托福OG TEST 2——green icebergs原文翻译。解析

托福阅读题目解析—TPO2普吉特海湾的鹿群TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。

还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。

针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。

直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。

而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！所以，关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。

在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。

今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO4Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的题目分析。

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound普吉特海湾的鹿群Paragraph1:Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.The black-tailed deer,a lowland,west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington,is now the most common. The other species,the Columbian white-tailed deer,in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.1.According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?○It is native to lowlands and marshes.○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.解析：答案是(4)，事实信息题由the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound定位到The other species,the Columbianwhite-tailed deer,in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.选项(1)和it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands矛盾；选项(2)是对另一种black-tailed deer的描述；选项(3)没有提到，文章是说“was common in the open prairie country”没有和the black-tailed deer对比；选项(4)正确。

Unit 8 Focus on Global WarmingJohn WeierTwenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the local library and perused the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstracts from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazine. As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna2 or microwave cooking.1 Perhaps all this attention is deserved. With the possible exception of another world war, giant asteroid, or an incurable plague, global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet.2 For decades human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming. Many see this as a harbinger of what is to come.3If we don’t curb our greenhouse gas emissions, then low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world could change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Ninos could become more intense.Our Warming PlanetWhat has worried many people now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Our factories, power plants, and cars burn coal and gasoline and spit out a seemingly endless stream of carbon dioxide. We produce millions of pounds of methane by allowing our trash to decompose in landfills and by breeding large herds of methane-belching cattle. Nitrogen-based fertilizers, which we use on nearly all our crops, release unnatural amounts of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere.Once these carbon-based greenhouse gases get into the atmosphere, they stay there for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide levels have increased 31 percent and methane levels have increased 151 percent. Paleoclimate readings taken from fossil records show that these gases, two of the most abundant greenhouse gases, are at their highest levels in the past 420,000 years. Many scientists fear that the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have prevented additional thermal radiation from leaving the Earth. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.4 Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears.5Temperature data gathered from many different sources all across the globe show that the surface temperature of the Earth, which includes the lower atmosphere and the surface of theocean, has risen dramatically over several decades. Worldwide measurements of sea level show a rise of 0.1 to 0.2 meters over the last century. That’s an increase of roughly 1℃every 4,000 years. Readings gathered from glaciers reveal a steady recession of the world’s continental glaciers. Taken together, all of these data suggest that over the last century the planet has experienced the largest increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years.Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days.6 According to the IPCC, land surface areas will increase in temperature over the summer months much more than the ocean. The mid-latitude to high-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere — areas such as the Continental United States, Canada, and Siberia — will likely warm the most. These regions could exceed mean global warming by as much as 40 percent.As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate.7 A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria. More intense rains and hurricanes could cause more severe flooding and more deaths in coastal regions and along riverbeds. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as the Maldives. All across the globe, hotter summers could lead to more cases of heatstroke and deaths among those who are vulnerable, such as older people with heart problems. The warmer temperatures may also lead to higher levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories, which would likely cause more perilous air quality days and hospital admissions for those with respiratory problems.Taking ActionsFortunately, we can take actions to slow down global warming.8Global warming results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air. The most important causes include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and deforestation. To reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, we can curb our consumption of fossil fuels, use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible, and protect the forests in the world.We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming and adapt to those most likely to occur,9 e.g., through careful planning and other strategies that reduce our vulnerability to global warming.But we can’t stop there. We are also advocating policies that will combat globalwarming over the long term, things like clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests.Clearly, global warming is a huge problem. It will take everyone — governments, industry, communities and individuals working together to make a real difference. Fortunately you can be part of them.关注全球气候变暖二十五年前，如果你想去当地的图书馆通过各种期刊搜索关于全球气候变暖的文章的话，很可能你只能找到一些刊登在核心自然科学期刊或非常专业的地理科学杂志上的同类文章的摘要。

托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2选择出国学习的人数越来越多，参加托福雅思考试无疑是进入国外大学的一块敲门砖。

以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2，供大家练习备考。

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of thehydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the"hydrographic network" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness正确答案：AACCD CABD。

TPO-2Section 11.Why does the man go to see his professorTo borrow some charts and graphs from herTo ask her to explain some statistical proceduresTo talk about report he is writingTo discuss a grade he got on a paperStudent : Well, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations.学生是来找老师商量他报告的事儿的2.What information will the man include in his report?Click in the correct box for each phraseInclude in report Not include in reportClimate chartsInterviews with meteorologistsJournals notesStatistical testsStudent : Right. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journalyou suggested I keep.Professor : Yes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.Student : OK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records; I looked at climate charts; I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean?3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at the doctor's office?To demonstrate a way of remembering thingsTo explain why she needs to leave soonTo illustrate a point that appears in his reportTo emphasize the importance of good healthFor example, I wen t to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn’t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.老师说到了自己的little notepad可以让她在带小孩子去医院的时候写下注意事项，要问医生的东西，以免遗忘。

