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色彩还原度英语Color Restoration DegreeThe world we live in is a vibrant tapestry of hues, each color possessing the power to evoke emotions, influence perceptions, and shape our experiences. From the serene azure of a clear sky to the fiery crimson of a sunset, the interplay of colors is a fundamental aspect of our visual landscape. However, in our modern era, where technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, the true essence of color can often become distorted or diminished.The concept of color restoration degree is a crucial consideration in the digital age. As we increasingly rely on electronic devices to capture, display, and share visual information, it is essential to ensure that the colors we perceive accurately reflect the original scene or object. This is where the color restoration degree comes into play, serving as a measure of how faithfully the digital representation of color matches the physical reality.One of the primary challenges in achieving accurate color restoration lies in the inherent limitations of digital imaging and display technologies. Digital cameras, for instance, use sensors that aredesigned to capture light in specific wavelength ranges, which may not always align perfectly with the human visual system. Similarly, computer monitors and other display devices have their own color gamuts, or the range of colors they can reproduce, which may not encompass the full spectrum of colors perceivable by the human eye.To address these challenges, color management systems have been developed to optimize the color reproduction process. These systems employ various algorithms and calibration techniques to ensure that the colors displayed on our screens, printed on our documents, or captured by our cameras closely match the original colors in the physical world.The color restoration degree is a metric that quantifies the success of these color management efforts. It is typically expressed as a percentage, with 100% representing a perfect match between the digital and physical colors. The higher the color restoration degree, the more accurate and true-to-life the color representation will be.Achieving a high color restoration degree is particularly crucial in industries where color accuracy is of paramount importance, such as photography, graphic design, and fine art reproduction. In these fields, even minor deviations in color can have significant consequences, affecting the overall aesthetic, emotional impact, or even the commercial value of the final product.However, the importance of color restoration degree extends beyond professional applications. In our everyday lives, the ability to accurately perceive and reproduce colors can have a profound impact on our experiences and our understanding of the world around us.Consider the case of medical imaging, where accurate color representation can be crucial for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. Doctors and healthcare professionals rely on digital imaging technologies, such as X-rays, MRI scans, and endoscopic procedures, to visualize the internal structures of the human body. If the color restoration degree in these images is not high enough, it can lead to misinterpretations or missed diagnoses, with potentially serious consequences for the patient.Similarly, in the realm of education and research, the ability to accurately reproduce color can be essential for the effective communication of scientific concepts, the analysis of data visualizations, and the accurate representation of natural phenomena. Inaccurate color reproduction can hinder the understanding and interpretation of crucial information, ultimately impacting the quality of learning and the advancement of knowledge.Beyond these professional and academic applications, the color restoration degree also plays a role in our everyday aesthetic experiences. The way we perceive and interact with the digital world, from the vibrant hues of our social media posts to the subtle nuances of our favorite films and television shows, can be greatly influenced by the quality of color reproduction.When the color restoration degree is high, we are able to fully immerse ourselves in the visual experiences presented to us, allowing us to appreciate the true essence of the colors and the emotional resonance they evoke. Conversely, when the color restoration degree is low, the disconnect between the digital representation and the physical reality can be jarring, disrupting our sense of engagement and undermining the overall aesthetic impact.In conclusion, the color restoration degree is a critical consideration in the digital age, with far-reaching implications across a wide range of industries and aspects of our lives. By ensuring accurate and faithful color reproduction, we can unlock the full potential of digital technologies, enhance our understanding of the world around us, and enrich our aesthetic experiences. As we continue to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of digital media, the importance of color restoration degree will only continue to grow, serving as a vital bridge between the virtual and the physical realms.。
colour measurement of materials -回复颜色是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，它不仅能够给人带来美感，同时也能够传达信息和情感。
对于很多行业来说，准确地测量材料的颜色十分重要。
无论是制造业、印刷业、纺织业还是食品行业，准确测量材料的颜色都是确保产品质量和一致性的关键因素。
在这篇文章中，我们将一步一步地回答有关材料颜色测量的问题。
首先，什么是颜色测量？颜色测量是一种科学方法，通过使用特殊的仪器和技术来测量材料的颜色。
这些仪器通常被称为色度计或分光光度计。
它们能够测量光的反射、透射和发射以及物体对光的吸收。
那么，为什么需要测量材料的颜色呢？在制造业中，颜色测量被用来确保产品的一致性。
无论是塑料件、涂料、织物还是涂层，颜色的一致性都是产品品质的重要指标。
对于印刷业、纺织业和食品行业来说，颜色测量可确保产品的准确配色和外观。
了解了颜色测量的重要性，接下来让我们来看一下颜色是如何被测量的。
颜色测量的第一步是选择适当的色度计或分光光度计。
这些仪器使用不同的光源和探测器来测量材料的颜色。
其中一种常见的方法是使用光源照射材料，并使用光电探测器来测量反射光的强度和频率。
在开始测量之前，需要通过校准仪器来确保准确性。
校准通常涉及使用标准颜色样品来设置色度计或分光光度计。
透过设置标准样品的反射率和频率，测量结果可以与已知的参考值进行比较，从而确保准确性。
测量过程中的环境条件也是影响结果准确性的因素之一。
光线、温度和湿度等环境因素都可能影响测量结果。
因此，在进行颜色测量时，需要确保实验环境稳定，并采取适当的措施来消除潜在的干扰因素。
此外，对于特定领域的颜色测量，还可能需要使用特殊的仪器或技术。
例如，在纺织业中，经常使用显微镜来测量织物的颜色，以确保产品的质量。
在食品行业中，可能需要使用食品色度计来测量食品的颜色。
最后，颜色测量的结果通常通过标准化的数值或图形来表示。
常见的表示方法包括将颜色转换为L*a*b*颜色空间中的坐标，或者使用热力图将颜色分布可视化。
光源显色性的评价方式朱绍龙（复旦大学电光源研究所）颜色是人的感觉之一，它老是与观察者个人的主观体验有关。
每一个人看到一种颜色后的感觉，他人难以知晓。
所以颜色的研究老是充满了神秘的想象。
同时，颜色又使世界变得五彩缤纷，视觉艺术、图象显示与传输、纺织品印染、彩色印刷等，都离不开颜色的研究。
因此颜色的研究、对颜色进行客观的定量的描述，成为许多科学家研究的对象。
牛顿在1664年用棱镜把白色的太阳光色散成不同色调的光谱，奠定了光颜色的物理基础。
1860年麦克斯韦用不同强度的红、黄、绿三色光配出了从白光一直到各类颜色的光，奠定了三色色度学的基础。
在此基础上，1931国际照明委员会成立了CIE色度学系统，并非断完善。
现在CIE色度系统已普遍用于定量地表达光的颜色。
颜色离不开照明，只有在光照下物体才有可能显示出颜色，而且光的颜色对人们的心理有超级大的影响。
同济大学杨公侠教授已在他的专著视觉与视觉环境一书的第五章中，作了超级精采的描述。
(1) 在不同光源照射下，同一个物体会显示出不同的颜色。
例如绿色的树叶在绿光照射下，有鲜艳的绿色，在红光照射下近于黑色。
由此可见，光源对被照物体颜色的显现，起着重要的作用。
光源在照射物体时，可否充分显示被照物颜色的能力，称为光源的显色性。
1965年，国际照明委员会推荐在CIE色度系统中，用一般显色指数Ra来描述光源的显色性。
一般显色指数Ra应用得还很成功，已被照明界普遍同意，可是也存在一些问题，本文将为光源显色性的评价方式，和最近几年来的进展作一介绍。
一、一般显色指数Ra光源显色性的评价方式，希望能够既简单又实用。
但是简单和实用往往是两个彼此矛盾的要求。
在CIE颜色系统中，一般显色指数Ra就是如此一个折衷的产物：它比较简单，只需要一个100之内的数值，就可以够表达光源的显色性能，Ra=100被以为是最理想的显色性。
可是，有时候人们的感觉并非如此。
例如在白炽灯照射下的树叶，看上去并非太鲜艳。
干化学比色法英文English:The dry chemical colorimetric method is a commonly used analytical technique in chemistry to determine the concentration of a particular substance in a sample. This method involves the use of suitable reagents that react with the analyte of interest to produce a colored product. The intensity of the color is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte, allowing for its quantification. The dry chemical colorimetric method offers several advantages, including simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. It does not require complex instrumentation and can be easily performed in a laboratory setting with basic equipment. The method can be used for a wide range of analytes, including ions, organic compounds, and inorganic compounds. Different colorimetric reagents are available for various analytes, enabling a versatile and flexible approach. The procedure typically involves preparing a standard solution with a known concentration of the analyte and a series of sample solutions with different concentrations. The reagent is then added to each solution, and the resulting color is compared to that of the standard solutionusing a colorimeter or visually. The concentration of the analyte in the samples can be determined by comparing the color intensity. The dry chemical colorimetric method is widely employed in various fields, including environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, food analysis, and quality control. Its simplicity and cost-effectiveness make it an attractive option for routine analyses and large-scale screenings. Overall, the dry chemical colorimetric method is a valuable analytical tool in chemistry, offering a fast, reliable, and economical approach for quantitative analysis.中文翻译：干化学比色法是化学中常用的分析技术，用于确定样品中特定物质的浓度。
