希腊英文介绍

希腊文明英文作文Ancient Greece: The Cradle of Western Civilization。

Greece, a land steeped in legend and the birthplace of Western civilization, has left an enduring legacy that continues to shape the world today. From its towering temples and marble sculptures to its philosophical thought and literary masterpieces, Greece has made unparalleled contributions to human history and culture.Origins and the Bronze Age:The origins of Greek civilization can be traced to the Neolithic period, around 6000 BC. The Bronze Age, which began around 3000 BC, marked a significant turning point, as Greeks developed advanced metalworking techniques and established prosperous trading networks throughout the Mediterranean region.The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations:Two major civilizations flourished in Greece during the Bronze Age: The Minoans on the island of Crete and the Mycenaeans on the mainland. The Minoans were renowned for their advanced maritime skills, elaborate palaces, and exquisite pottery. The Mycenaeans, meanwhile, developed a powerful warrior culture and controlled much of mainland Greece.The Dark Ages and the Rise of City-States:The Bronze Age collapse around 1200 BC ushered in a period known as the Dark Ages, during which Greece experienced political and social upheaval. However, fromthe 8th century BC onwards, Greek city-states, known as poleis, began to emerge. These independent city-states were often fierce rivals, yet they also shared a common language, culture, and religious practices.The Classical Period:The classical period, from the 5th to the 4th centuriesBC, was the golden age of Greek civilization. Athens, the leading city-state, became a center of philosophy, literature, and the arts. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations of Western thought. Playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides created monumental tragedies and comedies. Sculptors like Phidias and Praxiteles crafted awe-inspiring statues.The Hellenistic Period:The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean region, and new cities such as Alexandria in Egypt and Antioch in Syria emerged as centers of learning and culture. Science, mathematics, and astronomy flourished in this period, with scholars such as Euclid, Archimedes, and Hipparchus making significant advancements.The Roman Conquest and the Byzantine Empire:Greece was conquered by Rome in 146 BC, becoming a province of the Roman Empire. However, Greek culture continued to influence Roman civilization, particularly in the areas of philosophy, literature, and the arts. Afterthe division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire, a Christianized successor state.Legacy and Influence:The legacy of ancient Greece is immense. Its democratic ideals, philosophical thought, and artistic masterpieces continue to shape modern societies. The Greek language became the lingua franca of the Eastern Mediterranean andthe basis for many modern languages. Greek mythology, literature, and philosophy have inspired and influenced countless artists, writers, and thinkers throughout history.中文回答：古希腊，西方文明的摇篮。

Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to share with you the rich and fascinating culture of Greece. As one of the cradles of Western civilization, Greek culture has had a profound impact on the world we live in today. In this speech, I will explore the historical background, artistic contributions, philosophical ideas, and modern influences of Greek culture.I. Historical BackgroundGreece, located in southeastern Europe, has a long and storied history that dates back to the Neolithic period. The earliest Greeks were the Minoans, who inhabited the island of Crete and developed a uniqueculture that included art, writing, and advanced architecture. Following the Minoans, the Mycenaeans emerged and built the first Greek city-states, which laid the foundation for the classical age of Greece.The classical age of Greece, spanning from the 6th to the 4th centuries BCE, is considered the golden age of Greek culture. During this time,the city-states of Athens, Sparta, and others flourished, and great philosophers, playwrights, and artists emerged. The Peloponnesian War, fought between Athens and Sparta, marked the end of the classical age, but the cultural achievements of the Greeks continued to influence the world.II. Artistic ContributionsGreek art is renowned for its beauty, elegance, and mastery of form. The Greeks created a wide range of art forms, including sculpture, painting, architecture, and pottery. Here are some of the most notablecontributions of Greek art:1. Sculpture: Greek sculpture is famous for its realism and idealism. The Greeks believed that beauty was a reflection of perfection, andtheir sculptures often depicted gods, goddesses, and heroic figures. The Parthenon frieze, a relief sculpture that adorned the Parthenon in Athens, is a prime example of Greek sculptural art.2. Painting: Greek painting, although less well-preserved than sculpture, has left behind a rich legacy. The red-figure vase painting technique,which involved painting figures in red against a black background, was a major achievement of Greek art.3. Architecture: Greek architecture is characterized by its use of columns, pediments, and domes. The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, is one of the most iconic examples of Greek architecture.4. Pottery: Greek pottery, particularly the vases, is famous for its intricate designs and scenes from mythology, everyday life, and sports.III. Philosophical IdeasGreek philosophy has had a lasting impact on the world. The Greeks developed a wide range of philosophical ideas that addressed questions about the nature of reality, the purpose of life, and the nature of human existence. Here are some of the most influential Greek philosophers:1. Socrates: Known for his Socratic method, Socrates believed that knowledge was the key to virtue and happiness. He emphasized the importance of questioning and self-examination.2. Plato: Plato, a student of Socrates, founded the Academy in Athens and developed a theory of forms, which argued that the physical world is just a reflection of the perfect, unchanging forms that exist in the realm of ideas.3. Aristotle: A student of Plato, Aristotle is considered the father of Western philosophy. He developed a comprehensive system of philosophy that covered ethics, politics, biology, and physics.4. Epicurus: Epicurus believed that the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain were the keys to happiness. He founded the Epicurean school of philosophy, which emphasized the importance of reason and pleasure.IV. Modern InfluencesGreek culture has had a lasting influence on the modern world. Here are some examples:1. Language: Greek is the oldest living Indo-European language and has contributed many words to modern languages, including English.2. Law: The concept of democracy, which originated in ancient Greece, has influenced the political systems of many countries around the world.3. Science: Greek philosophers and scientists, such as Pythagoras, Archimedes, and Euclid, made significant contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy.4. Literature: Greek mythology and literature have inspired countless stories, poems, and films over the centuries.In conclusion, Greek culture is a treasure trove of history, art, philosophy, and ideas that have shaped the world we live in today. From the ancient city-states of Athens and Sparta to the philosophers and artists who emerged from them, Greek culture has left an indelible mark on human history. Let us appreciate and learn from the rich heritage of the Greeks as we continue to build a better future.Thank you for your attention.。

希腊雅典卫城英文介绍腊雅典卫城：被认为是希腊民族精神和审美理想的完美结合，建于公元前5世纪，但直到今天，那里仍然是建筑师们的灵感与借鉴之源。

The boldness and ambition of the Acropolis was funded by the spoils of war, a war that determined the fate of Greece. In 480 BC, Athens lay in ruins conquered by the seemingly unstoppable Persian Empire. At sea the Persian armada of 800 vessels bore down on the retreating Greek fleet who were hopelessly outnumbered. On the night before the inevitable battle, an owl, symbol of their protective goddess Athena, was seen flying through the night sky. Inspired by this good omen, the Greek navy daringly engaged and defeated the Persian fleet at the battle of Salamis. In one of the great naval victories of history, the Greeks sank 200 enemy ships while losing only 40 of their own. The Persian threat had been overcome. The unexpected victory heralded a new period of stability for Athens and her allies. The Golden Age of Greece was born.建造雅典卫城的大胆想法和雄图来自一场纷扰的战事，一场决定了希腊命运的战事。

The ancient Greek civilization(古希腊文明)古希腊位于地中海东北部。

历史表明，克里特的征服者、特洛伊城的毁灭者——迈锡尼人，是希腊最早的居民之一。

但是古希腊文明的源头是爱琴文明,多年后爱琴人有了辉煌的米诺斯与迈锡尼文化。

随后便产生了璀璨的希腊文明。

Ancient Greece is located in the northeastern Mediterranean. History shows that, the conqueror of Crete, the destruction of Troy - the Mycenaeans, is the earliest inhabitants of greece. But,the source of the ancient Greek civilization is the Aegean civilization,many years later, Aegean has brilliant Minoan and Mycenaean culture.Then created bright Greek civilization.古希腊文化作为古典文化代表，在西方乃至世界都占有极其重要地位，主要包括了古希腊战争，古希腊艺术和古希腊神话。

