南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:620满分:150 分科目名称:基础英语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary (20 points)A.Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to writedown your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. reminiscea) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past eventsc) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something2. tackya) very pretty b) lacking in tastec) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money3. verbositya) nonsense b) obscurityc) gibberish d) wordiness4. acmea) height b) significancec) development d) result5. exhilaratea) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy and animatedc) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)6. restivea) extremely graceful b) having a restc) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet7. discrepancya) unlikeliness b) congruityc) incredibility d) difference8. unequivocala) unambiguous b) unbelievablec) indignant d) indiscreet9. preposterousa) macabre b) unfortunatec) dangerous d) outrageous10. sojourna) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollectionc) a temporary stay d) a sad experienceB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1.What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest.2.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge of support: to preventit from becoming merely a forum for invective.3.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, andtrauma.4.These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewilderingworld-weariness.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.6.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his penwould prove mightier than his pickax.7.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity.8.Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the springsnowmelt now comes earlier every year.9.These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable, or else they present nomystery and show all they have to give at a glance.10.His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.II. Cloze (20 points)A.Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in space.Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th 3 in February on the International Space Station.That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she was 55.This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second stint 9 commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger men, one Russian and the 11 French.“I love wo rking at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day 13 hasbeen working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally push 16 exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record 20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey WilliamsB. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)without open initial four-wheel offer access hot evacuee devastate feel although chance seaside slow spokesman loadput helicopter emergency toA road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4 drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering 14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 17 and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨most fascinating voice!” theAs the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasementfailed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________stand up to the Nazi menace.It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6. __________they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9. __________ inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10. _________vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11. _________the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________of English that the whole world could embrace.Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14. _________the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister oncemore from 1951-1955.Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________ By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________acute observers of the twentieth century.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.1.Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down thespine of any healthy visitor.2.No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.history.3.She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”is a word the world neverlearned to say to her.4.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have everfaced.5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.6.Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.7.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth tolead the land we love.8.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.9.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.10.Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This statement is cited to represent _________.A. The arbitrariness of languageB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. The origin of languageD. Innate Hypothesis2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?A. Informative function.B. Interrogative function.C. Performative function.D. Phatic function.3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?A. Recognition.B. Comparison.C. Description.D. Explanation.4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths and weaknesses in learning a second language?A. Achievement test.B. Proficiency test.C. Aptitude test.D. Diagnostic test.5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based on ____.A. The user and use of the languageB. The function of the languageC. The goal of the languageD. The structure of language6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?A. William FaulknerB. Doris LessingC. V. S. NaipaulD. J. M. Coetzee8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.A. Margaret AtwoodB. Marian EngelC. Alice MunroD. Doris Lessing9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally.B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic adventures.D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself.B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. predicate2. complementary distribution3. suprasegmental phonology4. broadening5. textual function6. sonnet7. Lake Poets8. ecological consciousness9. patriarchy10. Lost GenerationVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AFor many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the result is a system that is too stric t in its definition of “militarily useful” and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals” that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed to fly or train on suborbital p assenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the International Traffic inArms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting a forum later thi s month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior government officials to discuss the regulations.During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he would review ITAR, focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services globally”.1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?A. giants in space industryB. small and Medium Enterprises in space industryC. a representative cross-section of the furry fandomD. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning to___.A. complicatedB. irreplaceableC. inevitableD. stackable3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?A. ideological tacticB. safety of the countryC. protection of technologyD. economic benefits4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the export-approvalprocess.C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.5. What is the best title for this passage?A. Freedom to fly.B. America’s space industry.C. Export-controls of space technology.D. Furry mammals need to survive.Passage BYou may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing with these words: “The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after careful consideration of its impact on safety.Airplane design is important to its saf ety. In the past 50 years, the world’s commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides, manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16 times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t become lethal. Th e insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial pilots.The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation, but behind the scenes, a new, almost Star Wars-like air traffic system is being built where airplanes guided by GPS will fly self-programmed routes, communicating with each other and with the ground. This is very different from the days when maps, blackboards and pencil and paper calculations were used to direct airplanes. Many planes today can operate in a geographic window so exact that their horizontal position remains within a wingspan, with vertical deviation less than the height of the tail. The linking of onboard and on-the-ground systems creates highways in the sky where nobody veers out of their lanes. Today, with more improvement on airplanes, your airplane ride may be the safety of your day.6. According to the passage, what does the author mean by saying “The safest part of your trip is now over”?A. It is just one pilot’s boast.B. It is often said by a pilot to bid farewell to passengers after landing.C. Airplane ride is taken as a safer transportation by most air travelers.D. Most air travelers take it for granted that airplane ride is the safest transportation.7. In terms of the factors that guarantee the safety of the plane, which one is NOT mentioned ____.A. airplane designB. pilots with good experience, skill and judgmentC. the airliner seats with protection effectD. improvements on airport property8. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Airplanes are more expansive than other mode of transportation in incorporating the fallibility ofhumans and machines.B. More flight hours can help engineers improve the design of airplanes and engines.C. Only some airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection.D. A amount of attention should be paid to selecting a certain kind of pilot for airliners.9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 implies that ___.A. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have spent much in accumulating much experience andobtain some abilities at their own expense.B. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have to spend much money in obtaining some mostfundamental flight and landing skills.C. Commercial pilots seem to be the most demanding ones among all different kinds of pilots.D. Even hundreds of hours on his own nickel are insufficient for a pilot to be a qualified commercial pilot.10. What is the best title for this passage?A. Why Are Airplanes Safe?B. What Are Needed to be a Good Pilot?C. Factors to be a Safe Traveler.D. Road to Become a Pilot.Passage CThe subatomic particle is better known to scientists as the Higgs boson. And after decades of searches, it seems likely the elusive particle has been successfully detected inside an underground tunnel experiment run by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) outside Geneva. Results “consistent” with the hard-to-detect particle, in the words of CERN chief Rolf Heuer as he announced the discovery July 4, may be the opening act in explaining the structure of the sky over our heads.A source of heartburn t o serious science types now, the “God particle” nickname for the Higgs boson comes from the title of a 1993 book by Nobel-prize winner Leon Lederman, who was trying to play up the elusive nature of the particle.For a glimpse of one implication of this latest big news in science, climb aboard a time machine, saysphysicist Jonathan Feng of the University of California-Irvine, and visit the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago.“Simply take the universe backwards, to an early time when the cosm os was a hot mass, brand new, filled with particles that each weighed perhaps 500 times as much as a proton,” says Feng (protons are positively charged subatomic particles inside atoms). “Now play the film forward. Just let it go until it expands to fill w ith today’s stars and galaxies, and what you find is that it contains amounts of that particle that are just right to be ‘dark matter’ filling the universe.”Terrific, you might say, but what’s so wonderful about dark matter?Dark matter is basically a b unch of stuff, likely exotic physics particles, that we can’t really see (hence its name) but we know is out there. Astronomers realized a few decades ago that galaxies should be spinning faster than they are if the stars within them were the only things providing the gravity that holds them together. So, their theories go, there must be something - dark matter - slowing them down.It turns out that stars are just the shiny hubcaps on each galaxy, outweighed by a factor of nearly 6-to-1 by all the dark matter out there. Dark matter even pulls itself together through gravity. For example, the journal Nature last week reported that a dark matter cloud gravitationally connects two clusters of galaxies, called Abell 222 and Abell 223. This cloudy filament stretches over 11 million light years between the clusters and weighs 98 trillion times as much as our sun.That’s a lot of dark matter. So is the Higgs boson this elusive dark matter particle (or particles) then?Nope. But it may be a key to dark matter, physicists say.The Higgs boson is the physics particle that gives other particles their mass. Essentially it interacts with them to increase their resistance to being moved faster, which we can measure as mass.Because the Higgs boson’s basic job is to interact with other physics particles to give them mass, “the Higgs boson can interact with dark matter very easily,” Caltech’s Sean Carroll explained on NPR’s Science Friday show after the recent “God particle” announcement. “Dark matter is one of the most excit ing implications of this discovery,” Carroll said.How? That brings us back to Feng’s rerun of the universe. “Having a particle out there theoretically just a little heavier than the Higgs boson, which interacts with it, is waving a red cape in front of the eyes of physicists,” Feng says. “There is a lot more data coming from CERN ahead that may reveal the dark matter particle.”Dark matter particles that theoretically could be detected at CERN’s underground Large Hadron Collider are envisioned by a theory called “focus point supersymmetry.” Supersymmetry theories predict that the already-discovered particles that comprise everyday matter have much-heavier “super” counterparts awaiting detection (for example, the already detected “quarks” inside protons woul d have an undetected super-partner called “squarks”). Focus point supersymmetry predicts both a Higgs boson with a weight similar to the one reported on July 4, about 130 times as heavy as a proton, and dark matter particles.“In fact, the simplest focus p oint models predict that dark matter particles should be seen not long from now in the underground detectors that are searching for them,” if the CERN lab indeed found a Higgs boson,。
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