新托福TPO03第2篇全文翻译与解析

Q1答案：D解析：以1880s做关键词定位至第一句，说1880s农牧民定居在High Plains，没说1880前没有人，A错；以climate做关键词定位至第二句，原文说semiarid，没提到温度，B错；以人名做关键词定位至最后一句，说这个人是inhibit在这儿的，没说是他发现的，C错；D中small amount of farming and ranching和原文中的low-density是同义替换，答案选D。

Q2答案：B解析：此题可采用排除法，以两个地名做关键词定位至第一句，A和D都对，排除；以30000 years做关键词定位至第二句，C对，排除；同时可以看到地下水是来自rain and melting snow，不是泉水，所以B错，答案选B。

Q3答案：A解析：原文的结构是估计水很多，足以填满休伦湖，但补充的少；A答案完整地反映了这两个方面，正确；B强调的点与原文相反，原句强调的是补充的少，B 强调的是现在的量大；C的因果关系是原文不存在的；D说补充的持续增长，原文未提及。

答案选A。

Q4答案：D解析：ensue跟随，接下来，所以subsequent是答案。

原文说第一批水井是1930s 挖掘的，ensuing所在的那句话又说1950s什么样的农业的快速扩张，这两个时间说明动作是有先后的，而且first一般必然有下文的，所以应该是接着的。

注意A continuing是个很大的迷惑项，“继续”是指一个动作的延续，而接下来是两件事情接着发生，B“令人吃惊的”和C“最初的，起始的”都不正确。

答案选D。

Q5答案：C解析：修辞目的题，40%明显是一个例子，往前看，说这个地方的水养活了highplains地区的很多农作物，in addition说明进一步，也就是除了农业还有牧业，所以是C provide another example；没有说农业和牧业谁重要，A错；牧业确实不依赖灌溉，但也依赖这个地方的水，所以B无关；没有对比，D错。

’Just do it！’Or — the subtle art of procrastination“说干就干”——拖延症的微妙艺术A Procrastination, a kind of chronic time—wasting， has long been dismissed as an innocuous human foible。

Researchers are now beginning a more sober examination of this practice, however, and there may be good reason for doing so: twenty per cent of Americans now admit to suffering from procrastination， a fifteen per cent jump from 1970。

Researchers are bemused as to what explains this sharp rise in the figures， but there is no doubt that procrastination is wreaking havoc on people’s lives。

One side effect is perhaps the most predictable：procrastination hampers academic and work commitments as sufferers fail to meet deadlines or achieve their goals。

But there are other costs too。

In shifting burdens of responsibility onto others and reneging on their promises, procrastinators undermine relationships both in the workplace and in their private lives，all of which takes a toll on their well—being. In one study, over the course of a semester，procrastinating university students were noted to be suffering from notably weaker immune systems，more gastrointestinal problems， and higher occurrences of insomnia than their non-procrastinating peers。

