DevelopmentofDiscourseAnalysis

Essence of Discourse
• • • • • Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4 ……….
• Definition
n
Language in use & beyond language in use
Definition 1
•
Definition 3
• The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. • ----Brown & Yule 1983:1
•
Definition 4
• Discourse is for me more than just language use: it is language use, whether speech or writing…
For Mikhail Bakhtin, all discourse is multivoiced, as all words and utterances have been previously interpreted. In a broader sense, voices can be interpreted as discourses- position, ideologies or stances that speakers and listeners take in particular instances of co-constructed interaction.
• Discourse analysis offers a means of exposition or deconstructing the social practice which constitute social structure and what we might call the conventional meaning structures of social life. • Discourse is implicated in expressing people’s points of view and value systems, many of which are pre-structured in terms of what is normal or appropriate in particular social and institutional settings.

Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)

Halliday 认为，从小学升入中学时个体语言发展的一个重要转折点， 即进入“科技语言”（technical language）阶段，其特点是“从一 致式到隐喻式”（from congruent to metaphorical）；儿童学会了通 过语言对各种事物和现象进行隐喻化（metaphorization）。
Painter（ 2003:154-5）pointed out that “the use of a word to construe an imaginative context and the use of a word to name a representation rather than a thing are admittedly not what we first think of as metaphors, but they do share some sense of shifting to the non-literal or non-concrete, and they are important in the child’s language development.”
Halliday (1989:96) suggests that learning to deploy metaphor through the grammar is something a child will come to in the late primary years, largely as a response to the functional demands of written language.
A more obvious example of metaphor, however, would be the phenomenon of ‘overextension’ of early word meaning, where a child uses a mother tongue word for a referent not included in the word’s semantic domain in adult language…

06 话语分析的挑战与未来发 展
数据收集与处理问题
1 2 3
数据来源的多样性
话语分析需要收集各种类型的数据，包括口语、 书面语、多媒体等，如何有效地从各种来源收集 数据是一个挑战。
数据处理的复杂性
对于大规模的话语数据，如何进行有效的处理和 分析，提取有用的信息，需要借助自然语言处理 等技术手段。
话语功能理论
话语的交际功能
01
话语是交际的基本单位，具有表达思想、传递信息、建立联系
等交际功能。
话语的语境适应性
02
话语需要根据不同的交际语境进行调整和变化，以适应不同的
交际需求。
话语的语体特征
03
不同类型的话语具有不同的语体特征，如口语和书面语、正式
和非正式等。
话语认知理论
话语的心理过程
话语的理解和生成涉及复杂的心 理过程，包括感知、记忆、思维、 情感等。
揭示语言与社会 的密切关系
话语分析能够揭示语言使用 与社会文化、政治经济等方 面的密切关系，有助于我们 深入理解语言的社会功能。
促进跨文化交流
通过话语分析，我们可以了 解不同文化背景下的语言使 用习惯和交际规则，从而促 进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
提高语言教学效 果
话语分析可以帮助教师了解 学生的实际语言需求和交际 能力，从而有针对性地设计 教学内容和方法，提高语言 教学效果。
数据质量的控制
在数据收集和处理过程中，如何保证数据的质量 和代表性，避免数据的偏见和误导，是一个需要 关注的问题。
理论框架的完善与创新
现有理论框架的局限性
目前的话语分析理论框架在某些方面存在局限性，如对话语结构的描述、对话语意义的解释等，需要进一步完善和创 新。