天线与电波传播I-4
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第三章 天线和电波传播在对移动通信网络进行规划和优化时,我们必须了解移动通信系统所用天线的性能,特别是基站天线的性能,和各种移动环境下的无线电波传播特性。
我们可以利用天线特性来改善移动通信网络的性能,例如利用天线分集可以有效地克服传播环境引起的多径效应,利用天线下倾可以减小蜂窝网络中由于频率复用产生的同频干扰。
另外,不同的蜂窝网络(宏蜂窝、微蜂窝、微微蜂窝)和不同的环境(市区、郊区、农村、山区等)将呈现出不同的无线电波传播特性。
我们可以用不同的传播模式来描述不同环境下的传播特性,预测传播路径损耗,提高覆盖质量。
这一章主要讨论和陆地移动通信有关的基站天线和无线电波传播的特性。
3.1 基站天线在陆地移动通信系统中,基站天线的辐射特性直接影响无线链路的性能。
基站天线的辐射特性主要有:天线的方向性、增益、极化等。
3.1.1 天线基本特性3.1.1.1 方向图当天线作为发射天线时,在空间各个方向上辐射的能量是不均匀的,而当天线作为接收天线时从空间各个方向上接收到的能量也是不均匀的。
天线的这种方向选择性可以用它的辐射方向图来描述。
辐射方向图就是在以天线为球心的等半径球面上,相对场强随坐标变量θ和φ(球面坐标系)变化的图形,如图3.1所示。
由于测试技术的原因,一般天线生产厂家只能提供二维的天线方向图,如图3.2所示。
在︒=0φ或︒90平面上的二维方向图通常称为子午面方向图(或垂直方向图),而在︒=90θ平面上的二维方向图通常称为赤道面方向图(或水平方向图)。
在具体工程设计中一般不使用三维方向图,但在移动通信无线网络优化中,为了能定量评价基站天线下倾后对干扰减少所起的作用,三维方向图是有用的。
图3.1 天线的三维方向图(a) 垂直方向图 (b) 水平方向图图3.2 天线的二维方向图为了完整地确定天线的辐射特性,需要在每一工作频率上,测量或计算出等半径球面上的绝对幅值,然后利用在最大辐射方向上测得的功率值对场的绝对幅度值归一化。
微波技术与天线答案1-1 解: f=9375MHz, / 3.2,/ 3.1251c f cm l λλ===> 此传输线为长线1-2解: f=150kHz, 4/2000,/0.5101c f m l λλ-===⨯<< 此传输线为短线1-3答: 当频率很高,传输线的长度与所传电磁波的波长相当时,低频时忽略的各种现象与效应,通过沿导体线分布在每一点的损耗电阻,电感,电容和漏电导表现出来,影响传输线上每一点的电磁波传播,故称其为分布参数。
用1111,,,R L C G 表示,分别称其为传输线单位长度的分布电阻,分布电感,分布电容和分布电导。
1-4 解: 特性阻抗050Z ====Ω f=50Hz X 1=ωL 1=2π×50×16.65×10-9Ω/cm=5.23×10-6Ω/cmB 1=ωC 1=2π×50×0.666×10×10-12=2.09×10-9S/cm 1-5 解: ∵ ()22j z j z i r U z U e U e ββ''-'=+ ()()2201j z j z i r I z U e U e Z ββ''-'=- 将 2223320,2,42i r U V U V z πβλπλ'===⋅= 代入 33223420220218j j z Ueej j j V ππλ-'==+=-+=-()3412020.11200z Ij j j A λ'==--=- ()()()34,18cos 2j te z u z t R U z e t V ωλπω'=⎛⎫''⎡⎤==- ⎪⎣⎦⎝⎭ ()()()34,0.11cos 2j t e z i z t R I z e t A ωλπω'=⎛⎫''⎡⎤==- ⎪⎣⎦⎝⎭ 1-6 解: ∵Z L =Z 0 ∴()()220j z i r U z U e U β''==()()()212321100j j z z U z e U z e πβ''-''==()()()()611100,100cos 6jU z e V u z t t V ππω'=⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭1-7 解:210.20.2130j L e ccm fπρρλ-Γ=-=-==Γ+==由 011L L L Z Z +Γ=-Γ 得 0110.2100150110.2L LL Z Z -Γ+===Ω+Γ- 由 ()()()22max 0.20.2j z j z L z e e z πββ-'-''Γ=Γ==Γ= 得 max1max120,7.54z z cm λπβ''-===1-8 解: (a) ()(),1in in Z z z ''=∞Γ= (b) ()()0100,0in in Z z Z z ''==ΩΓ= (c) ()()00012200,3in in in in Z Z Z z Z z Z Z -''==ΩΓ==+(d) ()()02200,1/3in in Z z Z z ''==ΩΓ= 1-9 解: 1 1.21.510.8ρ+Γ===-Γ 0max 0min 75,33Z Z Z Z ρρ==Ω==Ω1-10 解: min2min124z z cm λ''=-= min1120.2,0.514L z ρππβρλ-'Γ===⨯=+min1min120.2j z z Le β'-'Γ=-=Γ ∴ 2420.20.2j jL eeππ⨯-Γ=-=1-11 解: 短路线输入阻抗 0in Z jZ tg l β=开路线输入阻抗 0in Z jZ ctg l β=- a) 00252063in Z jZ tgjZ tgj πλπλ=⨯=Ω b) 002252033in Z jZ tg jZ tg j πλπλ=⨯=-Ωc) 0173.23in Z jZ ctgj π=-=-Ω d) 02173.23in Z jZ ctg j π=-=Ω1-12 解: 29.7502050100740.6215010013oj L L L Z Z j j e Z Z j -++Γ=Γ====++1-13 解: 表1-41-14 解: 表1-5 1-15 解: 表1-61-16 