博迪投资学第九版中文PPTChap001

第1章:投资环境问题集1．的确,实际资产决定经济的物质享受。

然而,当金融工程创建新产品时, 个人可以受益，可以让他们更有效地管理金融资产投资组合。

因为对于不同的风险来源，捆绑和拆分创造具有新属性和敏感性的金融产品,能让投资者更有效地对冲特定来源的风险。

2．证券化需要大量的潜在投资者。

为了吸引这些投资者,资本市场需求: 1。

一个安全系统的商业法律和概率低的没收的税收法律/法规;2。

一个成熟的投资银行业;3。

成熟的经纪和金融交易系统,;4。

发达的媒介,尤其是财务报告。

这些特征在一个发达的金融市场中具有。

3．证券化导致金融脱媒;也就是说,证券化为市场参与者提供了一个手段绕过中介。

例如,抵押贷款支持证券是房地产市场获得资金不需要通过银行或储蓄机构发放贷款的投资组合。

随着资产证券化的发展,金融中介机构必须增加其他活动，例如向消费者和小型企业提供短期流动性,金融服务。

4．金融资产使大公司筹集支持实物资产投资的资本变得容易。

如果福特,例如,可以不向公众发行股票或债券,这将更难以筹集资金。

紧缩金融资产的供应将使融资更加困难,从而增加了资本成本。

更高的资本成本导致更少的投资和较低的实际增长。

5．即使公司不需要发行股票，股票市场对于财务经理依然很重要。

股票价格提供关于公司投资项目的市场价值的重要信息。

例如，如果股票价格大幅上涨，经理可能得出结论，认为公司的前景是光明的。

这对于公司继续投资扩大资产业务可能是个有用的信号。

此外，股票可以在二级市场交易是对初始投资者更具吸引力的方面，因为他们知道他们可以出售股票。

反过来这会使得市场投资者更愿意购买初始股票，从而使得公司更容易在股市筹集资金。

6．a、不会，价格的增加不会增加经济的生产能力。

b、是的，股票在这些资产的价值增加了。

c、未来业主作为一个整体更糟，因为抵押贷款债务也增加了。

此外，这个房价泡沫最终会破裂，社会作为一个整体将承受损失。

7．a 银行贷款是兰尼的金融负债，收到的现金是兰尼的金融资产。

博迪投资学第九版课件Chap001Chapter 1The Investment EnvironmentThe Investment EnvironmentINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSReal Assets Versus Financial Assets ?Real AssetsReal Assets–Determine the productive capacity andnet income of the economyt i f th–Examples: Land, buildings, machines,knowledge used to produce goods andservicesFinancial Assets–Claims on real assetsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial AssetsThree types:1.Fixed income or debt1Fixed income or debt/doc/c30ecec07c1cfad6185fa718.html mon stock or equity 3.Derivative securitiesINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFixed IncomePayments fixed or determined by aP t fi d d t i d bformulaMoney market debt: short term, highly ?Money market debt:short term highly marketable, usually low credit risk Capital market debt: long term bonds, can be safe or riskyINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSCommon Stock and Derivatives ?Common Stock is equity or ownershipCommon Stock is equity or ownershipin a corporation.–Payments to stockholders are not fixed,P t t t kh ld t fi dbut depend on the success of the firm ?Derivatives–Value derives from prices of othersecurities, such as stocks and bonds–Used to transfer riskINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and the Economy ?Information Role: Capital flows tocompanies with best prospectscompanies with best prospectsConsumption Timing: Use securitiesto store wealth and transferto store wealth and transferconsumption to the futureINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and theEconomy (Ctd.)Allocation of Risk: Investors can select securities consistent with their tastesfor riskfor riskSeparation of Ownership andg y Management: With stability comes agency problemsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and theEconomy (Ctd.)Corporate Governance and Corporate Ethicsg–Accounting ScandalsExamples –Enron, Rite Aid, HealthSouth –Auditors –watchdogs of the firms Auditors–watchdogs of the firms–Analyst ScandalsArthur Andersen–Sarbanes-Oxley ActTighten the rules of corporate governanceINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSThe Investment ProcessAsset allocationChoice among broad asset classes–Choice among broad asset classes ?Security selection–Choice of which securities to hold withinasset class–Security analysis to value securities anddetermine investment attractivenessdetermine investment attractivenessINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSMarkets are CompetitiveRisk-Return Trade-OffEfficient Markets–Active ManagementFinding mispriced securitiesFinding mispriced securitiesTiming the marketINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSMarkets are Competitive (Ctd.)(Ctd)–Passive ManagementNo attempt to find undervaluedNo attempt to find undervaluedsecuritiesN tt t t ti th k tNo attempt to time the marketo d g a g y d e s ed po t o o ?Holding a highly diversified portfolioINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSThe PlayersBusiness Firms–net borrowers Households –net saversGovernments can be both borrowers ?Governments–can be both borrowersand saversINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUS(Ctd)The Players (Ctd.)Financial Intermediaries: Pool and invest funds–Investment Companies–Banks–Insurance companies–Credit unionsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSUniversal Bank ActivitiesInvestment Banking Commercial Banking g ?Underwrite new stockand bond issues g ?Take deposits and ?Sell newly issued securities to public in p make loans pthe primary marketInvestors trade previously issued securities amongthemselves in thesecondary markets INVESTMENTS |BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Crisis of 2008Antecedents of the Crisis:–“The Great Moderation”: a time in which theU.S. had a stable economy with low interestrates and a tame business cycle with onlyy y mild recessions–Historic boom in housing marketINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFigure 1.3 The Case‐Shiller Index of U.S.Housing PricesINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSChanges in Housing Finance Old Way New Way yLocal thrift institution made mortgage loans to y Securitization: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac made mortgage loans to homeownersThrift’s major asset:a Mae and Freddie Mac bought mortgage loans and bundled them into Thrift s major asset: a portfolio of long-term mortgage loans large pools ?Mortgage-backed g gThrift’s main liability:depositssecurities are tradable claims against the underlying mortgage pool ?“Originate to hold”underlying mortgage pool“Originate to distribute”INVESTMENTS |BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFigure 1.4 Cash Flows in a MortgagePass‐Through SecurityINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSChanges in Housing Finance(Ctd.)At first, Fannie Mae and Freddie MacAt fi t F i M d F ddi M securitized conforming mortgages, which were lower risk and properly documented.?Later, private firms began securitizing ,p g g nonconforming “subprime”loans withg e de au t shigher default risk.–Little due diligencePlaced higher default risk on investors–Placed higher default risk on investors–Greater use of ARMs and “piggyback” loansINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUS。