下载文档原格式
育明教育2015年北京大学行政管理专业考研备考指南【2014年】育明教育总共辅导8名学员进入北大行管前13名，包揽前三名第一名吴思寒学员，第二名韩霄霜学员以及第三名李自可学员.【2013年】北大行管录取的11人中有9个是育明学员。
李强（烟大），刘琦（中山大学），戴美玲（中国海洋大学），朱绍畅（山大），雷明浩（人大），王华伟（安大）等。
【2012年】北大行管录取的11人中有9个是育明学员。
曹weixiao（吉大），王zhe（南师大），张long（重大），刘juan（同济），田jiangyun，李hanzhao（武大）曹baozhong等。
包揽全部5名少干计划学员，分别为尼sha（内蒙），张churui（湖南），陈shisi（四川），张tian（内蒙），宋yu（内蒙）【2011年】北大行管录取的10人中8人是育明学员。
周wuliang（北师大），高bo（山东轻工），郭runlong（青大），常cheng（中青政）等。
包揽全部3名少干计划考生分别是塔na（内蒙），郭xiaochen（内蒙）等【育明教育】2015年北大行管考研全程班（基础+强化+冲刺）优惠价只需2500元！赠送阅卷人一对一指导！6月底优惠截止！二、2015年北京大学行政管理考研参考书（育明教育考试研究院推荐）专业一：《公共行政学》第三版，张国庆主编，北京大学出版社，2008年版。
《人力资源开发与管理（第二版）》，萧鸣政，北京大学出版社，2009年版，《中国行政管理》，2014年期刊。
《张国庆公共行政学考研解析》，团结出版社，2013年版。
综合二：《公共政策分析》，陈庆云，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
《行政法学》，罗豪才主编，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
《行政法与社会科学》，包万超著，商务印书馆，2011年版。
《比较政治经济学》，朱天彪，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
《概率论与数理统计》，袁荫裳，人民大学出版社，2009年版。
北大行管2008年考研真题及答案详解（第二套）作者：育明教育讲师，2008年第二名行政学原理一、名词解释1、行政管理中的管理通常是指政府（行政）运用依法获授的国家公共行政权力，并在法律原则规定的范围内运用行政裁量权，以行政效率和社会效益为基本考虑标准，处理公共行政事务的过程和活动。
《公共行政学》、《人力资源开发与管理（第二版）》、《公共政策》三门占的分值达到了75%以上。
其他的三门的总分大约在80分左右。
其中《公共行政学》这本书内容比较多，知识点繁杂，这个可以参考育明教育2013年出版的《张国庆公共行政学考研解析》，涵盖了考点精编·习题答案·真题解析。
《比较政治经济学》每年会有变动。
不过，这门课，分值不是很高。
这本书大家参考育明教育内部题库就可以了。
《行政法与社会科学》的两本参考书很难复习，但是历年考察的题目基本么有超出育明教育内部题库和复习范围。
行管每年的参考书都有所变动，但是基本的步调还是一致的。
现在的一个趋势是要考查数理统计部分，每年都有二三十分的题目。
这个的话，育明也有一个内部题库，基本涵盖了所有的考试范围。
此外，考生在复习的时候，还应该多关注一些当前行政管理学界的热点问题，比如“大部制改革”、“公共危机管理”、“政府信息公开”、“政府与媒体的关系”、“李连杰壹基金所引发的对第三部门的思考”、“拆迁引发的对行政执行能力问题的思考”、“交通拥堵等带来的交通管制等问题的思考”、“把权力关进制度的笼子里”、“改革是中国最大的红利”等等方面的问题。
2011年北大行管第一名、育明学员周武良：考研，就是要有方法和重点！2010年北大行管第一名、育明学员葛连高：北大行管辅导，首选育明教育！2012年北大行管第二名、育明学员李强：选择育明，选择成功！近十年北大行政管理考研最高分为育明教育2009年学员冯国栋428分。
近十年北大行政管理考研最短时间为育明教育2012年学员宋宇38天考上北大。
近十年北大行政管理考研辅导最传奇为2011年录取的10人中9人是育明教育学员。
近十年北大行政管理考研辅导第一书是2013年育明教育出版《张国庆公共行政学考研解析》。
本文档赠送2次北大行管模拟押题北大行管2008年真题及答案详解专业一：行政学原理一、名词解释1、行政管理中的管理【育明教育解析】行政管理学是由“行政”与“管理”以及“学”组成的一个复合概念。
2021考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案一、问题求解：第1—15小题,每题3分,共45分. 以下每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中, 只有一项为哪一项符合试题要求的. 请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.1、学科竞赛设一等奖、二等奖和三等奖，比例为1：3：8，获奖率为30％、10人获得一等奖，那么参加竞赛的人数为〔A〕300 〔B〕400〔C〕500 〔D〕550〔E〕600【答案】B2、为了解某公司员工的年龄构造，按男、女人数的比例进展了随机抽样，结果如下：根据表中数据估计，该公司男员工的平均年龄与全体员工的平均年龄分别是〔单位：岁〕〔A〕32，30 〔B〕32, 29.5〔C〕32, 27 〔D〕30, 27〔E〕29.5, 27【答案】A3、某单位采取分段收费的方式收取网络流量〔单位：GB〕费用：每月流量20〔含〕以内免费，流量20到30〔含〕的每GB收费1元，流量30到40〔含〕的每GB收费3元，流量40以上的每GB收费5元，小王这个月用了45GB的流量，那么他应该交费〔A〕45元〔B〕65元〔C〕75元〔D〕85元〔E〕135元【答案】B4、如图，圆O是三角形ABC的内切圆，假设三角形ABC的面积与周长的大小之比为1：2，那么圆O的面积为【答案】A〔A〕π〔B〕2π〔C〕3π〔D〕4π〔E〕5π5、设实数,满足|-|=2，|-|=26, 那么+=〔A〕30 〔B〕22〔C〕15 〔D〕13〔E〕10【答案】E6、甲、乙两人进展围棋比赛，约定先胜2盘者赢得比赛。
每盘棋甲获胜的概率是0.6，乙获胜的概率是0.4，假设乙在第一盘获胜，那么甲赢得比赛的概率为〔A〕0.144 〔B〕0.288〔C〕0.36 〔D〕0.4〔E〕0.6【答案】C7、如图，四边形平行四边形， , , ,分别是四边的中点，, , ,分别是四边的中点，依次下去。
