Law●环境社会学 Sociology ofEnvironment●劳动社会学 Sociology of Labor●公共关系 Public Relations●团体工作 Group Work●社区工作 Community Work●社会工作实习 Practice ofSocial Work●社会行政 SocialAdministration●数据分析技术 StatisticalPackage & Applications for theSocial Sciences●贫困与发展 Poverty andDevelopment●社会性别研究 Gender Studies●家庭社会工作 Family SocialWork●临床社会工作 Clinical SocialWork●社会立法 Social lagislation●老年社会工作 GerontologicalSocial Work●青少年越轨与矫治 JuvenileDelinquency & Correction●社区服务 Community Services●心理咨询 PsychologicalCounseling●整合社会工作实务 IntegrativeSocial Work Practice●社会工作专业英语 English forSocial Work●保险与信托 Insurance andEntrustment●教学实习 Teaching Practice●管理学 Management Theory● Administration 行政● Basic assumptions andprinciples of ~ 行政的基本假定与原则● Collaboration in 行政工作的合并● In community organization 社区组织中的行政● Consultation in 行政咨询● Defined 行政的定义● Importancy of 行政的重要性● Interagency coopration 行政的重要性● Shifting power in 行政分权● Supervision in 行政督导● social workers'club 社工俱乐部● Administration in social work(journal ) 《社会工作行政》（杂志）● Adolescents 青少年● Drug abuse and 吸毒与青少年● Health care services 青少年卫生保健服务● Pregnancy and 怀孕与青少年● Suicide and 自杀与青少年● Adoption 领养● Applicants for 申请领养人● Indepengdent placements 独立安置● Open 公开领养● Sa fe families act 《领养与安全家庭法案》sDissolution of parliament意识形态Ideology新左派New Left新右派New Right新政New deal新教政党Protestant parties福利国家Welfare state群众性政党Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny寡头制Oligarchy寡头政治铁律Iron law of oligarchy精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism精英理论Doctrine of elites腐败选区Rotten borough弊政Maladministration熊彼特Schumpeter影子内阁Shadow cabinet暴力Violence潘恩Paine霍布斯Hobbes穆勒Mill激进主义Radicalism激进政党Radical parties整体主义Holism辩证法Dialectic辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police警察国家Police state。

国开管理英语unit1写作In the realm of management, the English language plays a pivotal role in facilitating global communication and business transactions. The ability to articulate management concepts and strategies in English is not only beneficial but essential for professionals who operate in the international arena. This essay delves into the significance of English in management, exploring its impact on global business, communication strategies, and the development of management practices.The globalization of markets has necessitated a common language for communication, and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the business world. It enables managers to communicate with colleagues, stakeholders, and clients from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Proficiency in English allows for the exchange of ideas, negotiation of deals, and the execution of strategies across borders. In multinational companies, English is often the standard language for internal communication, corporate documentation, and training materials.Effective communication in English requires more than just linguistic proficiency; it demands an understanding of cultural nuances and business etiquette. Managers must be adept at using English in various contexts, from formal presentations to casual networking events. They must also be capable of adapting their language to suit the audience, purpose, and medium of communication. This includes the ability to simplify complex management jargon for clarity and to employ persuasive language when presenting proposals or leading teams.The integration of English into management education has become increasingly prevalent. Business schools around the world offer courses and programs in English to prepare future managers for the global stage. These programs often include modules on business communication, international marketing, and cross-cultural management. Through case studies, simulations, and real-world projects, students learn to apply management theories and practices in an English-speaking context.Moreover, the use of English in management extends to the dissemination of knowledge. Many of the leading journals and publications in the field of management are in English, making it the primary language for sharing research findings and innovations. This has a profound effect on the development of management as a discipline, as it facilitates the global exchange of ideas and best practices.In conclusion, English is an indispensable tool for managers in the globalized economy. It serves as a bridge for international collaboration, a medium for education and knowledge dissemination, and a strategic asset for businesses seeking to expand their reach. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the mastery of English in management will continue to be a valuable skill that opens doors to opportunities and drives success in the international business community.This essay has explored the multifaceted role of English in management, highlighting its importance in communication, education, and the advancement of the field. As the business world evolves, the proficiency in English will remain a key differentiator for managers and organizations alike. It is not merely a language skill but a strategic tool that enables individuals and businesses to thrive in the competitive landscape of global commerce. 。