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⼤学第⼀章原⽂及翻译⼤学第⼀章原⽂及翻译 《⼤学》是⼀篇论述儒家修⾝治国平天下思想的散⽂，原是《⼩戴礼记》第四⼗⼆篇，相传为曾⼦所作，实为秦汉时儒家作品，是⼀部中国古代讨论教育理论的重要著作。
以下是⼤学第⼀章原⽂及翻译，欢迎阅读。
《⼤学》第⼀章原⽂ 作者：曾参 ⼤学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在⽌于⾄善。
知⽌⽽后有定，定⽽后能静，静⽽后能安，安⽽后能虑，虑⽽后能得。
物有本末，事有终始。
知所先后，则近道矣。
古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国;欲治其国者，先齐其家;欲齐其家者，先修其⾝;欲修其⾝者，先正其⼼;欲正其⼼者，先诚其意;欲诚其意者，先致其知。
致知在格物。
物格⽽后知⾄，知⾄⽽后意诚，意诚⽽后⼼正，⼼正⽽后⾝修，⾝修⽽后家齐，家齐⽽后国治，国治⽽后天下平。
⾃天⼦以⾄于庶⼈，壹是皆以修⾝为本。
其本乱，⽽末治者否矣。
其所厚者薄，⽽其所薄者厚，未之有也。
译⽂ ⼤学的宗旨在于弘扬光明正⼤的品德，在于使⼈弃旧图新，在于使⼈达到最完善的境界。
知道应达到的境界才能够志向坚定;志向坚定才能够镇静不躁;镇静不躁才能够⼼安理得;⼼安理得才能够思虑周祥;思虑周祥才能够有所收获。
每样东西都有根本有枝末，每件事情都有开始有终结。
明⽩了这本末始终的道理，就接近事物发展的规律了。
古代那些要想在天下弘扬光明正⼤品德的⼈，先要治理好⾃⼰的国家;要想治理好⾃⼰的国家，先要管理好⾃⼰的家庭和家族;要想管理好⾃⼰的家庭和家族，先要修养⾃⾝的品性;要想修养⾃⾝的品性，先要端正⾃⼰的⼼思;要想端正⾃⼰的⼼思，先要使⾃⼰的意念真诚;要想使⾃⼰的意念真诚，先要使⾃⼰获得知识;获得知识的途径在于认识、研究万事万物。
通过对万事万物的认识、研究后才能获得知识;获得知识后意念才能真诚;意念真诚后⼼思才能端正;⼼思端正后才能修养品性;品性修养后才能管理好家庭和家族;管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好国家;治理好国家后天下才能太平。
上⾃国家元⾸，下⾄平民百姓，⼈⼈都要以修养品性为根本。
第1章翻译的技巧篇1.1 转换译法⊙名词转换1. Strong feelings and a large brain were its parents.（The Gettysburg Address by The Gettysburg Address）【译文】深厚的感情和先进的思想孕育了这个讲话。
【解析】原文中的名词parents译文翻译为动词孕育，更加符合汉语的表达习惯。
2. In some cases, deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest.【译文】沙漠有时是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。
【解析】译文将原文中的名词destruction翻译为动词毁坏，使得译文更加流畅自然。
3. You owe me an apology.【译文】你应该向我道歉。
【解析】译文在翻译原文名词apology时将其处理为动词道歉，符合汉语的语言风格和表达习惯。
4. Access to Internet is very simple.【译文】很容易连接互联网。
5. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.【译文】读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。
【解析】原文acquaintance是名词，本意为熟悉，翻译时将其处理为动词，并结合其后搭配的短语选取意思，译文将其翻译为动词读，使得整个译文符合汉语的逻辑和语言风格。
6. Repeated changes in a flow direction ensure even diffusion over the entire exit area.【译文】反复改变流动方向，可确保在整个出口域内扩散均匀。
【解析】原文名词changes翻译为动词改变，汉语表达多用动词，因此使得译文流畅自然。
7. Mozart was a great lover of music when he was a boy.【译文】莫扎特儿时酷爱音乐。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】第1章翻译概述⼀、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通⽤的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
⼆、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译⼊语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东⽅语⾔和西⽅语⾔3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历⼭⼤?弗雷泽?泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治?穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《⼏何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花⼥》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群⼰权界论》（约翰?穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当?斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺⽽不信。
第一章翻译的基本知识An Introduction to the Course of Translation﹡Literal translation at word level:Almond eye杏眼, moon face满月脸, a work full of sound and color有声有色的作品,heartless and brainless既没心肝又没头脑, milk the cow挤牛奶; mad cow disease; chain reaction ; bird flu; sleeping beauty睡美人; gene therapy基因疗法,Father Time时间老人, Mother nature自然之母, irony of fate 命运的嘲弄, paradise flowing with milk and honey遍地流着奶和蜜的天堂, be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿 the open door policy开放政策，the cold war 冷战，to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼，strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁，at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟习语成语；He met his Waterloo.（典故）meet one's Waterloo是成语典故,由拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败﹡Literal translation at sentence level:1)Knowledge is power.知识就是力量2)Blood is thicker than water血浓于水3)Misfortune never comes singly.祸不单行。