溶液颜色检查法的英文Solution Color Inspection Method.The solution color inspection method is a fundamental analytical technique used in various fields of chemistry and related disciplines. This method involves observing the color of a solution to determine its composition or concentration of specific compounds. The color of asolution can be affected by the presence of dissolved substances, which absorb or reflect specific wavelengths of light. By comparing the observed color with known standards or references, analysts can gain valuable insights into the nature and concentration of the compounds present in the solution.Principles of Solution Color Inspection.The principle behind solution color inspection is based on the interaction of light with matter. When light passes through a solution, it interacts with the dissolvedcompounds, resulting in absorption, reflection, or scattering of specific wavelengths. The absorbed wavelengths determine the color of the solution, while the transmitted or reflected wavelengths contribute to its appearance.The absorption of light by a compound is governed byits molecular structure and electronic configuration. Different compounds absorb different wavelengths, resulting in unique color signatures. By comparing the color of atest solution with known standards, analysts can identify the presence of specific compounds or determine their concentration.Applications of Solution Color Inspection.Solution color inspection has a wide range of applications in various fields. Some of the common applications include:1. Qualitative Analysis: Solution color inspection is often used in qualitative analysis to identify the presenceof specific ions or compounds. For example, the presence of iron(II) ions can be detected by the characteristic green color of the solution when exposed to air.2. Quantitative Analysis: By comparing the color of a test solution with a standard color scale or using spectrophotometric methods, analysts can determine the concentration of a compound. This is particularly useful in fields like environmental monitoring, where precise measurements of pollutant concentrations are crucial.3. Indicator Use: Solutions containing dyes or other color-changing agents are widely used as indicators in titrations and other analytical procedures. The color change observed during these reactions provides valuable information about the progress of the reaction and the endpoint.4. Pharmaceutical Analysis: Solution color inspectionis commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to ensure the quality and purity of drugs. By comparing the color of a drug solution with specified standards, analysts can detectimpurities or deviations from the expected formula.Advantages and Limitations.Solution color inspection offers several advantages, including simplicity, cost-effectivenesss, and rapid results. However, it also has some limitations that need to be considered.Advantages:Simplicity: Solution color inspection is a straightforward technique that does not require complex instrumentation or highly skilled personnel.Cost-Effectiveness: This method is relatively inexpensive compared to some advanced analytical techniques, making it suitable for routine applications.Rapid Results: Color changes can be observed quickly, allowing for rapid decision-making in some situations.Limitations:Subjectivity: The interpretation of color changes can be subjective, leading to variations in results between different observers.Interference: The presence of other compounds in the solution can interfere with color development, affectingthe accuracy of the results.Limited Quantification: While solution colorinspection can provide qualitative information, it is generally less accurate for quantitative measurements compared to spectrophotometric methods.Conclusion.Solution color inspection is a valuable tool in analytical chemistry, providing a rapid and cost-effective means of identifying and quantifying compounds in solutions. Its simplicity and widespread use have made it an essential part of laboratory practices in various fields. However, itis important to consider its limitations and use it judiciously, combining it with other analytical techniques as needed to obtain accurate and reliable results.。
外文资料Color is a meaningful constant for sighted people and it's a powerful psychological tool. By using color psychology, you can send a positive or negative message, encourage sales, calm a crowd, or make an athlete pump iron harder. Employ the latest color psychology in all facets of marketing and particularly in logo design, web site design, the cover of a book, or the package of a product. The field of industrial psychology has a sub-field that studies only the psychology of color. It is no accident that Campbell's soup has used the same four colors on their labels for years and years. When I mentioned that product, I'll bet an image of that label popped into your head. Below is a quick overview of the meaning of basic colors in the Western