高级英语 猴子审判案

Lesson 4 The Trial That Rocked the World震撼世界的审判A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。

我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯.达罗。

担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉.詹宁斯.布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。

A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. "Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。

美国中学进化论教育述论摘要1925年“猴子审判”的结果并不是科学的胜利，它应该看作是基督教内部保卫宗教的争论。

20世纪80年代以后科学生物进化论教育才在美国取得合法教学地位。

目前智能设计理论还在与进化论的教学明争暗斗。

但是这种争论已经演变为捍卫科学的争论了。

关键词进化论智能设计正统主义创世论猴子审判“震惊世界的审判”（即猴子审判）是《高级英语》中一篇涉及到美国中学进化论教育的文章。

在中国有一定影响。

有的教学辅导材料，将这篇文章的主题定位为“无知与智慧，宗教与科学”的斗争，它以科学的“实际上的胜利而结束”。

（张鑫友，2000：208）就“猴子审判”的文本而论，这样的理解似无可非议。

但本文对“猴子审判”的语境进行分析后，对该文的意义提出新的看法，即“猴子审判”在本质上是基督教内部的争论。

审判的结束不意味着科学的胜利，只是进入20世纪80年代以后，进化论教育在公立学校才占据上风。

1 正统基督教对宗教的维护与学校进化论的教育1925年发生在田那西州戴顿（dayton）小镇的约翰·司科普斯（john scopes）一案不能理解为宗教和科学的冲突。

首先应该解决两个概念问题。

第一，正统主义基督教（fundamentalism）与现代主义（modernism）的对立是基督教内部对《圣经》不同理解的对立，而不是宗教与科学的对立。

1859年英国学者达尔文发表《物种起源》，提出生物进化理论，引起基督教内引起激烈的反应，也促成正统主义在新教内部产生，并与现代神学相对立。

20世纪初，正统主义基督教在新泽西的普林斯顿开办神学院，陆续编写和出版了12卷本的《基本原理（the fundamentals ）》。

这可以看作是正统主义基督教的宣言。

《基本原理》出版后，依靠其教众的强大经济实力，向社会免费发放300万份，声势逐渐浩大。

《基本原理》主要强调《圣经》文字与原理的真实性。

在1919年前后，由于美国各地中学进化论教学越来越普遍，深深撼动基督教基础。

猴子审判：宗教与科学之争的斯科普斯案1 达尔文进化论提起进化论，我们自然会想到英国生物学家、进化论的奠基人，查尔斯ž罗伯特ž达尔文（Charles Robert Darwin）。

1809年2月12号，达尔文出生在英国的一个小城市，从小家庭优越，父亲罗伯特ž达尔文是一名医生。

1828年，达尔文19岁的时候，被父亲送进了剑桥大学基督学院（Christ’s College, Cambridge），并且希望达尔文有朝一日能够成为一名牧师。

在剑桥期间，达尔文成为植物学家约翰ž史蒂文斯ž亨斯洛（John Stevens Henslow）的学生和挚友，更加废寝忘食地吸收和探索科学知识。

1931年，从剑桥毕业后，达尔文在导师亨斯洛的推荐下，以半个博物学家的身份，跟随应该皇家舰艇贝格尔号（HMS Beagle），开启了长达五年的自费环球考察。

每到一处，达尔文都会在陆地上调查地质、收集自然历史的各种样本。

接触的地理环境越多样，看到的世界各地的物种越复杂，达尔文就越坚定一个信念，这一切不可能是上帝一瞬间造出来的，而是千百万年来不断变化产生的结果，物种的进化论在达尔文的脑子里逐渐清晰。

1859年，在达尔文50岁的时候，出于各种原因，他用大量压倒性的证据出版了他的恢弘巨著《物种起源》（On the Origin ofSpecies），标志着生物进化论的诞生。

他是非常谨慎的人，不希望自己因为坚持真理，而落得和伽利略一样的下场。

所以，他在书中主动回避了对猿猴和人类进化的讨论。

即便如此，达尔文的进化论自问世以来，在思想界、宗教领域引起剧烈的震动。

因为在达尔文生活的19世纪，整个欧洲都还是“神创论”（creationism）主宰的地区，在基督教的影响下，大家当时普遍都认为是上帝亲手创造了地球上的各种物种，并且按照自己的外形创造了亚当，进而用亚当的肋骨创造了夏娃。