托福og听力原文M:Excuse me,Prof.Thomson.I know your office hours are tomorrow but i wondering if you have a few minutes free now to discuss something. W Sure John What do you want to talk about?M:Well,I have some quick questions about how to write about the research project that I do this semester about Climate Variations.W:Oh,yes. You were looking for Variations in Climate in the G city are aright?How far along have you been gotten?M:I’ve gotten my data, so I’m starting to summarize it now preparing graph and stuff But just……I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that is not enough but not sure what else to put into the report.W:I hear the same thing from every student.You know, you have to remember now that you are the expert on what you have done So think about what you need to include if you’re going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subjectlike your parents.That’s usually my rule_Would my parents understand this. M:Uh, I get it.W:I hope you can recognize by my thing how much you do know about the subject.M:Right I understand.I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journals you suggest I keep.W:Yes,definitely.You should use them to indicate what your evolution and thought was through time. So just set up you know what was the purpose of what you were doing.To try to understand the climate variability of this area.What you did and what your approach was.M:o.So.for example study meteorological records.I look at climate charts.I use different methods for analyzing the data like certain statistic tests and then I discuss the results.Is that what you mean?W:Yes.that’s right.You should include all of that.The statistical tests are specially important, and also be sure you include good reference section where all your published andunpublished data came from.Could you have a lot of unpublished climate data?M:Um.Something just came out of my mind and went out the other sideW:It happens to me a lot. So,I have come up with a pretty good memory management tool.] carry a little pad with me over time and jot down questions and ideas that I don’t want to forget For example, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we know we wouldn’t remember everything we want to ask the d or so we actually made at least five things we want answers to.M:Notepad is a good idea.Since I’m so busy now, at the end of this semester I getting pretty forgetful these days.How can I just remember what I going to say be fore W:Good, I was hoping you come up with it.M:Yes. It ends up that I have data more than just in the area so I also include some regional data in the report.With everything else it should be a pretty good indicate of climate of this partof state.W: Sounds good.I'll be happy to look over a draft version before you hand the final copy if you wish.M:Great.I plan to get you the draft of paper by next Friday Thanks very much.Well see you W: O.。

TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。

化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。

约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。

太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。

这能使地球避免温度过高。

但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。

温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。

二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。

大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。

事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。

【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。

人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。

IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。

IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。

可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。

这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。

这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。

【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。

全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。

这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。

A In the early days of mountaineering,questions of safety,standards of practice,and environmental impact were not widely considered.The sport gained traction following the successful1786ascent of Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Western Europe,by two French mountaineers,Jacques Balmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard.This event established the beginning of modern mountaineering,but the sole consideration over the next hundred years was the success or failure of climbers in reaching the summit and claiming the prestige of having made the first ascent.早期的登山运动并不会对安全性，可行性和环境因素多做考量。

这项运动在1786年两位法国登山者杰克斯．包马特以及帕卡德成功登上西欧最高峰白朗峰之后受到关注和追捧。

这次成功标志着现代登山运动的开始。

但在之后的一百多年里，攀登者登顶的成败以及登上从前无人造访的山峰而获得的声望成为唯一的关注点。

B Toward the end of the nineteenth century,however,developments in technology spurred debate regarding climbing practices.Of particular concern in this era was the introduction of pitons(metal spikes that climbers hammer into the rock face for leverage)and the use of belaying ①techniques.A few,such as Italian climber Guido Ray,supported these methods as ways to render climbing less burdensome and more'acrobatic'. Others felt that they were only of value as a safety net if all else failed. Austrian Paul Preuss went so far as to eschew all artificial aids,scaling astonishing heights using only his shoes and his bare hands.Albert Mummery,a well-known British mountaineer and author who climbed the European Alps,and,more famously,the Himalayas,where he died at the age of39attempting a notoriously difficult ascent,developed the notion of'fair means'as a kind of informal protocol by which the use of'walk-through'guidebooks and equipment such as ladders and grappling hooks were discouraged.然而，在19世纪末，技术工艺的发展引发了对登山保护措施的讨论。

9月20日托福小范围机经(二) 阅读阅读plan 1阅读1soil formation阅读 2海洋发电阅读plan 21. 讲鸟怎么学唱歌，三种方式：遗传，听自己唱然后不断纠正，听别个成年鸟唱然后学. 证明遗传是说有些鸟把蛋下在别个窝里，然后幼鸟由别个养大但是一样能唱歌;证明学习时说聋鸟虽然也能唱但是不完整。