Hemisphere. This information will help you decided what colors to use in your marketing projects. The psychology of color changes with lighter or darker shades of the colors below are often associated with much different meanings. And remember for the World Wide Web, and different cultures have differing views on the meaning of color.Black Black is the color of authority and power. Black clothes make people appear thinner. It's a somber color sometimes associated with evil. In the western hemisphere black is associated with grieving. Black is a serious color that evokes strong emotions; it is easy to overwhelm people with too much black.White For most of the world this is the color associated with purity (wedding dresses); cleanliness (doctors in white coats) and the safety of bright light. It is also used to project the absence of color, or neutrality. In some eastern parts of the world, white is associated with mourning.Gray Gray is most associated with the practical, timeless, middle-of-the-road, solid things in life. Too much gray leads to feeling mostly nothing; but a bit of gray will add that rock solid feeling to your product. Some shades of gray are associated with old age, death, taxes, depression or a lost sense of direction.Red Red is the color of energy. It's associated with movement and excitement. People surrounded by red find their heart beating a little faster and often report feelinga bit out of breath. It's absolute the wrong color for a baby's room but perfect to get people excited. Wearing red clothes will make you appear a bit heavier and certainly more noticeable. (Some studies show red cars get more tickets but that maybe because the red car owners drive faster or the ticket giver notices the movement of the red car more prominently). Red is not a good color to over use but using a spot of red in just the right place is smart in some cases (one red accent in a otherwise neutral room draws the eye; a red tie with a navy blue suit and white shirts adds just the right amount of energy to draw the eye. Red is the symbol of life (red blooded life) and, for this reason, it's the color worn by brides in China. Red is used at holidays that are about love and giving (red roses, Valentines hearts, Christmas, etc.) but the true color of love is pink. Pink is the most calming of all colors -- often our most dangerous criminals are housed in pink cells as studies show that color drains the energy and calms aggression.Blue Ask people their favorite color and a clear majority will say blue. Much of the world is blue (skies, seas). Seeing the color blue actually causes the body to produce chemicals that are calming; but that isn't true of all shades of blue. Some shades (or too much blue) can send a cold and uncaring message. Many bedrooms are blue because it's calm, restful color. Over the ages blue has become associated with steadfastness, dependability, and loyalty (note how many uniforms are blue).Green The color of growth, nature, and money. A calming color also that's very pleasing to the senses. Dark forest green is associated with terms like conservative, masculine and wealth. Hospitals use light green rooms because they too are found to be calming to patients. It is also the color associated with envy, good luck, generosity and fertility. It is the traditional color of peace.Yellow Cheerful yellow the color of the sun, associated with laughter, happiness and good times. Yellow is associated with optimism but be careful with yellow it is also the color of lames and studies show babies cry more in yellow rooms and tempers flare more around that color too. It has the power to speed up our metabolism and bring out some creative thoughts (legal tablets are yellow for good reason!). Yellow can be quickly overpowering if over-used, but used sparingly in the just theright place it can be an effective tool in marketing to greater sales. Some shades of yellow are associated with cowardice; but the more golden shades with the promise of better times.Orange The most flamboyant color on the planet! It's the color tied most this fun times, happy and energetic days, warmth and organic products. It is also associated with ambition. There is nothing even remotely calm associated with this color. Orange is associated with a new dawn in attitude.Purple our most royal color that is associated with wealth, prosperity, rich sophistication. However, when overused in a common setting it is associated with putting on airs and being e purple most carefully to lend an air of mystery, wisdom, and respect. Young adolescent girls are most likely to select nearly all shades of purple as their favorite color.Brown This color is most associated with reliability, stability, and friendship. More are more likely to select this as their favorite color. It's the color of the earth itself "terra firma" and what could represent stability better. It too is associated with things being natural or organic. Caution however, for in India it is the color of mourning.《Color Psychology and Marketing》来源：。