4) like Constant dropping wears the stone.水滴石穿;5)The reasons for Disney’s success are varied and numerous, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person －the man who created cartoon and built the company from nothing.迪斯尼乐园的成功有多种因素,但是归根到底要归功于一个人,这个人发明了卡通画,白手起家,创建了这家公司.( start from scratch = set up a company from scratch )6)Now a World Heritage Site , Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witness to the once great civilization of the Stones and Bronze Ages , between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago.如今作为世界文化遗产,石柱圈及其周围工事依旧是五到三千年石器时代和青铜器时代伟大文明的确有力见证者.7)The line of trees that breaks the monotony of the pavement is laden with leaves in shades of russet. 一行树木打破了人行道的单调,树上长满了深浅不一的黄褐色树叶.（如何确定名词的词义，看其周围的单词， russet ）8)The Australian continent has many different climate zones ranging from tropical in the north , leading to subtropical and savanna, to arid deserts in the center and temperate in the south.奥洲大陆跨越许多种不同的气候带,有北部的热带,亚热带,和稀树草原,有中部干旱不毛的沙漠,还有南部的温带.＊直译误区：Misconcepts of literal translaiton一、否定句型中的直译误区1. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。
《汉英翻译教程》第一章词的选择词义的正确选择首先取决于对原文的确切理解，而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲。
有些词看起来很简单，翻译时一下子就会想到常用的对应词。
但又是最常用的对应词却不能准确地表达原作的意思。
例如：还要努力读一点历史和小说。
We should also find time to read some history books and novels.这里“努力”一词理解为“挤出时间”是对的，如译为make an effort，则会使人误解为我们文化水平低，读历史和小说很费力。
再比如“水平”一词译成英语，不一定都是level, 要根据句子的含义确定译法。
1．他的英语水平比我的高。
He knows more English than I.这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其以已含在句子中。
若照汉语字面应译成：The level of his English is higher than that of mine.就不符合英语表达习惯。
2．要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平……。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and politicalquality of our army…….这里“水平”指高度，故译作height，和动词搭配也比较顺。
3．各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力、领导艺术、故译作art of leadership. 以上的例子说明一个词的具体含义往往要结合上下文才能确定，在翻译的时候也只有结合上下文来考虑怎样处理这个词，才能译得准确。
因此在辨析词义和正确选词时可注意下列几种情况。
（一）注意词的广义与狭义英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别，运用范围也就各不相同。
第一章翻译的基本概念与知识Part l．翻译溯源1．1唐时期的佛经翻译早在西汉哀帝时期，有个叫伊存的人到中国来口传一些简短的佛教经句但不是真正意义的佛经翻译。
西汉武帝时期张骞出使西域，接触了佛经，从此，拉开了佛经翻译的序幕。
佛经的翻译正式始于东汉桓帝建和二年。
波斯人安世高翻译了《安般守意经》等三十多部经书；竺法护翻译了175部经书，对佛教的流传作出了巨大的贡献。
此外，安清、支亮、支谦等在当时也很有必要名气。
东晋到隋时期的翻译事业有了进一步的发展。
道安主持译场，严格主张直译，还请来印度人鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva。
鸠摩罗什一改古直风格，主张意译，译著有《金刚经》、《法华经》等三百余卷，为我国的翻译文学奠定了基础。
南北朝时期的印度学者真谛Paramartha翻译了《摄大乘论》等49部经论，对中国的佛教思想有较大的影响。
唐朝，是我国佛经翻译的鼎盛时期，翻译大家玄奘在唐太宗贞观二年去印度取经，历时间17年，带回佛经657部，《西游记》A Pilgrimage to the West便是以他的取经经历为蓝本的。
在19年里，共翻译山75部佛经，多达1335卷，1300多万字。
他不仅把佛经翻译成汉语，而且是将老子著作翻译成梵文，他是将汉语著作介绍给外国人的中国第一人。
1．2明清时期翻译明未有许多有志之士认识到西方科学的先进，立志引进西学，其中，徐光启贡献最大。
他与意大利传教士利马竇，M. Ricci合译了欧几里得《几何学》。
清朝在各地专设翻译出版机构，西方流行的政治学说与文化艺术大规模地传进中国。
贡献较人的有晚清的严复，他在13年期间翻译了一些西方政治经济学说，如赫胥黎(T.H．Huxley)著的《天演论》Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays、亚当·斯密(A. Smith)著的《原富》An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations、约翰·穆勒(J．s．Mill)著的《群己权界论》On Liberty 及甄克思E. Jenks著的A History of Politics《社会通诠》等。
汉英翻译基础教程第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文1. b2. a3. b4. a二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配1． a swarm of beesa brood of chickensa litter of pups2. a bevy of beautiful ladiesa pack of houndsa team of ducksa herd of antelopes3. unfailing supportproactive fiscal policymake effective use of overseas resources4. make a phone calltake a taxiknit a woolen sweaterfetch waterplay basketballspray insecticide5. basic wagecapital constructionessential commodityprimary industryfundamental interest三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.4. Everyone complained against such a practice.5. They had a dispute at the meeting.6. You should follow the doctor's advice.7. They reached a consensus on this issue.8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.9. We have consulted him about the matter.10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now第二节翻译中的选词一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
第一章翻译的基本知识An Introduction to the Course of Translation﹡Literal translation at word level:Almond eye杏眼, moon face满月脸, a work full of sound and color有声有色的作品,heartless and brainless既没心肝又没头脑, milk the cow挤牛奶; mad cow disease; chain reaction ; bird flu; sleeping beauty睡美人; gene therapy基因疗法,Father Time时间老人, Mother nature自然之母, irony of fate 命运的嘲弄, paradise flowing with milk and honey遍地流着奶和蜜的天堂, be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿 the open door policy开放政策，the cold war 冷战，to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼，strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁，at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟习语成语；He met his Waterloo.（典故）meet one's Waterloo是成语典故,由拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败﹡Literal translation at sentence level:1)Knowledge is power.知识就是力量2)Blood is thicker than water血浓于水3)Misfortune never comes singly.祸不单行。
4) like Constant dropping wears the stone.水滴石穿;5)The reasons for Disney’s success are varied and numerous, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person －the man who created cartoon and built the company from nothing.迪斯尼乐园的成功有多种因素,但是归根到底要归功于一个人,这个人发明了卡通画,白手起家,创建了这家公司.( start from scratch = set up a company from scratch )6)Now a World Heritage Site , Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witness to the once great civilization of the Stones and Bronze Ages , between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago.如今作为世界文化遗产,石柱圈及其周围工事依旧是五到三千年石器时代和青铜器时代伟大文明的确有力见证者.7)The line of trees that breaks the monotony of the pavement is laden with leaves in shades of russet. 一行树木打破了人行道的单调,树上长满了深浅不一的黄褐色树叶.（如何确定名词的词义，看其周围的单词， russet ）8)The Australian continent has many different climate zones ranging from tropical in the north , leading to subtropical and savanna, to arid deserts in the center and temperate in the south.奥洲大陆跨越许多种不同的气候带,有北部的热带,亚热带,和稀树草原,有中部干旱不毛的沙漠,还有南部的温带.＊直译误区：Misconcepts of literal translaiton一、否定句型中的直译误区1. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。
1)I do not know both of them. 对他们俩我不是都认识。