最后说鸟的唱歌很精确到有很多dialect，然后鸟夫妻们利用这种dialect 的区别来找到对方。

最后一段是说他们之间相互模仿能够达到唱到一样的程度。

2. 讲海龟靠什么导航。

一开始说不可能是星星，因为海龟眼神不好。

也不可能是气味，因为在过程中有气味干扰但是海龟依然能找对方向。

接下来一个实验证明磁场也不可能。

但是有一个结论是海龟可能是用combine 几种方法，在靠近目的地是味道是有用的(这里有题)。

12最后一种解释，是海龟体内的一种 DNA ，它能记录海龟被孵化出的地点(也就是他们去的地方)，并且由母海龟遗传给小海龟。

最后说有一个例子可以证明：从前在加勒比海的一个地方有很多绿海龟，但是后来捕杀很严重海龟们就不去了;近几年虽然又保护起来了但是海龟们来得仍然很少。

3. local wind 三篇里面最简单的一个，基本上地理过关的不用看文章就能做题。

开头先解释什么是 local wind ，并说其实并不 local 而是一个大系统的一部分，有题。

后面主要讲了两种风：sea-land wind 和 valley-mountain wind 。

白天陆地升温快形成低气压，于是风从海往陆地吹，能够降低陆地温度;晚上陆地降温快形成高气压于是风从陆地往海吹。

这一现象跟纬度有关系，热带最明显，中纬度就不那么强烈，高纬度就几乎注意不到。

第二种风，白天山面的空气受热快向上爬升形成 valleywind ，这个风会产生雷阵雨;晚上反之形成 mountain wind (这里有题问 mountain wind 的原理是什么)，这个风很冷会冻伤农作物(有题)。

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO阅读真题及译文：城市气候摘要：托福TPO阅读真题素材及译文：城市气候，托福TPO阅读真题是非常珍贵的复习材料和练习素材，考托福的考生要好好利用，尤其对于托福阅读不太好的同学，一定要多加练习。

本文小马小编为各位考生准备了托福TPO阅读真题及译文：城市气候，希望考生能够充分利用。

托福 TPO阅读真题：Urban Climates第一段：托福TPO阅读原文：The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.托福TPO阅读翻译：冬天城市所产生的热量可以达到或超过其从太阳那里接收的热量。

所有用来供暖的热量最后都扩散至周围的空气中，这个过程在那些隔热效果差的房屋里进行得最快。

一辆汽车所产生的热量足以为一个普通的房屋供暖，如果房屋隔热效果好，一个成年人产生的热量就足以让其保暖了。

因此，即使没有任何工业产热，城市地区也会比它周围的乡村地区更暖和。

第二段：托福TPO阅读原文：In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heatthat warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.托福TPO阅读翻译：在中国，每一个朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根据它们的质量和制作年代的不同，可以是实用器物、陪葬品、贸易收藏品，甚至是礼器。

绿色冰山冰山就是庞大的冰块，它们的形状各不规则；他们在海面上所呈现出来的部份可能只有总量的12%。

冰山是由冰川----从格陵兰岛, 南极洲, 和阿拉斯加的内陆降雪开始积累成为大河中的冰----然后缓慢流入海洋。

向前的移动，在进入海洋的时候冰川底部的融化，和波浪与潮汐转变造成了冰块的断裂从而漂浮在海上。

冰山的颜色一般是从蓝到白，虽然有时会因为他们带有砂砾和石块而显得颜色很深或不透明。

在不同情况的光和云量下，它们的颜色呈现可能会随之不同，如在早晨和傍晚的阳光下所呈现的耀眼的粉色或金色，但这个颜色转变大致与太阳位于海平面上的低角度有关。

无论如何，总会有到南极洲的旅游者们报告说在Weddell Sea看到了绿冰山，南极洲东部Amery Ice Shelf的周围则更为常见。

对于绿冰山的颜色的一个解释是由于纯冰被接近海平面的太阳所照射而造成的错觉，可是绿冰山在很多不同状态的阳光下都能从白色和蓝色冰山中区分出来。

另一个解释就是，它的颜色可能与冰里面所含高浓度的金属化合物有关，比如铜和铁。

进来的探险队从南极洲的冰架上带回了一些绿色冰山和冰核的样本----抵达深度的垂直圆柱型的冰的样本。

对这些冰核和样本的分析给问题提供了一个不一样的解决方式。

215米长的冰架核已经足够用来穿透由紧缩的雪组成，并含有气泡的流动冰，并随后穿透在流动冰的底部由冻结的海水形成的清透的没有气泡的冰。

这个清透的冰的性质与绿冰山上的冰十分相似。

科学家总结出，绿冰的组成是在两层的架冰分开并翻转过来时，暴露出的没有气泡的海水冰。

一个在Amery Ice Shelf西部滞留的绿冰山呈现出了两个明显的层：含有气泡的白蓝色冰，和没有气泡的绿色冰，它们中间是由1米长的带有沉积物的冰分隔开的。

海水的侵蚀决定了绿色冰的质地。

由于光的分散，裂痕处的颜色是浅绿的；而没有裂痕的地方是深绿色。

绿色冰中是没有气泡的，因为它是由冻结的海水所组成，而不是紧缩的雪。

沿着这个地域冰架的边缘，可以发现，带有绿色色素的单细胞生物超级多，而且海水里面含有它们丰硕的分解有机物质。