创世纪虽然科学界已经接受进化论的推理，但是神创论和进化论之间的激烈斗争，一直到现在还在全世界上演。

monkey trail--汉语材料《布特勒法》和“猴子审判”约自1859年达尔文的《物种起源》问世以来，进化论迅速传播到美洲大陆。

众多基督教人士视其为异端邪说，在宗教气氛相对浓厚的南方尤甚。

然而，诅咒和谩骂没能阻止进化论的风行。

20世纪初叶，达尔文的学说进入了美国公立学校的生物学教科书。

反对者们意识到，宗教宣讲和道德谴责已不足以遏制形势的发展，诉诸法律手段也许更为见效。

威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩（William Jennings Bryan）是当时美国政坛上的传奇人物，3次成为民主党总统候选人，并曾任1913－1915年间的国务卿。

作为一个虔诚的基督徒，布莱恩坚定地认为："进化论是一种没有怜悯心的法则，按照这种法则，强者群起杀死弱者，而《圣经》则是反对进化论的‘爱的法则'"。

1921年，布莱恩发起了"反对在公立学校讲授进化论"运动。

经过四年努力，布赖恩及其追随者获得了成功。

1925年，禁止在公立学校教授"任何否定圣经创世说而代之以人类由低等动物进化而成"的法案被田纳西州议会通过。

这一法案史称《布特勒法》（the Butler law）。

《布特勒法》引起了群情哗然。

成立于1920年的"美国公民自由联盟"（ACLU），一向以保护公民的思想言论自由为宗旨。

ACLU认为，美国公民的基本自由尤其是学术自由应该得到充分的保障，《布特勒法》代表了一种危险的倾向：政府竟然可以根据某种偏见便动用国家的暴力机关来干涉人们研究和传授一种学说的权利，这显然是违宪的。

ACLU决定为那些因教授进化论而被起诉的教师们提供法律上的援助，通过诉讼手段推翻《布特勒法》。

但是，一个奇特的现象出现了。

虽然《布特勒法》规定讲授进化论的公立学校和教师将受到罚款等惩罚，但由于田纳西州州长Austin Peay在签署法案时谨慎地宣布该法案是"象征性法案"，所以该法案实质上并未得到实施，田纳西州的学校、教师还是依旧教授原来的课本。