Ancient Greek culture as the representative of classical culture, in the western world has occupied a very important position, including the ancient Greek War, the ancient Greek art and ancient Greek mythology.说真的，希腊卓有成就的文化领域与神话传说密切相关。

希腊神话传说不但是希腊人最早的文学，而且是希腊人最早的意识形态。

古希腊文明the Ancient Greek Civilization古希腊（Greece）是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年（公元前800年-公元前146年），是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。

Ancient Greece is one of the sources of Western civilization. Ancient Greek civilization lasted about 650 years (800-146 BC), which is the most important and direct source of Western civilization.西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。

The recorded literature, technology and art in the West all started from ancient Greece.古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。

古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。

古希腊是指古代巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚沿岸的总称。

Ancient Greece does not only refer to the country, but the whole region, which was located in the southeast of Europe and the northeast of Mediterranean Sea, including Greek peninsula, and islands in Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea, the southwest coast of Turkey, the east coast of Italy and the east coast of Sicily. Ancient Greece refers to the southern Balkans, Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor. The Aegean culture from 3000 BC to 2000 BC is the forerunner of its history.peninsula 英[pəˈnɪnsjələ] 美[pəˈnɪnsələ]noun 半岛an area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of landthe Iberian peninsula (= Spain and Portugal) 伊比利亚半岛archipelago[ˌɑːkɪˈpeləɡəʊ]noun 【不规则形式】pl. -os or -oes群岛；列岛；群岛周围的海a group of islands and the sea surrounding themBalkans [ˈbɔːlkənz]noun [pl.] 巴尔干（位于欧洲东南部，包括萨瓦河和多瑙河以南诸国）a region of SE Europe, including the countries to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube【派生词】Balkan adj. the Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛公元前5~6世纪，特别是希波战争以后，古希腊地区的经济生活高度繁荣、科技高度发达，产生了光辉灿烂的希腊文化，对后世产生深远影响。

Without the Greeks, who would have given us science, technology, democracy, politics, drama, and history? All of these words, as well as the ideas they represent, originated in ancient Greece.WHERE WAS ANCIENT GREECE?Greece is a mountainous peninsula that juts into the Mediterranean Sea. It includes hundreds of rocky islands off the coast. But the people of ancient Greece settled over a much wider area, from southern France to Asia Minor (now Turkey). Everywhere they went, they brought their language and traditions with them.WHEN DID GREEK CIVILIZATION BEGIN?The first Greek civilization developed on the Mediterranean island of Crete around 2200 BC. This civilization was called Minoan after a legendary ruler of Crete named Minos. The Minoans lived by farming, fishing, and seafaring. Their rulers built huge, brightly painted palaces. A magnificent palace at Knossos may have belonged to King Minos. The Minoans invented a way of writing, but no one today can read it.Soon after 1500 BC, Minoan civilization collapsed. Mycenae, a city on mainland Greece, rose to power. The Mycenaeans built palaces fortified with massive walls, and they rode in chariots. They must have been rich because beautiful objects of gold were found in their graves. The Mycenaeans were warriors. They fought each other, and they went to war in distant places, such as Troy in Asia Minor.These wars were disastrous for Greece. From 1000 to 750 BC, farming, craftwork, and trade suffered. People even forgot how to write!HOW DID GREECE REBUILD?Slowly, Greece recovered. The Greek people organized themselves into self-governing communities called city-states. Each city had