2)All the answers are not right. 答案并非全对。
3)Every body wouldn't like it . 并不是每上人都会喜欢它。
2. 单一否定中的部分特殊句型1）It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.误：没过几年他就听到了Semmelweis的消息。
正：直到数年之后他才听到Semmelweis 的消息。
2）It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.误：聪明人从不犯错误。
（逻辑不对）正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。
It is a long lane that has no turings 再长的巷子也有转弯的地方。
3）We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。
评析：在此结构中cannot….too…, 越。
越，无论怎样。
也不过分，可以改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too ，还可以改为over +V, enough , sufficientsimilar:You cannot be too cautious.You can hardly praise him too muchA man can never have too many friends.Newton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated( 过高评价).He can’t see you quick enough .4) Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money. 简并不是想赚钱才下力干的.二、修辞句型中的误区1）The girl is a dead shot.（比喻）这位姑娘是神枪手。
（不能译作"死射手"）2）After the failure of his last novel, his reputation s tands on slippery grounds.（比喻）他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。
（不能译为"站在滑动的场地上了。
"3） At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in tradirional costumeasked me to remove my shoes.（比喻）译文："在通往餐厅的门口有一位女人，身着和服，涂脂抹粉、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。
"不能译为"一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女4）He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada's Washoe Region.（借喻）误：他乘公共马车到了西部，患了瓦肖地区的金银发烧流行病。
正：他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。
6)She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.她长生在富贵之家。
（习语，增加语言的表达力）7）You should keep your nose out of here. 你别管闲事。
8）Good to begin well ,better to end well.善始更要善终。
2.2.2 free tranlation＊free translation at word level1) white lie (善意的谎言) 2) white elephant (华而不实的东西)3) a wet blanket He was such a wet blanket at the party that they never invited him again.他在那次宴会上真令人扫兴，人家再也不邀请他了4) utility pole (电线杆) 5) as beautiful as Helen. 美若西施/赛天仙。
（归化译法）/像海伦一样美丽/漂亮。
（异化译法）/海伦一样漂亮（海伦是古希腊的美女，是女神。
）（异化---直译加释译译法）＊free translation at sentence level11.)Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜酸苦辣。
（句中通过引伸的方法将“玫瑰”和“刺”这两个带有特征形象的词译成了该形象所代表的概念的词：“甜酸苦辣”。
）12)He is trying to oil the judge’s palm. 他想贿赂法官13）He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles. 他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动.(英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一.)(文化)4翻译的标准Faithfulness and smoothness4.2.1 Faithfulness:1)Last spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England.去年春天，大自然捉弄了我们所有居住在新英格兰的人（原文洋，译文洋）。
2)More than twenty-five-million soldiers and civilians had died during the six years offighting.（美国人说：在为期六年的战争中，2500多万士兵和平民命丧黄泉。
黄泉，中国道教术语term in taoism，文化错位dislocation in culture，文化上的不忠实改为：丧命或不幸遇难）3）（忠实原文的口语体风格）------Who’s next? What is your name?------Nineteen eighty-one.-------Reason for leaving job?------I was replaced by a new year.-------And so you are applying for unemployment insurance?------I have tried to find out work but no one will have me.-----Why not?------No one will tell me the reason. They just say I’m too old and I can’t keep up.-----What did you do before you were fired?------I was a crisis manager. ( wang, 16)译文：下一位？叫什么（名字）？/1981/离职的原因？/被新一年替代了不。