a rXiv:as tr o-ph/212474v12Dec22Mem.S.A.It.Vol.74,1c SAIt 2002Memorie della F.Vagnetti 1,and D.Trevese 21Dipartimento di Fisica,Universit`a di Roma “Tor Vergata”,Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1,I-00133Roma,Italy –e-mail:fausto.vagnetti@roma2.infn.it 2Dipartimento di Fisica,Universit`a di Roma “La Sapienza”,Piazzale A.Moro 2,I-00185Roma,Italy –e-mail:dario.trevese@roma1.infn.it Abstract.Optical spectral variability of quasars and BL Lac Objects is compared by means of the spectral variability parameter β(Trevese &Vagnetti 2002).Both kinds of objects change their spectral slopes α,becoming bluer when brighter,but BL Lac Objects have smaller βvalues and are clearly separated from quasars in the α−βplane.Models accounting for the origin of the variability are discussed for both classes of objects.Key words.galaxies:active -quasars:general -BL Lacertae objects:general 1.Introduction Variability of the spectral energy distri-bution (SED)of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs)is a powerful tool to investigate the role of the main emission processes in dif-ferent AGN classes,and the origin of their variations.The most common behavior in the optical band is that AGNs become bluer,i.e.their spectrum becomes harder,when brighter.This has been shown forindividual Quasi Stellar Objects (QSOs)and Seyferts (Cutri et al.1985;Edelson,Krolik &Pike 1990;Kinney et al.1991;Paltani &Courvoisier 1994)and for one complete sample,i.e.for the 42PG QSOsmonitored by Giveon et al.(1999)in Band R for 7years.Evidence based on two epochs has been found also for the faintQSO sample in the SA 57(Trevese,Kron,&Bunone 2001).The same trend isappar-2 F.Vagnetti and D.Trevese:Color Variability of AGNs 2.QuasarsVarious models have been compared withthe spectral variability of PG QSOs(Trevese&Vagnetti2002)and are shownin Fig.1.(i)The dot-dashed line represents thespectral variability due to small tempera-ture changes for a sequence of black bod-ies with different temperatures(increasingfrom left to right).(ii)We evaluate the effect of thehost galaxy through numerical simulationsbased on templates of the QSO and hostgalaxy SEDs,derived from the atlas of nor-mal QSO continuum spectra(Elvis et al.1994).We added to thefixed host galaxytemplate SED the average QSO spectrumwith a relative weight measured by the pa-rameterη≡log(L QH /L gH),where L QHandL g H are the total H band luminosities ofthe QSO and the host galaxy respectively. Variability is represented by small changes∆η,around eachηvalue,with an ampli-tude corresponding to a r.m.s.variability σB=0.16mag in the blue band.The re-sult is shown in Fig.1for−3<η<3and for z=0,represented by a thin,continuous line,and clearly shows that the effect of the host galaxy is not sufficient to account for the observed changes of the spectral slope.(iii)We considered the accretion diskmodel of Siemiginowska et al.(1995),cor-responding to a Kerr metric and modi-fied black body SED,which depend on the black hole mass M,the accretion rate˙M and the inclinationθ.A change of˙m≡˙Mc2/LE (L E being the Eddington lumi-nosity)produces a variation of both lumi-nosity and the SED shape.The result is represented in Fig.1by a thick,dashed curve,for˙m varying between0.1and0.3, and forθ=0(face on disk).The spectral variations are clearly smaller,on average, than the observed ones.This means that a transition e.g.from a lower to a higher˙M regime implies a larger luminosity change for a given slope variation,respect to what is observed.(iv)Transient phenomena,like hot spots produced on the accretion disk by instability phenomena(Kawaguchi et al. 1998),instead of a transition to a new equi-librium state,may better explain the rel-atively large changes of the local spectral slope.We use a simple model based on the addition of a black bodyflare to the disk SED,represented by the average QSO SED of Elvis et al.(1994).The result is shown in Fig.1by the largefilled squares,cor-responding to hot spots with T≈105K (upper),and T≈6·104K(lower).3.BL Lac ObjectsThe continuum spectral energy distribution of blazars from radio frequencies to X and γ-rays can be explained by a synchrotron emission plus inverse Compton scatter-ing(Sikora,Begelman,&Rees1994). Variability can be produced by an inter-mittent channeling into the jet of the en-ergy produced by the central engine.Spada et al.