猴子审判案On the seventh day of trial, Raulston asked the defense if it had any more evidence. What followed was what the New York Times described as "the most amazing court scene on Anglo-Saxon history." Hays asked that William Jennings Bryan be called to the stand as an expert on the Bible. Bryan assented, stipulating only that he should have a chance to interrogate the defense lawyers. Bryan, dismissing the concerns of his prosecution colleagues, took a seat on the witness stand, and began fanning himself.Darrow began his interrogation of Bryan with a quiet question: "You have given considerable study to the Bible, haven't you, Mr. Bryan?" Bryan replied, "Yes, I have. I have studied the Bible for about fifty years." Thus began a series of questions designed to undermine a literalist interpretation of the Bible. Bryan was asked about a whale swallowing Jonah, Joshua making the sun stand still, Noah and the great flood, the temptation of Adam in the garden of Eden, and the creation according to Genesis. After initially contending that "everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there," Bryan finally conceded that the words of the Bible should not always be taken literally. In response to Darrow's relentless questions as to whether the six days of creation, as described in Genesis, were twenty-four hour days, Bryan said "My impression is that they were periods."Bryan, who began his testimony calmly, stumbled badly under Darrow's persistent prodding. At one point the exasperated Bryan said, "I do not think about things I don't think about." Darrow asked, "Do you think about the things you do think about?" Bryan responded, to the derisive laughter of spectators, "Well, sometimes." Both old warriors grew testy as the examination continued. Bryan accused Darrow of attempting to "slur at the Bible." He said that he would continue to answer Darrow's impertinent questions because "I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee--." Darrow interrupted his witness by saying, "I object to your statement" and to "your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes." After that outburst, Raulston ordered the court adjourned. The next day, Raulston ruled that Bryan could not return to the stand and that his testimony the previous day should be stricken from evidence.The confrontation between Bryan and Darrow was reported by the press as a defeatfor Bryan. According to one historian, "As a man and as a legend, Bryan was destroyed by his testimony that day." His performance was described as that of "a pitiable, punch drunk warrior." Darrow, however, has also not escaped criticism. Alan Dershowitz, for example, contended that the celebrated defense attorney "comes off as something of an anti-religious cynic."The trial was nearly over. Darrow asked the jury to return a verdict of guilty in order that the case might be appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court. Under Tennessee law, Bryan was thereby denied the opportunity to deliver a closing speech he had labored over for weeks. The jury complied with Darrow's request, and Judge Raulston fined him $100.Six days after the trial, William Jennings Bryan was still in Dayton. After eating an enormous dinner, he lay down to take a nap and died in his sleep. Clarence Darrow was hiking in the Smoky Mountains when word of Bryan's death reached him. When reporters suggested to him that Bryan died of a broken heart, Darrow said "Broken heart nothing; he died of a busted belly." In a louder voice he added, "His death is a great loss to the American people."A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Dayton court on a technicality--not the constitutional grounds as Darrow had hoped. According to the court, the fine should have been set by the jury, not Raulston. Rather than send the case back for further action, however, the Tennessee Supreme Court dismissed the case. The court commented, "Nothing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case."The Scopes trial by no means ended the debate over the teaching of evolution, but it did represent a significant setback for the anti-evolution forces. Of the fifteen states with anti- evolution legislation pending in 1925, only two states (Arkansas and Mississippi) enacted laws restricting teaching of Darwin's theory</P< p>1859– Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species is published. Darwin argues in his introduction that "the view which most naturalists entertain, and which I formerly entertained — namely, that each species has been independently created — is erroneous."1871– Darwin publishes his second book, The Descent of Man. In this work, Darwin directly addresses the debate over the origin of mankind, arguing that "man is descended from a hairy, tailed quadruped, probably arboreal in its habits, and an inhabitant of the Old World."1914– George William Hunter's A Civic Biology, the book that is later used in biology courses in Dayton, Tenn., is published. A Civic Biology describes evolution as "the belief that simple forms of life on the earth slowly and gradually gave rise to those more complex and that thus ultimately the most complex forms came into existence."1921– Former congressman and ex-Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan becomes a leader in the anti-evolution movement, delivering speeches entitled "The Menace of Darwinism" and "The Bible and its Enemies." Bryan declares in one address that "[i]t is better to trust in the Rock of Ages, than to know the age of the rocks; it is better for one to know that he is close to the Heavenly Father, than to know how far the stars in the heavens are apart."TrialClarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan chat in court during the Scopes Trial.The ACLU had originally intended to oppose the Butler Act on the grounds that it violated the teacher's individual rights and academic freedom, and was therefore unconstitutional. Mainly because of Clarence Darrow, this strategy changed as the trial progressed, and the earliest argument proposed by the defense once the trial had begun was that there was actually no conflict between evolution and the creation account in the Bible (a viewpoint later called theistic evolution). In support of this claim, they brought in eight experts on evolution. Other than Dr. Maynard Metcalf, a zoologist from Johns Hopkins University, the judge would not allow these experts to testify in person. Instead, they were allowed to submit written statements so that their evidence could be used at the appeal. In response to this decision, Darrow made a sarcastic comment to Judge Raulston (as he often did throughout the trial) on how he had beenagreeable only on the prosecution's suggestions, for which he apologized the next day, keeping himself from being found in contempt of court.[17]The presiding judge John T. Raulston was accused of being biased towards the prosecution and frequently clashed with Darrow. At the outset of the trial Raulston quoted Genesis and the Butler Act. He also warned the jury not to judge the merit of the law (which would become the focus of the trial) but on the violation of the act, which he called a 'high misdemeanor'. The jury foreman himself wasn't convinced of the merit of the Act but acted, as did most of the jury, on the instructions of the judge.[18]By the later stages of the trial, Clarence Darrow had largely abandoned the ACLU's original strategy and attacked the literal interpretation of the Bible as well as Bryan's limited knowledge of other religions and science.Only when the case went to appeal did the defense return to the original claim that the prosecution was invalid because the law was essentially designed to benefit a particular religious group, which would be unconstitutional.Bryan chastised evolution for teaching children that humans were but one of (precisely) 35,000 types of mammals and bemoaned the notion that human beings were descended "Not even from American monkeys, but from old world monkeys."