tpo32三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。

托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文Plant communities assemble themselvesflexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of thearea. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happenin plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in asuccession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at theend of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plantcommunities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. Thesechanges—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climaxcommunities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500years.An ecologist who studies a pond today maywell find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may bereplaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to thenext. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than theindividual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that speciesdiversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversitythe more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observationthat long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs andmore species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that theapparent stability ofclimax ecosystems depended on their complexity. T o takean extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable thatone year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entirecrop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, willtolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability iscomplicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agreewhat “stability”means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. Inthat case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, bydefinition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can bedefined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular formfollowing a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is alsocalled resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragileand the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to theclimax state.Even the kind of stability defined assimple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At leastin temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successionalstages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensurestability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversitydoes not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A morecomplicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to breakdown. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested toknow what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climaxcommunities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by humanactivities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison tothe destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a communityare most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsrecovery.Many ecologists now think that the relativelong-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to placesupports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A localpopulation that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it canapproximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep thefood web intact.托福阅读试题1. The word “particular”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.naturalB.finalC.specificplex2. According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is NOT true of climax communities?A.They occur at the end of a succession.B.They last longer than any other type ofcommunity.C.The numbers of plants in them and the mixof species do not change.D.They remain stable for at least 500 yearsat a time.3. According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing principles of ecosystems can be learned bystudying a pond?A.Ecosystem properties change more slowlythan individuals in the system.B.The stability of an ecosystem tends tochange as individuals are replaced.C.Individual organisms are stable from oneyear to the next.D.A change in the members of an organismdoes not affect an ecosystem’s properties.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologistsonce believed that which of the following illustratedthe most stableecosystems?A.Pioneer communitiesB.Climax communitiesC.Single-crop farmlandsD.Successional plant communities5. According to paragraph 4, why is thequestion of ecosystem stability complicated?A.The reasons for ecosystem change are notalways clear.B.Ecologists often confuse the word“stability”with the word “resilience.”C.The exact meaning of the word “stability”is debated by ecologists.D.There are many different answers toecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing is true of climax communities?A.They are more resilient than pioneercommunities.B.They can be considered both the most andthe least stable communities.C.They are stable because they recoverquickly after majordisturbances.D.They are the most resilient communitiesbecause they change the least over time.7. Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?A.They become less stable as they mature.B.They support many species when they reachclimax.C.They are found in temperate zones.D.They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee”in the passage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.increaseB.ensureC.favorplicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the authorprovide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely tobreak down than a child’s tricycle”?A.To illustrate a general principle aboutthe stability of systems by using an everyday exampleB.To demonstrate that an understanding ofstability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in othersituationsC.To make a comparison that supports theclaim that, in general, stability increases with diversityD.To provide an example that contradictsmathematical models of ecosystems10. The word “pales” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.increases proportionallyB.differsC.loses significanceD.is common11. Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 7)? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Ecologists now think that the stabilityof an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B.Patchy environments that vary from placeto place do not often have high species diversity.C.Uniform environments cannot be climaxcommunities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchyenvironments.D.A patchy environment is thought toincrease stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12. The word “adjacent”in the passage(paragraph 7) is closest in meaning toA.foreignB.stableC.fluidD.neighboring13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage bynatural events and processes.█【A】Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contributeto the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the worldare being severelydamaged or destroyed by human activities. █【B】The destructioncaused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwesternUnited States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused byhumans. █【C】We need toknow what aspects of a community are most important to the community’sresistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █【D】Where would the sentence best fit? Click ona square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stabilityof a climax community can change over time.A.The changes that occur in an ecosystemfrom the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.B.A high degree of species diversity doesnot always result in a stable ecosystem.C.The level of resilience in a plantcommunity contributes to its long-term stability.D.Ecologists agree that climax communitiesare the most stable types of ecosystems.E.Disagreements over the meaning of theterm “stability”make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.F.The resilience of climax communitiesmakes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读答案1. particular特别的，特定的，答案specific。

Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is more important to keep your old friends than it is to make new friends. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sample Response（ETS提供）:In the following essay I would like to express my opinion in regard to the thesis “It is more important to keep your old friends than it is to make new fiends”On the one hand, you could always say that making new friends is a lot more entertaining than keeping in touch with the old ones. There are new topics to talk about, new activities to do together, new personality traits to discover... Additionally, you also get to meet the persons who are close to your new friends. And maybe you will even receive a whole group of new friends by making one new friend.However, you could also say that it makes much more sense to keep in touch with your old friends since they are your true friends. Firstly, you already know how they react to certain situations and therefore you know how to treat them to get along well. Secondly, I am of the conviction that it is certain that in a bit more peculiar and maybe a bit unpleasant situations it is a lot more likely that your old friends will help you out than that someone you have met barely a week ago would do the same.Though I have to admit that I personally came to the conclusion that I need my old friends as well as my new friends. For me they are both equally important. I adore keeping in touch with my old friends and knowing how they will react in most situations. Of course, over the years some sort of bond and a special kind of trust has developed with my long-time friends.However, I immensely enjoy making new friends as well. I enjoy trying out new activities and making new friends there. Furthermore, I like making friends from all kinds of different cultures and countries. And I am certain that this kind of attitude makes life much more interesting. Plus, I believe that new friends will also broaden your horizon because their beliefs may differ from your own.Personally, I am convinced that nobody has to decide between old friends and new friends since the possibility of keeping the old friends and making new ones always exists. Therefore as a final statement I would like to say "Cherish you old fiends and enjoy making new ones as well".-324 words-Description of Response:This essay does a good job responding to the topic by developing benefits of both making new friends and keeping old friends, ending with the conclusion that they are of equal importance and that there is no reason to have to choose. In this essay, the level of vocabulary is not as sophisticated as would be typical in atop-rated essay, but there is some very good grammatical complexity displayed and vocabulary is used accuratelySample Response 2（本篇X文为博主对考生习作的修订，主要是语言方面的修改润色）博主空闲时间有偿提供托福/雅思/GRE/SAT等作文的详细批改服务，详情可联系：1223317581，必回！According to an Internet survey, almost 70% of people think that it is more important to keep old friends than it is to make new friends. I totally disagree with this idea. In my view, the importance of keeping old friends is equal to the importance of making new friends. I have several reasons for this opinion.The importance of old friends in reducing stress cannot be exaggerated. Older friends have longer relationships with us; therefore, they know us better than new friends. When we encounter obstacles, it is our long-term friends—our old friends—who give us the best suggestions and help us get through our problems. Our new friends sometimes cannot give adequate advice to us because they do not know our situations well enough. We need time to get to know our friends. Last week, I faced the dilemma of whether to accept a promising job offer that would take me to another city. All of my new friends in my current company encouraged me to take the offer because they thought the job had strong future prospects. However, one of my older friends discouraged me from accepting it, as he knew that my mother’s health condition was poor and that she needed someone to take care of her. I think his suggestion was the best suited to me.In other situations, old friends simply cannot help, and we need new friends to lend a hand. New friends can mean a lot in emergencies. In an accident, for instance, an old friend who is far away from you cannot offer any help. In such situations, new friends often play a crucial role in helping us overcome difficulties. After my cousin was in a car accident, his friends at his new company gave him a lot of help. Without the help of his new friends, I doubt that he would have recovered as well as he did.I often wonder why some people emphasize the importance of having one kind friend, especially an old friend. Maybe these people are satisfied with the idea that old friends are more important. Ultimately, I think we should develop all kinds of friendships in order to assure that we can get help whenever we have trouble.————附考生习作原稿——————According to a survey on the internet, almost 70% of people think that it is more important to keep old friends than it is to make new friends. I totally disagree with this idea. I argue the importance of keeping old friend is equal to the importance of making new friends. Several indispensable reasons contributed to my opinion.In the first place, the importance of old friends to reducing our stress can never be exaggerated. Old friends usually have long relationship with us. They know us well and know our weakness better than our new friends. When we come across some obstacles in our lives, it is the long-term friends- old friends- who could give us proper suggestions and help us get through the problems. Our new friends sometime just could not give adequate advices for us because they could not know our situation properly. We need time to know each other. For example, last week I faced a dilemma which was about whether accepted a job offer that was very promising but in another city. All my new friends in my current company encouraged me to take the offer because they thought the future of this job was well. However, one of my old friends discouraged me to do that because he knew the healthy condition of my mom was poor, and she need someone to take care of her. I think his suggest was proper for me.In the second place, in some situation your old friends just could not give you direct helps, and you need new friends to lend you hands. The new friends especially mean a lot to gaining some helps in the emergencies. In our lives we always face some accidents. In an accident, an old kind friend but far away from you could not give you any efficient helps. In this situation, your new friends often play a crucial role to help you to overcome the difficulties. So emergent are some problems that the helps from the nearby are very helpful. For instance, a car accident happen to my cousin and his friends of his new company gave him a lot of help after the accident. Without the helps of his new friends, I do not think he could make it to sonly recovery from the accident.Why, I just wonder, do some people just emphasis the role of one kind friend, especially the old friends. Maybe satisfied with idea that old friends are more important are those who hold the opinion that the relationship between old friends and us is tighter. But as modern people, I think we should care all kinds of friends, only in this way could we get helps whenever we had troubles.新托福综合写作高分十大句型十大经典句型博得新托福综合写作高分第一，定语从句。