得到四边形序列〔m=1，2，3…〕，设的面积为且 =12，那么 + + +…=〔A〕16 〔B〕20 〔C〕24 〔D〕28 〔E〕30【答案】C8、圆 + =b，假设圆C在点〔1.2〕处的切线与y轴的交点为〔0.3〕，那么ab=〔A〕1-2 〔B〕-1 〔C〕0 〔D〕1 〔E〕2【答案】E9、有96位顾客至少购置了甲、乙、丙三种商品中的一种，经调查：同时购置甲、乙两种商品的有8位，同时购置甲、丙两种商品的有12位，同时购置乙、丙两种商品的有6位，三种同时购置有2位，那么仅购置一种商品的顾客有〔A〕70位〔B〕72位〔C〕74位〔D〕76位〔E〕82位【答案】C10、将6张不同的卡片2张一组分别装入甲、乙、丙3个袋子中，假设指定的两张卡片要在同一组，那么不同的袋法有〔A〕12种〔B〕18种〔C〕24种〔D〕30种〔E〕36种【答案】B11、某单位为检查3个部门的工作。
绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ___ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.fertileflexible D.raw B.A.bleak C.2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.presumeconsume C.resume D.assume B.A.3. You shouldn’t be so ____ I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.sophisticatedsensitive D.A.sentimental B.sensible C.4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ____ of art for later generations.themeA.viewpoint D.philosophy B.concept C.5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.suspect D.object C.withdrawA.deny B.6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.parallelneutral D.A.mutual B.optional C.7. Williams had not been there during the ____ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A.vital D.unique superior B.rigorous C.8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ___ of jobs.C.scale D.areafieldrange B.A.9. Modern manufacturing had ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.excludedextendedD.excelled C.A.exceeded B.11. Voices were ____ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.raiseddeveloped D.A.swollen B.increased C.12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ____ others will take a longer time.whereaswhere C.when D.which B.A.13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ____ about the food he eats.particular D.peculiar C.unusualA.special B.14. Britain might still be part of France of it weren't ____ a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.in D.forwith C.A.upon B.15. The Water Prize is an international award that ____outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.requires C.relaysreleases D.A.recognizes B.16. In its 14 years of ____ , the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.existence D.eminence endurance B.A.emergence C.17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ____ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.________widespread belief, cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection II Cloze (10 Points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes __21__ different nations compete against each other in a __22__ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to __23__ the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been __24__ , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with __25__ rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__ the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the __27__ of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to __28__ the Games effectively.The IOC also __29__ which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. __30__ , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen __31__ to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.__32__ the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into __33__ the host city’s time zone. __34__ the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay __35__ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36__ , in prime viewing hours.__37__ the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television __38__ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39__ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40__ . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, thecity was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun,” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual moneythat it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technologyin Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murderB. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) isA. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPTpoverty D.flood C.indifference violenceA.B.49. Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be ____.A.fruitlessimpractical C.effective D.idealisticB.50. The best title for passage may be ____.A. Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.” Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy daysin the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”（from: ）51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because __ .A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para, 2) probably means ____.simpleshrewd D.A.suspicious B.secure C.53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique womanB. She was once divorcedC. She is going go retireD. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show ____.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared thattheir economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy（虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, but all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die.And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means__ .A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because .A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that ____.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if ____.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ____.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV Translation (20 points)Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub- components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought? –and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model thebehavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V Writing (20 points)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。
育明教育2014年北京师范大学行政管理考研辅导再创佳绩2014年，育明教育共有5名学员成功考上北京师范大学行政管理专业，更有8名学员成功考上北大行管，12名学员成功考上中国人民大学公共管理学院。
2015年北京师范大学行管考研全程班（基础+强化+冲刺）优惠价2500元！赠送阅卷人指导一对一指导！2015年北京师范大学行政管理考研参考书728公共管理学《公共管理导论》，欧文.休斯，中国人民大学出版社（第三版）；《公共管理学》，汪大海，北京师范大学出版社，2010年版；987经济学原理《经济学原理》，（美）曼昆，三联书店、北京大学出版社；《经济学原理》，唐任伍等，北京师范大学出版社，2010年版。
《西方经济学》，高鸿业，中国人民大学出版社出版，第五版（选看）以下由育明教育考研考博辅导中心提供2008年公共管理学一、简答题1.韦伯理想科层制的基本原则。
【育明考研答案解析】固定和法定的管辖范围原则——法定官方的权限范围。
工资等级制和权力等级化原则——牢固而有序的上下层级制度。
公私分离原则——机关管理以书面文件为基础，办公场所和私人住所分开。
专业化原则——办公室管理的专业化，彻底而熟练的专门培训。
全职原则——公共机关的发展要求是官员要有充分的工作能力，而不是他们在办公室工作的时间。
一般化原则——办公室管理要遵循一般规律，其稳定性不一，是可以学会的。
2.胡德“新公共管理”主要观点。
【育明考研答案解析】专业管理公共部门，让公共管理者承担相应的责任。
目标必须明确，绩效必须能够被精确测量。
特别强调产出控制，重视实际的结果甚于程序。
打破公共部门的本位主义，破除单位与单位的藩篱，建立网络组织，单位取向分化。
引进市场竞争机制，降低施政成本和提高服务质量。
强调运用私人部门的管理风格，将私营部门行之有效的管理工具应用到公共部门去。
强调资源的有效使用，资源利用具有更大的纪律性和节约性。
3.政府的基本职能。
【育明考研答案解析】A世界银行认为，政府职能包括：确定法律基础；保持一个未被破坏的政策环境，包括保持宏观经济的稳定；投资于基本的社会服务和社会基础设施；保护弱势群体；保护环境。
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题（写作）61、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。
）甲：有人以中医不为西方人普遍接受为由，否定中医的科学性，我不赞同。
西方人普遍不能接受中医是因为他们不理解中国的传统文化。
乙：西医是以科学研究为根据的，科学研究的对象是普适的自然规律。
因此，科学没有国界，科学的发展不受民族和文化因素的影响。
把中医的科学地位归咎于西方科学界不认可中国文化，是荒唐的。
甲：“科学没有国界”是一个广为流传的谬误。
如果科学真的没有国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权呢？乙：从科学角度讲，现代医学以生物学为基础，而生物学建立在物理、化学等学科基础之上。
中医不以这些科学为基础，因此它与科学不兼容，只能说是伪科学。
甲：中医在中国有几千年的历史，治好了很多人，怎么能说它是伪科学呢？人们为什么崇尚科学，是因为科学对人类有用。
既然中医对人类有用，凭什么说它不是科学？西医自然有长于中医的地方，中医也有长于西医之处。
中医体现了对人体完整系统的把我，整体观念、系统思维，就是西医所欠缺的。
乙：我去医院看西医，人家用现代科技手段从头到脚给我检查一遍，怎么没有整体观念、系统思维呢？中医在中国居于主导地位的时候，中国人的平均寿命只有三十岁左右，现在中国人平均寿命七十岁左右，完全拜现代医学之赐。
【参考范文】无效的中医科学性之辩在上述材料中，甲乙双方针对“中医的科学性”，进行了系列的辩论。
然而，该辩论过程存在一些缺陷，现分析如下：首先，甲认为：“如果科学真的没有国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权呢？”这明显存在偷换概念的嫌疑。
官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 北京师范大学2008年921管理学原理答案解析一、简答题：1、简述管理学理论中的人性假设【育明教育解析】参见课本74-77页人性假设是指管理者在管理过程中对人的本质属性的基本看法。
（1）“工具人”假设。
这是西方最早的人性假设理论。
产生于古代中世纪奴隶社会的管理实践之中。
在奴隶社会，奴隶主把奴隶看成是会说话的工具和他们的私人财产。
在以大机器生产为特征的资本主义初级阶段。
资本家则把雇佣工人看成是活的机器或是机器的一个组成部分。
总之这些劳动者就象工具一样。
任由管理者使唤。
自身价值根本就不可能得到体现，他们是在暴力、强迫之下劳动着的。
（2）“经济人”假设。
随着资本主义经济的萌生和发展，到了l8世纪，西方享乐主义哲学者和英国的经济学家亚当·斯密提出了这个假设。
他们认为人是“有理性的、追求自身利益最大化的人”，在管理中强调用物质上和经济上的利益来刺激工人的努力工作。
“经济人”思想是社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是资本主义生产关系的反映，它的提出标志着社会的巨大进步。
（3）“社会人”假设。
到了20世纪30年代，美国哈佛大学的乔治·埃尔顿·梅奥（George Elton Mayo ）等人进行了著名的霍桑实验，实验的意外结果使他们观察到了人性的另一个重要侧面—— 人不仅仅是关心自己个人的物质利益，还会追求人与人之间的友情、安全感和集体归属感。
实验的结论是：组织中人与人之间的关系是决定员工的工作努力程度的主要因素。
因此，管理者应当建立和谐的人际关系来促进工作效率和效益的提高。