homes, workshops, temples devoted to the Greek gods, markets, schools, sports arenas, and meeting places.A city-state also controlled the surrounding countryside. In villages and on farms, Greek families grew olives, grapes, and grain for food. They raised sheep and goats for hides and wool.Along the coast, people lived by fishing or by trading with other Mediterranean lands. They sold olive oil, wine, timber, and craft products.The Greeks were especially known for their excellent metalwork and painted pottery.The Greeks liked debating, questioning, and exploring new ideas. They admired logical arguments and scientific proof. They believed in justice and human dignity. But they were not all equal. Some Greeks were born free. Others were slaves with no rights. Greek men had freedom to work, study, and travel. Women spent their lives at home. They wove cloth, bore children, and cared for their families.The Greeks also believed in gods who controlled human lives. They honored the gods and made offerings to them. In return, they hoped for blessings. To please the gods, city-states held religious festivals, with competitions in music, dance, drama, poetry, and sports. The Olympic Games began as a religious festival of this kind, probably in 776 BC.WHICH WAS THE STRONGEST CITY-STATE?By around 500 BC, two city-states were supreme. Sparta was famous for its fearsome fighting men. It had a powerful ruling council, secret police, and spies. All its citizens—including women and children—were trained to be tough and brave. Slaves grew food.Athens was a democracy. All adult male citizens had the right to elect leaders, serve on juries, and debate government plans. Athenians prized learning and the arts. They asked the best artists, architects, philosophers, and writers to live and work in their city. From 480 to 359 BC, Athens collected tribute(payments) from smaller, weaker Greek cities. It used this money, and wealth from its silver mines, to buy warships. It also rebuilt the center of the city in magnificent style, with temples, statues, law courts, theaters, and strong walls.From 490 to 479 BC, Athens and Sparta fought together against invaders from Persia. But then they became rivals. From 431 to 404 BC, they fought each other in a bitter war. The war severely weakened both powers.HOW DID GREEK POWER END?In 338 BC, Greece was conquered by Macedonia, a kingdom to the north. City-states lost their political power, but Greek civilization continued and spread to many distant lands. Under Macedonian rule, Greek philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists made discoveries that are still useful today.In 146 BC, Roman armies invaded Greece. Roman leaders admired Greek achievements, and so Greek ideas and artistic styles spread still further, through the lands of the Roman Empire. In AD 395, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was ruled from the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Greek language, knowledge, and technology remained important until the Byzantine Empire fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453.THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT GREECEToday, Greek civilization still shapes the way people think, speak, study, govern, design buildings, and spend their leisure time. Many words in the English language come from Greek roots. Questions raised by Greek philosophers are still debated. Greek plays are read and performed. The Olympic Games are held every four years, just as in ancient Greece. Many of our buildings—especially those with tall, round columns—are modeled after Greek buildings. The influence of ancient Greece is felt throughout Europe and in all the lands that European nations once ruled.。