解: 表1-71-17 解: 1350.7oj L e Γ= 1-18 解: minmax0.6U K U == min143.2o z β'= 用公式求min1min10min1min111L j tg z K jtg z Z Z Z jtg z jKtg z ρββρββ''--==''-- 0.643.25042.8522.810.643.2oojtg j j tg -==-Ω-⨯ 用圆图求 ()42.522.5L Z j =-Ω短路分支线的接入位置 d=0.016λ时()0.516B =- 最短分支线长度为 l=0.174λ()0.516B =- 1-19 解: 302.6 1.4,0.3,0.30.16100L L lZ j Y j λ=-===+ 由圆图求得 0.360.48in Z j =+ 1824in Z j =+Ω 1.01 1.31in Y j =- ()0.020.026in Y j S =- 1-20 解: 12L Y j =+ 0.5jB j =()()()()0.150.6 1.460.150.60.960.20.320.380.2 1.31 1.54in in in in Y j Y jB j Y j Z j λλλλ=-+=-=+=-∴ 6577in Z j =-Ω 1-21 解: 11 2.5 2.50.20.2L LY j j Z ===+- 并联支节输入导纳 min 2.5B ctg l β=-=- min 0.061l λ=此时 1/2.5L Z '= 500/2.5200LZ '==Ω(纯电阻) 变换段特性阻抗316Z '===Ω 1-22 解: 1/0.851.34308.66o o L arctg ϕ=-=-=由 max120L z ϕβ'=-= 得 max10.43z λ'= 由 min12L z ϕβπ''=-=- 得 min10.1804L z ϕπλλπ+'== 1-23 解: 原电路的等效电路为由 1in Z j '+= 得 1in Z j '=- 向负载方向等效(沿等Γ图)0.25电长度 得 1in in Z Z ''='则 in in Y Z '''=由in in in Y Y j Z ''''''=+= 得 12in in Y Z j j ''''=-=- 由负载方向等效0.125电长度(沿等Γ图)得 12L Y j =+ 0.20.4L Z j =-1-24 答: 对导行传输模式的求解还可采用横向分量的辅助标位函数法。
天线与电波传播天线部分:引言天线是一种用来发射或接收电磁波的器件,是任何无线电系统中的基本组成部分。
换句话说,发射天线将传输线中的导行电磁波转换为“自由空间”波,接收天线则与此相反。
于是信息可以在不同地点之间不通过任何连接设备传输,可用来传输信息的电磁波频率构成了电磁波谱。
人类最大的自然资源之一就是电磁波谱,而天线在利用这种资源的过程中发挥了重要的作用。
第一讲:传输线基础知识在通信系统中,传输线(馈线)是连接发射机与发射天线或接收机与接收天线的器件。
为了更好的了解天线的性能及参数,首先简单介绍有关传输线的基础知识。
传输线根据频率的使用范围区分有两种类型:1、低频传输线;2、微波传输线。
这里重点介绍微波传输线中无耗传输线的基础知识,主要包括反映传输线任Z一点特性的参量:反射系数、阻抗和驻波比,。
,一、反射系数 ,这里定义传输线上任一点处的电压反射系数为,'Uz()',,()z,'Uz()'jz,,,',Uze0,, (1) ,'jz,',,Uze0,,'jz,2,,,el由上式可以看出,反射系数的模是无耗传输线系统的不变量,即',,,z (2) ,,l此外,反射系数呈周期性,即'',,,,zmz,/2 (3) ,,,,gZ二、阻抗appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not melt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrongside should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade.7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of thestandard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening这里定义传输线上任一点处的阻抗为'Uz,,' (4) Zz,,,'Iz,,经过一系列的推导,得出阻抗的最终表达式'ZjZz,tan,'l0 (5) ZzZ,,,0'ZjZz,tan,l0三、驻波比(VSWR) ,这里定义传输线上任一点处的驻波比为'Uz,,max,, (6) 'Uz,,min经过一系列的推导,得出阻抗的最终表达式1,,l (7) ,,1,,l此外,这里还给出反射系数与阻抗的关系表达式'1,,z,,'ZzZ,,,0'1,,z,,(8) 'ZzZ,,,0',,z,,'ZzZ,,,0这里还简单介绍一下传输线理论所要用到的一些基本参数,例如特性阻抗Z0 以及相位常数,具体表达式如下: ,L2,,,,ZLC, (9) ,,0C,Z此外,不同的系统有不同的特性阻抗,为了统一和便于研究,常常提出归一化0'Zz,,的概念,即阻抗称为归一化阻抗 Z0'Zz,,'Zz, (10) ,,Z0第二讲:基本振子的辐射appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not melt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrongside should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade.7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening一、电基本振子的辐射电基本振子(Electric short Dipole)又称电流元,无穷小振子或赫兹电偶极子,l,l它是指一段理想的高频电流直导线,其长度远小于波长,其半径远小于,a 同时振子沿线的电流处处等幅同相。