[19]Malone responded for the defense in a speech that was universally considered the oratorical triumph of the trial.[20] Arousing fears of "inquisitions", Malone argued that the Bible should be preserved in the realm of theology and morality and not put into a course of science. In his conclusion, Malone declared that Bryan's "duel to the death" against evolution should not be made one-sided by a court ruling that took away the chief witnesses for the defense. Malone promised that there would be no duel because "There is never a duel with the truth." The courtroom went wild when Malone finished, and Scopes declared Malone's speech to be the dramatic highpoint of the entire trial and insisted that part of the reason Bryan wanted to go on the stand was to regain some of his tarnished glory.[21]On the sixth day of the trial, the defense ran out of witnesses. The judge declared that all of the defense testimony on the Bible was irrelevant and should not be presented to the jury (which had been excluded during the defense). During the court proceedings (7th day of the trial) the defense asked the judge to call Bryan as a witness to question him on the Bible as their own experts have been rendered irrelevant; Darrow hadplanned the day before and called Bryan a "Bible expert". This move surprised those present in the court, as Bryan was a counsel for the prosecution and Bryan himself (according to a journalist reporting the trial) never made a claim of being an expert; although he did tout his knowledge of the Bible.[22] This testimony revolved around several questions regarding biblical stories and Bryan's beliefs (as shown below), this testimony culminated in Bryan declaring that Darrow was using the court to "slur the Bible" while Darrow replied that Bryan's statements on the Bible were "foolish".[19][edit] Examination of BryanOn the seventh day of the trial, Clarence Darrow took the unorthodox step of calling William Jennings Bryan, counsel for the prosecution, to the stand as a witness in an effort to demonstrate that belief in the historicity of the Bible and its many accounts of miracles was unreasonable. Bryan accepted, on the understanding that Darrow would in turn submit to questioning by Bryan. Although Hays would claim in his autobiography that the cross-examination of Bryan was unplanned, Darrow spent the night before in preparation. The scientists the defense had brought to Dayton —and Charles Francis Potter, a modernist minister who had lost a public debate on evolution with the fundamentalist preacher John Roach Straton—prepared topics and questions for Darrow to address to Bryan on the witness stand.[23]Kirtley Mather, chairman of the geology department at Harvard and also a devout Baptist, played Bryan and answered questions as he believed Bryan would.[24][25] Raulston had adjourned court to the stand on the courthouse lawn, ostensibly because he was "afraid of the building" with so many spectators crammed into the courtroom, but probably because of the stifling heat (227; Scopes and Presley 164).[edit] Adam and EveAn area of questioning involved the book of Genesis, including questions such as if Eve was actually created from Adam's rib, where did Cain get his wife, and how many people lived in Ancient Egypt. Darrow used these examples to suggest that the stories of the Bible could not be scientific and should not be used in teaching science with Darrow telling Bryan, "You insult every man of science and learning in the world because he does not believe in your fool religion."[26]Bryan's declaration in response was "The reason I am answering is not for the benefit of the superior court. It is to keep these gentlemen from saying I was afraid to meet them and let them question me, and I want the Christian world to know that any atheist,agnostic, unbeliever, can question me anytime as to my belief in God, and I will answer him."[27]Stewart objected, demanding to know the legal purpose of Darrow's questioning. Bryan, gauging the effect the session was having, snapped that its purpose was "to cast ridicule on everybody who believes in the Bible". Darrow, with equal vehemence, retorted, "We have the purpose of preventing bigots and ignoramuses from controlling the education of the United States." (299)A few more questions followed in the charged open-air courtroom. Darrow asked where Cain got his wife; Bryan answered that he would "leave the agnostics to hunt for her" (302–03). When Darrow addressed the issue of the temptation of Eve by the serpent, Bryan insisted that the Bible be quoted verbatim rather than allowing Darrow to paraphrase it in his own terms. However, after another angry exchange, Judge Raulston banged his gavel, adjourning court and bringing the drama to a sudden close(303–04).[edit] End of the trialThe confrontation between Bryan and Darrow lasted approximately two hours on the afternoon of the seventh day of the trial. It is likely that it would have continued the following morning but for Judge Raulston's announcement that he considered the whole examination irrelevant to the case and his decision that it should be "expunged" from the record. Thus Bryan was denied the chance to cross-examine the defense lawyers in return, although after the trial Bryan would distribute nine questions to the press to bring out Darrow's "religious attitude". The questions and Darrow's short answers were published in newspapers the day after the trial ended, with the New York Times characterizing Darrow as answering Bryan's questions "with his agnostic's creed, 'I don't know,' except where he could deny them with his belief in natural, immutable law".[28]After the defense's final attempt to present evidence was denied, Darrow asked the judge to bring in the jury only to have them come to a guilty verdict:We claim that the defendant is not guilty, but as the court has excluded any testimony, except as to the one issue as to whether he taught that man descended from a lower order of animals, and we cannot contradict that testimony, there is no logical thing to come except that the jury find a verdict that we may carry to the higher court, purely as a matter of proper procedure. We do not think it is fair to the court or counsel onthe other side to waste a lot of time when we know this is the inevitable result and probably the best result for the case.After they were brought in, Darrow then addressed the jury, telling them that:We came down here to offer evidence in this case and the court has held under the law that the evidence we had is not admissible, so all we can do is to take an exception and carry it to a higher court to see whether the evidence is admissible or not... we cannot even explain to you that we think you should return a verdict of not guilty. We do not see how you could. We do not ask it.Darrow closed the case for the defense without a final summation. Under Tennessee law, when the defense waived its right to make a closing speech, the prosecution was also barred from summing up its case.Scopes never testified since there was never a factual issue as to whether he had taught evolution. Scopes later admitted that, in reality, he was unsure of whether he had taught evolution (another reason the defense did not want him to testify), but the point was not contested at the trial (Scopes 1967:59–60).After eight days of trial, it took the jury only nine minutes to deliberate. Scopes was found guilty on July 21 and ordered to pay a US$100 fine (approximately $1,250 in 2010 when adjusted from 1925 for inflation).[29] Raulston imposed the fine before Scopes was given an opportunity to say anything about why the court should not impose punishment upon him and after Neal brought the error to the judge's attention the defendant spoke for the first and only time in court:Your honor, I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom — that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our constitution, of personal and religious freedom. I think the fine is unjust (World's Most Famous Court Trial 313).。