希腊米科诺斯岛英文介绍Mykonos希腊Mykonos岛：人们干脆直接把它叫做“爱欲岛”。

Mykonos, the most famous of the islands in Greece and one of the world's most popular holiday resorts has been welcoming visitors for over half a century.Mykonos is a grand example of unique cycladic architecture set around a picturesque fishin village bay. Totally whitewashed organic cube-like buildings fit closely together to form a kind of haphazard maze of narrow alley ways and streets. The earthen colors of the bare hills which surround the town's gleaming whiteness is set between the aura of an incredibly blue sky and even deeper blue sparkling sea. Its many well preserved windmills and hundreds of tiny red-roofed churches adds a flavor of culture and custom to the scene, enhanced even further by many museums and the historical ancient site of nearby Delos. Together with being friendly and open people, the locals have a healthy understanding of what it means to have a good time. Put this together with all the island's other qualities and it is no wonder Mykonos has been often named "the jewel" of the Aegean Sea..超过半个世纪以来，希腊最有名的岛屿米科诺斯岛一直都是世界上最热门的度假胜地之一，热烈欢迎着远道而来的游客。

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希腊英文介绍篇一CulturePhilosophyMain article: Ancient Greek philosophyAncient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern philosophy, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophersand Islamic scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day.Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization.LiteratureMain articles: Ancient Greek literature, Greek tragedy, Greek comedy, and Theatre of ancient GreeceAncient Greek society placed considerable emphasis upon literature. Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, which remain giants in the literary canon fortheir skillful and vivid depictions of war and peace, honor and disgrace, love and hatred. Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, in many ways, lyric poetry as a genre.A playwright named Aeschylus changed Western literature forever when he introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially in vented ―drama‖: his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles is credited with skillfully developing irony as a literary technique, most famously in his play Oedipus the King. Euripedes, conversely, used plays to challenge societal norms and mores—a hallmark of much of Western literature for the next 2,300 years and beyond—and his works such as Medea, The Bacchae and The Trojan Women are still notable for their ability to challenge our perceptions of propriety, gender, and war. Aristophanes, a comic playwright, defines and shapes the idea of comedy almost asAeschylus had shaped tragedy as an art form—Aristophanes’ most famous plays include the Lysistrata and The Frogs.Philosophy entered literature in the dialogues of Plato, who converted the give and take of Socratic questioning into written form. Aristotle, Plato’s student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism.Science & T echnologyMain articles: List of Graeco-Roman geographers, Greek astronomy, Greek mathematics, Medicine in ancient Greece, and Ancient Greek technologyAncient Greece mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics, including the basic rules of geometry, the idea of formal mathematical proof, and discoveries in number theory, mathematical analysis, applied mathematics, and approached close to establishing the integral calculus. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, are still used in mathematical teaching today.The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric system, although only fragmentary descriptions of his idea survive.[18] Eratosthenes, using the angles of shadowscreated at widely-separated regions, estimated the circumference of the Earth with great accuracy.[19] In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus of Nicea made a number of contributions, including the first measurement of precession and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of apparent magnitudes.The Antikythera mechanism, a device for calculating the movements of planets, dates from about 80 B.C., and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer. It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete. The device became famous for its use of a differential gear, previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century, and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts, comparable to a clock made in the 18th century. The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica.The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field. Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is ref erred to as the ―father of medicine‖[20][21][22] in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession.[23][24]Art & ArchitectureMain articles: Art in ancient Greece and Architecture of ancient GreeceThe art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormousinfluence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture. In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great’s conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world.Religion & MythologyMain articles: Ancient Greek religion, Hellenistic religion, and Greek mythologyGreek mythology consists of stories belonging to theancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices. The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians, Zeus, his wife Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, and Hades. Other important deities included Hebe, Helios, Dionysus, Persephone and Heracles (a demi-god). Zeus’ parents were Kronos and Rhea who also were the parents of Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter.希腊英文介绍篇二Sappho .The Alexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BCE, and it is said that she died around 570 BCE, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired through much of antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation hasendured through surviving fragments. Sappho’s lifetime witnessed a period of political turbulence on Lesbos and saw the rise of Pittacus. According to the Parian Marble, Sappho was exiled to Sicily sometime between 604 BCE and 594 BCE and Cicero records that a statue of her stood in the town-hall of Syracuse. Unlike the works of her fellow poet, Alcaeus, Sappho’s surviving poetry has very few allusions to political conditions. The principal exception is Fragment 98, which mentions exile and indicates that Sappho was lacking some of her customary luxuries. Her political sympathies may have lain with the party of Alcaeus. Though there is no explicit record of this, it is usually assumed that Sappho returned from exile at some point and that she spent most of her life in Lesbos.David Campbell has briefly summarized some of the most arresting qualities of Sappho’s poetry Clarity of