“社会人”假设的提出是管理学的重要转折点，开创了“行为科学”学派。
（4）“自我实现人”假设。
这是美国心理学家马斯洛提出的观点。
他认为人的需要是多层次的，人们有着最大限度的利用和开发自己的才能的需要，希望能够有机会获得自身发展与成熟，“自我实现”是工作的最大动力。
2012年北京师范大学977管理学考研真题及详解北京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：977科目名称：管理学一、简答题（每题8分，共80分）1．简述管理角色。
2．简述组织文化的维度。
3．简述共享价值观的作用。
4．简述决策制定过程。
5．简述人际沟通过程。
6．简述变革类型。
7．简述大五人格模型。
8．简述激励—保健理论。
9．简述情境领导理论。
10．简述控制类型。
二、论述题（每题20分，共60分）1．什么是全面质量管理，其主要内容有哪些？2．什么是员工绩效管理，其主要方法有哪些？3．什么是价值链管理，并简述其目标和要求。
三、材料分析题（本题满分10分）福特汽车公司是世界第二大小汽车和卡车生产商。
该公司通过它的利润分享计划，引入了一套以每年利润为基础的奖金制度，以鼓励员工更努力工作以确保公司利润最大化。
这个制度是由一揽子计划组成的，包括：为家庭成员或单个成年人医疗保险、牙齿保健计划、一定条件下的眼睛保护计划等。
为确保业务运营有高素质的员工，为雇员制定的持续教育计划，当一个雇员完成了跟工作有关的大学或相当于高中水平的课程，公司就补偿他们的学费和书本费。
仅在1988年，注册参加教育和自我发展活动的公司员工就超过了14万人，而这一时期在全球范围内有2000多高层经理参加了福特公司在底特律的“管理发展中心”的培训。
福特公司花费了数百万美元开展了几个自我发展研讨班，这些研讨班的哲学理论就是：如果雇员作为个人受到激励和对自己满意，他们就会有效地执行公司的战略。
请你用相关的管理学理论说明福特公司这些做法。
参考答案：北京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：977科目名称：管理学一、简答题（每题8分，共80分）1．简述管理角色。
答：（1）管理决策即特定的管理行为类型，亨利·明茨伯格认为管理者在管理工作中扮演10种不同但高度相关的角色.。
（2）这10种管理行为可以被进一步组合为三类，如图表1所示。
官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 北京师范大学2008年753公共管理基础答案解析一、简答题1、简述马克思韦伯科层制的基本特点【育明教育解析】这在张国庆老师《公共行政学》中“行政组织”章节中有精确的论述。
北京师范大学行政管理考研试题都是源于课本的，基本不存在超纲现象。
韦伯曾任维也纳大学和慕尼黑大学教授，出任过魏玛宪法起草委员会顾问。
韦伯是一位兴趣广泛的典型知识分子，是当代著名的社会学家、政治学家和行政学家。
他的官僚科层组织理论被认为是组织学的也是行政学的最重要的理论之一。
韦伯认为，官僚科层组织并不是文牍主义、效率低下的组织现象，而是指一种组织形态及其结构特点。
合理合法的职权是官僚概念的内涵。
这种组织是应用于复杂组织的最有效的形式，因而是已知的对人类进行必要管理的最合理的形式。
韦伯的官僚科层组织理论的形成曾经借助于他对政府组织的大量观察。
对他来说，在大型行政管理工作中，官僚形式是不可避免的，在行政管理领域中，人们只能在官僚形式和外行之间选择。
尽管如此，韦伯还是将他的理论称之为“理想的行政组织体系”。
科层制的基本特点：（1）官僚组织形态是根据完整的法规制度设立的一种组织结构。
这种组织有确定的目标，并依靠完整的规章制度去规范组织成成员的工作行为，从而有效地达成组织目标。
（2）统一的等级序列。
这种组织是井然有序的权责体系，组织内部根据需要实现劳动分工，同时明确规定每一个成员的权责并使之合法化，权责按等级的原则组织起来。
（3）考试任命。
根据组织中不同层级的职位需要，公开招考和挑选具备某种技术资格的成员，按照其专长进行合理分配和正式任命，务求每一位成员称职并只有一位上司。
（4）严格的纪律和规则。
行政管理人员要遵从官场的严格规则、记录和制约，而不受个人感情的影响，且毫不例外地使用于各种情况。
（5）绩效制度。
行政管理人员不是他所辖公司的所有者，他们只是公职人员，他们领取固定的薪金，他的奖惩与升迁任用制度加以明确规定并与工作成效相联系。
北京师范大学管理学院考研真题：公共管理学2005年：一、简答题1. 梅西提出的新公共管理改革的目标。
2. 亚当·斯密的政府角色的主要观点及其说明。
3. 林恩的公共政策的定义及其特征。
4. 现代公共职业服务的典型形式。
5. 传统行政模式在处理外部关系中存在的主要问题。
6. 发展中国家的传统行政模式的基础框架。
7. 未来公共行政的基础特征。
二、论述题1. 公共部门战略管理的含义。
2. 从公共部门的特点论述公共部门评估的难点所在。
3. 新中国历次政府机构改革的主要内容。
2006年：一、简答题1. 民主行政理论的主要观点。
2. 韦伯官僚体系的原则。
3. 新古典主义的基本构成。
4. 英国财政管理倡议案的主要内容及特点。
5. 世界银行与国际货币基金组织对发展中国家政府改革导向的影响方式。
6. 新公共管理理论面临的伦理与责任问题。
7. 20世纪80年代以来公共部门面临的挑战。
二、论述题1. 如何提高中国政府能力。
2. 公共管理的一般职能。
3. 霍格伍德和冈恩（Hogwood and Guun）关于调和两种公共政策视角的基本观点。
4. 比较奥尔森与斯施蒂格勒的集团竞争理论。
2007年：一、简答题1. 简述胡德关于管理主义过程的观点。
2. 简述公共企业存在的理由。
3. 简述巴顿和萨维基的政策过程模式的主要内容。
4. 简述战略管理的原则。
5. 简述规划预算的优点。
6. 简述普罗斯的政策团体理论。
7. 简述绩效评估的意义。
二、论述题1. 论述公共部门变革的原因。
2. 论述我国政府行政管理体制改革的基本任务。
3. 论述依法行政的制度机制。
2008年：一、简答题1. 韦伯理想科层制的基本原则。
2. 胡德“新公共管理”的主要观点。
3. 政府的基本职能。
4. 公共选择理论的基本假设与基本观点。
5. 如何看待利益集团竞争对公共管理的影响。
6. 戴维奥斯本和特德盖布勒在《重塑政府》一书中提出的政府再造的十大原则。
二、论述题1. 公共部门与私人部门在管理上存在的差别。