The Trial That Rocked the World震撼世界的审判约翰.司科普斯John Scopes1、A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court onthat sweltering July day in1925.The counsel for my defence was the famouscriminal lawyer Clarence Darrow.Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan,the silver-tongued orator,three times Democratic nominee forPresident of the United States,and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。

我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯.达罗。

担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉.詹宁斯.布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。

2、A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton,a little town in the mountains of Tennessee.Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Seated in court,ready to testify on my behalf,were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists,led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University.More than100reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial."Don't worry,son,we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered,throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。

Good morning, ladies and gentimen .Thank you very much for your participation in this presentation .Today’s presentation mainly deal with our text book ,lessonten__The trial that rocked the world .First, let us have a look at the author John Scopes.This article is written by John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970).John Scopes (1900~1970) came to Tennessee fresh out of college. In the spring of 1925, he had just completed his first year as science teacher and part-time football coach at the high school in the little town of Dayton. In that year of 1925, he violated a state law by teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee high school. 约翰斯各普斯(1900-1970)1925年24岁的斯各普斯从肯尼亚大学毕业，任田纳西州代顿镇中学的生物老师和橄榄球队教练。

1925年他由于教授达尔文的进化论而受到指控The trial began on July 10, 1925 and ended with Scopes guilty and $100 fine 。

Lesson FourThe Trial That Rocked the World (Monkey Trial)-------John ScopeBackground Information about the Trial This article is written by John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 –October 21, 1970). He is a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, and was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. His trial was a highly publicized confrontation between defense attorney Clarence Darrow and director of the prosecution ,William Jennings Byran. Scopes was found guilty and fined a nominal sum, but his conviction was later reversed on technical grounds. The name of John Scopes became synonymous with his trial, which is popularly known as the Monkey Trial. A film, called Inherit the Wind, was made from the trial ,with much of the dialogue coming directly form transcripts of the court proceedings.•本文的作者约翰托马斯各普斯。