托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture 建筑，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects.In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, havechanged little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.T oday technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.托福阅读试题1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:A.Architecture isvisual art.B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.protectB.improveanizeD.match4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in meaning tobinedB.createdC.introducedD.suggested6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.essentialB.variableC.practicalD.independent7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complexconstruction methods.9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?plex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.difficultB.necessaryC.skilledD.shared11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structuresB.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu PicchuC.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinventedD.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount oftime necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.█【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visuallyappealing and well suited for humanuse.B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题排除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最后一句，A对，不选;以cultural values做关键词定位至第二句，B对，不选;以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选;D选项与A选项在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如提供遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，肯定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错;B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D非常可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选3.词汇题，问的是第二段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应该是保护他们的生活方式;organize 组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠谱4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，暂时放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采用的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大变化。

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福综合写作例文解析TPO 02摘要：托福综合写作例文解析TPO 02，针对托福写作考试综合写作部分，掌握的不牢靠的托福考生，小编为各位归纳整理了托福综合写作例文解析，希望能够帮助各位考生提高托福综合写作部分的成绩。

托福综合写作例文解析主要是解读一篇篇典型的阅读材料，从背景材料中提取主要的观点，然后从观点中抽出方法，之后解析文章结构，从而找到综合写作的方法。

并且解构每篇阅读材料都会附上一篇范文。

非常的详细到位，希望各位考生认真浏览，仔细把握。

TPO 02阅读材料：In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.在很多机构里，恰当完成一个新项目的最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队。

一个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势。

First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛的知识、技能以及技巧。

4 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.1 My flying dreams were believable as a landscape by Dali, so real that I would awake with a sudden shock, a breathless sense of having tumbled like Icarus from the sky and caught myself on the soft bed just in time. These nightly adventures in space began when Superman started invading my dreams and teaching me how to fly. He used to come roaring by in his shining blue suit with his cape whistling in the wind, looking remarkably like my Uncle Frank who was living with mother and me. In the magic whirling of his cape I could hear the wings of a hundred seagulls, the motors of a thousand planes.我的飞行梦像达利的风景画那么真实可信，以致于自己常常会在一阵惊吓中醒来，好像伊卡罗斯那样从空中摔下来，虽然发现自己刚好掉到软软的床上，但也被吓得喘不过气来。

当超人开始侵入我的梦乡，并教给我飞行的技巧之后，我每夜的太空冒险便开始了。

超人身着耀眼的蓝色衣服，肩披随风飕飕作响的斗篷，经常从我身边呼啸而过。

他长得太像我的舅舅弗兰克了，舅舅那会儿正跟妈妈和我住在一起。

The debate over spanking goes back many years, but the essential question often evades discussion: does spanking actually work? In the short term, yes. You can correct immediate misbehavior with a slap or two on the rear-end or hand. But what about the long-term impact? Can spanking lead to permanent, hidden scars on children years later?关于打孩子的讨论可以追溯到好多年前，但最本质的问题往往为讨论所回避：打孩子实际上奏效吗？短期来看，是的。

你能拍打一两下屁股或者手掌来立即更正孩子们的不守规矩。

但长期影响呢？打孩子会在多年后给他们留下永久性的心结么？On Friday, a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper at the International Conference on Violence, Abuse and Trauma, in San Diego, suggesting that corporal punishment does leave a long-lasting mark — in the form of lower IQ. Straus, who is 83 and has been studying corporal punishment since 1969, found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who weren't — the more children were spanked, the lower their IQ — and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entire nations. Among 32 countries Straus studied, in those where spanking was accepted, the average IQ of the survey population was lower than in nations where spanking was rare, the researcher says.在周五，一位来自新罕普什尔大学的社会学家默里•施特劳斯在圣地亚哥的国际会议上就暴力，虐待和精神创伤发表了一篇论文演说，表示提法确实会留下长久的烙印—表现为低下的智商。

阅读材料： Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt. 伦勃朗是⼗七世纪荷兰最富盛名的画家。

然后，对于有些画作是否确实出⾃他⼿却是颇有争议的。

有⼀副有争议的画归于伦勃朗名下是因为其风格属于伦勃朗，同时画上⼥⼦的⾯庞也同伦勃朗其他画作中的⼈物⾮常类似的。

然⽽，这幅画中存在的⼀些问题却表明这幅画不是伦勃朗的作品。

First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. ⾸先，这幅画上的⼀个问题就是画中⼥⼦的⾐着有些不协调。