language and simplicity of thought are everywhere evident in our fragments; wit and rhetoric, so common in English love-poetry and not quite absent from Catullus’ love poems, arenowhere to be found. Her images are sharp —the sparrows that draw Aphrodite’s chariot, the full moon in a starry sky,the solitary red apple at the tree-top—and she sometimes lingers over them to elaborate them for their own sake. She quotes the direct words of conversations real or imaginary and so gains immediacy. When the subject is the turbulence of her emotions, she displays a cool control in their expression. Above all, her words are chosen for their sheer melody: the skill with which she placed her vowels and consonants, admired by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, is evidenced by almost any stanza; the music to which she sang them has gone, but the spoken sounds may still enchant. Out of over 200 remaining remnants of Sappho’s poetry, Fragment 16 and Fragment 44 in particular are considered lyric retellingsof Homer epics, as Sappho was known to be very familiar with Homer’s poems. Both fragments make direct allusions to scenes in Homer’s Iliad , while Sappho also expands them with her own narrative illustrations. Fragment 16, for instance, serves to characterise Helen, a key figure of Homer’s, while Fragment 44 glorifies domestic joy by depicting the events leading to the wedding of Hector and Andromache.The politi cal atmosphere of the Lesbos during Sappho’stime paralleled that of Homer’s Troy, as the cities of Lesbos were constantly plagued with threats from Lydia. Whereas Homer focused depicting beauty through the glory of militarism, however, Sappho focused primarily onthe portrayal of beauty through love. As oratory poets, both Homer and Sappho used their work to celebrate and memorialise events for posterity. The exigency of their verses was therefore to preserve information as well as to entertain.希腊英文介绍篇三DramaOrigin: perform plays at religious festivals.Develop: in the 5th century B.C. a powerful drama developedStates: open-air theatres, audience sat on stone benches and looked down at the stage from three sides, actors wore masksTragedyAeschylus (525 — 456 B.C.)Works: Prometheus Bound, Persians, and Agamemnon Inthese plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manage to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heroes and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which there is no escape but death. The play are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry ComedyAristophanes (about 450 --- 380 B.C.) Works: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds These plays are loose in plot and satirical in tone.HistoryHerodotus希罗多德(484 --- 430 B.C.) ―Father of History, he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. His object in writing was ―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.Homer ( probably lived around 700 B.C.)Two epics: LliadOdysseusThey are about great men and wars of a remoter age,probably in the period 1200—1100B.CPhilosophy and ScienceThe ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds. Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯(about 580 --- 500 B.C.) had the idea that all things were number. Heracleitue 赫拉克利特(about 540 --- 480 B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universe He also said: You cannot step twice into the same river. The sun is new everyday Democritus 德谟克利特(about 460 --- 370 B.C.) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.Socrates苏格拉底( about 470 --- 399 B.C.)The dialectical method --- method of argument, by questions and answers. Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means ofachieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).Plato 柏拉图( about 428 ---348 B.C.)Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ―idea‖, like beauty, truth, goodness. Only these ―ideas‖ are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato‘s philosophy is called Idealism.(唯心主义) Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he founded the Academy (386), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life. Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues, as in The Republic. Aristotle 亚里士多德Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism三段论, is the essential method of rational inquiry.ScienceEuclid 欧几里得(约公元前3世纪的古希腊数学家) is even now well-known for his Element《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.Archimedes 阿基米德(287—212 B.C.) did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖ Greek science did not neglect ap plication. Mathematics, the purest of sciences, was applied in at least five fields: acoustics, optics, geography, statics and astronomy. Greek scientists collected a wealth of material and enquired into the proper method of doing scientific work. As a result, they were able to deduce theories and built up systems, which had a tremendous influence on later scientists.Greek MythologyGreek Mythology is a group of traditional tales told by the ancient Greeks about the deeds of gods, heroes and theirrelations with human beings.Its great influence upon the English language and literature is beyond description. A great number of words and idioms in the English language come from the Greek mythology.Godsthe old theogony : the Tians（旧神谱:奥林匹斯十二泰坦）the new theogony : the Gods （新神谱奥林匹斯十二主神）Heros——Perseus (珀尔修斯) Jason (伊阿宋) Heracles (赫拉克勒斯) Theseus (忒修斯) Monsters——Medusa(美杜莎) Minotaurus (米诺陶洛斯) Cerberus (刻耳柏洛斯)T oday we mainly want to talk about the Olympians.Zeus 宙斯Father of Gods and men the god of sky and thunderZeus is the ―Father of Gods and men‖ who rule the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rule the family. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. However, he is known for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo and so on.Apollo 阿波罗God of sun, healing and truth.One of Apollo’s most important daily tasks is to harness his chariot with four horses and drive the sun across the sky. During the day he drove his carriage of gold and ivory , and brought light , life and love to the great world below . Late in the afternoon he came to the end of his journey in the far western sea and got on his golden boat to return to his eastern homeAthena 雅典娜Goddess of wisdom, victory and war Athena is fierce and brave in battle but, only wars to defined the state and home from outside enemies. She is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. She invented the bridle, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She is the embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity.Prometheus 普罗米修斯He was a champion of mankind, known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. His myth has been treated by a number of ancient sources, in whichPrometheus is credited with –or blamed for –playing a pivotal role in the early history of mankind.。