(2001)have considered a detailed model where crossing of different shells of material,ejected with different veloci-ties,produce shocks which heat the elec-trons responsible for the synchrotron emis-sion.The resulting spectra are compared with multi-band,multi-epoch observations of3C279from radio toγfrequencies,show-ing a good agreement.In the case of the eight objects of our sample,B,V,R,I bands are sampling variability of the syn-chrotron component.This component can be roughly described by a broken power law characterized by the break(or peak inνLν)frequencyνp and the asymptotic spectral slopesα1endα2at low and high frequency respectively,α1>−1,α2<−1 (Tavecchio,Maraschi&Ghisellini1998). We adopt(Vagnetti,Trevese&Nesci2002) the equivalent representationLν=2L pνp)−α1+(νF.Vagnetti and D.Trevese:Color Variability of AGNs 3-4-202246Fig.1.The spectral variability parameter βversus the average spectral slope αfor two samples of QSOs (dots)and BL Lac Objects (open circles).QSOs &BL Lac Objects appear clearly separated.Model predictions for both classes of objects are discussed in the text:black body (dot-dashed line),effect of the host galaxy (thin line),change of accretion rate (thick dashed line),hot spots (large filled squares),synchrotron emission for BL Lac Objects (vertical lines).with the same analytical form but differentpeak frequency νp ′and amplitude L p ′to produce spectral changes:L ν=L p ·H (ν;α1,α2,νp )++L p ′·H (ν;α1,α2,νp ′)(2)The addition of the second component mimics the behavior of the synchrotron emission of model spectra when shell cross-ing occurs,producing an increment of emis-sion with νp ′>νp ,due to newly accel-erated electrons.With such a representa-tion we can compute αand βas a func-4 F.Vagnetti and D.Trevese:Color Variability of AGNstion ofνp′/νp,for different values ofνp and given values ofα1,α2and L p′/L p. We adopt typical values of the asymptotic slopes(Tavecchio,Maraschi&Ghisellini 1998)α1=−0.5,α2=−1.75,we as-signed toνp different values in the range 1014−1015,we madeνp′/νp vary in the range≈1−10and we adopted L p′/L p corresponding to a magnitude change of1 mag r.m.s.The results are shown in Fig.1, where forαwe use the slope of the station-ary component.The three vertical lines are computed for logνp=14,14.5,14.8from left to right respectively.The computed lines fall naturally in the region occupied by the data,namely it is possible to ac-count for the position of the objects in the α−βplane with typical values ofα1,α2,νp′/νp andνp,corresponding to the overal SED of the objects considered(see Fossati et al.1998).4.ConclusionsWe show that the spectral variability pa-rameterβis a powerful tool to discriminate between different models of the variability of AGNs.Hot spots on the disk,likely pro-duced by local instabilities,are able to ac-count for the observed spectral variability of QSOs.We show that BL Lacs clearly differ from QSOs in theirα,βdistribution.A simple model representing the variability of a synchrotron component can account for the observedαandβvalues.In the framework of widefield variabil-ity studies,we stress that observations in at least two photometric bands,repeated on the samefield at many epochs,would allow a detailed test of variability models, extending our knowledge of the emission processes in AGNs.ReferencesCutri,R.M.,Wisniewski,W.Z.,Rieke,G.H.,&Lebofski,H.J.1985,ApJ,296,423D’Amicis,R.,Nesci,R.,Massaro, E., Maesano,M.,Montagni,F.,D’Alessio, F.,2002,pasau,19,111Edelson,R.A.,Krolik,J.H.,&Pike,G.F. 1990,ApJ,359,86Elvis,M.,Wilkes,B.J.,McDowell,J.C., Green,R.F.,Bechtold,J.,Willner,S.P., Oey,M.S.,Polomski,E.,Cutri,R.,1994, ApJS,95,1Fossati,G,Maraschi,L.,Celotti, A., Comastri, A.,&Ghisellini,G.,1998, MNRAS,299,433Giveon,U.,Maoz,D.,Kaspi,S.,Netzer,H., &Smith P.S.1999,MNRAS,306,637 Kawaguchi,T.,Mineshige,S.,Umemura, M.,&Turner,E.L.1998,ApJ,504,671 Kinney,A.L.,Bohlin,R.C.,Blades,J.C., &York,D.G.1991,ApJS,75,645 Paltani,S.,&Courvoisier,T.J.-L.1994, A&A,291,74Siemiginowska, A.Kuhn,O.,Elvis,M., Fiore,F.,McDowell,J.,&Wilkes,B., 1995,ApJ,454,77Sikora,M.,Begelman,M.&Rees,M.J., 1994,ApJ,421,153Spada,M.,Ghisellini,G.,Lazzati,D.,& Celotti,A.,2001,MNRAS,325,1559 Tavecchio,F.,Maraschi,L.,&Ghisellini, G.,1998,ApJ,509,608Trevese,D.,Kron,R.G.,&Bunone A., 2001,ApJ,551,103Trevese,D.,&Vagnetti,2002,ApJ,564, 624Vagnetti,F.,Trevese,D.,&Nesci,R.,2002, in preparation。
