专八人文知识--语言学

专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求，从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic1C. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A. Symbolic B. Dual2 C. Productive D. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language? A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative3 D. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous45.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence5 B. parole C. performance D. langue6.The function of the sentence A nice day, isn’t it? is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. theproduction of sounds8.The distinction between vowels6 and consonants7 lies in . A. the place of articulation8 B. the obstruction9 of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics10 which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics11.Minimal11 pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive12 features of a language B. find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables14 D. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable13? A. Coda B. Onset15 C. Stem D. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms ofrelationship between expression and content? A. Word B. Morpheme C. Allomorph D. Root 15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is . A. a physically16 definable unit B. the common factor underlying17 a set of forms C. a grammatical unit D. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural18 morpheme ? A. [s] B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a . A. root morpheme B. bound morpheme C. prefix19 D. suffix2019.The relationship between fruit and apple is A. homonymy21 B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexicon22B. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A. gender23 B. number C. case D. voice22.The pair of words lend and borrow are A. gradable opposites B. converse24 opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms2523. Big and Small are a pair of opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse24.According to C. Morris and R. Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics25.There are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 626.In the following conversation: - Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it? - And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. The second person violates the A. Quantity Maxim26 B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim27.The maxim of requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation. A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relationIt is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。

语言学* 现代语言学理论和学派1. Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913 瑞士)：Father of modern linguistics 现代结构主义语言学创始人Course in General Linguistics《普通语言学教程》：由其学生- C. Bally & A. Sechehaye整理，现代语言学开端，19163 lines: linguistics, sociology and psychology 符号任意性理论；语言单位间的关系；语言和言语区分；共时和历时区分。

语言是符号系统。

符号是形式和意义的联合，即能指signifier和所指signified。

2. The Prague School布拉格学派：synchronic linguistics; Function1) 对语言的共时研究由于可得到全面可控的语言材料以供参考而被充分强调，同时，也没有严格理论；界限被竖立起来将之与历时语言研究相分离。

2) 强调语言的系统性这一本质属性。

3) 在某种意义上，把语言看作是一种功能，是一种有某一语言社团使用的，用来完成一系列基本职责和任务的工具。

~ Phonology and Phonological Oppositions(音位对位):Trubetzkoy–Phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. – phoneme~ Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP 句子功能前景)：语言学分析理论用信息论原理来分析话语或篇章。

其基本原则就是一句话中各部分的作用取决于它对全局意义的贡献。

捷克语言学家- The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer, which is their rallying point, the Theme.The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer and is called the Rheme.3.The London School伦敦学派–systemic linguistics and functional linguistics Sociological approach1) J.R. Firth(1890-1960 英国)：伦敦学派创始人; 学生-Malinowski & Halliday语言学的研究对象是实际使用中的语言。

TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍（1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratch (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones about(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad asnot going far enough(53)函授大学：correspondence university(54)好莱坞大片：Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心竞争力：core competitiveness(56)虎父无犬子：A wise goose never lays a tam e leg(57)基本国情：fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈竞争：cut-throat competition(59)极限运动：maximal exerci se/X-games(60)集中精力把经济建设搞上去：go all out for econom ic development(61)加班：work extra shifts(62)嘉宾:distingui shed/honored guest(63)加快市场步伐：quicken the pace of mark etization(64)假冒伪劣产品：counterfeit and shoddy products(65)减负：alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水乡：the south o f the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教书育人：impart knowledge and educate people(68)脚踏实地：be down-to-earth(69)解除劳动关系：sever labor relations(70)扩大内需：expan d domestic demand(71)拉拉队：cheering squad(72)论文答辩：(t hesis)oral defence(73)马到成功：achieve immediate victory(7 4)三维电影/动画片：three-dimensional movie/animation(75)森林覆盖率：forest coverage(76)社会保险机构：social security ins titutions(77)社会热点问题：hot spots of society(78)社会治安情况:law-and-order situation(79)申办城市：the bidding citie s(80):身体素质：physical constitution（81）生计问题：bread-and-butter issue(82)生意兴隆：business flourishes(82)市场疲软：sluggish market(83)市政工程：municipal works/engineeri ng(84)事业单位：public institution（85）试用期：probationar y period(86)首创精神：pioneering spirit(87)手机充值：cellul ar phone replenishing(88)台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots(89)脱贫致富：cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大开发：Development of the West Regions(91)新秀：u p-and-coming star（92）学生处：students' affairs division(9 3)舆论导向：direction of public opinion(94)招生就业指导办公事：enrolment and vocation guidance office(95)支柱产业：pill ar conerstone industry(96)中专生：secondary specialized or t echnical school student(97)专题报道：special coverage(98)《阿Q正传》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and A utumn Annals(100)知识产权：intellectual property rights重要概念梳理CNU 张旭 ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds andmeaning）3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）1. 1. 传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function2. 2. 人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establishand maintain their identity3. 3. 行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses4. 4. 表情功能 Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 5. 寒暄功能 Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！” 等等6. 6. 元语言功能 Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguisticl 语音学 Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

专八加油↖(^ω^)↗语言学（缩略版）1 语言的四个特征:任意性（Arbitrariness），二重性（Duality），创造性（Creativity），移位性（Displacement）2 语言的七个功能：信息功能（Informative），人际功能（Interpersonal Function），施为功能（Performative），感情功能（Emotive Function），寒暄功能（Phatic Communion），娱乐功能（Recreation Function）元语言功能（Metalingual Function）3 语言学的主要分支：语音学（Phonetics），音系学（Phonology）形态学（Morphology），句法学（Syntax)，语义学（Semantics），语用学（Pragmatics），4 宏观语言学（Macrolinguistics）的分支：心理语言学（Psycholinguistics），社会语言学（Sociolinguistics），人类语言学（Anthropological Linguistics，计算机语言学（Computational linguistics）5 规定式（Prescriptive）---描述事情应该是怎样的（describe how things ought to be）描写式（Descriptive）---描述事情本是怎样的（describe how thing are）6 共时研究（Synchronic）---以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象（takes a fixed instant as its point of observation）历时研究（Diachronic）---研究语言各个阶段的发展变化（Study of a language through the course of its history）7 语言（Langue）---说话者的语言能力(the linguistic competence of the speaker）言语（Parole）---语言的实际现象或语料（the actual phenomena or data of linguistic）----索绪尔（Saussure）区分8 语言能力（Competence）---理想语言使用者关于语言的知识储备（underlying knowledge)语言运用（Performance）---真实的语言使用者在实际场景中语言的使用（Actual use ofLanguage)----乔姆斯基（Chomsk）区分9 语音学主要分支:发音语言学（Articulatory Phonetics），声学语言学（Acoustic Phonetics）。

专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题（附答案）专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求，从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language/doc/5b8851066.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Root15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix19.The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isA. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice22.The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areA. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms23."Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse24.In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates theA. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim25.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relationCACAA, BDBAB, BDDBA, BCABC,DBBBD。

语言学概论导论1. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Designed feature of languageArbitrariness ---the widely accepted meaning of this feature, which was first discussed by Saussure, refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.Duality--- it means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.Productivity/creativity --- by this we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its excursiveness.One of the reasons why lanuage is actually a far more complicated entity is that we can use it to create new meanings.Displacement--- it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present at the moment of communication.2. Functions of languageInformative function信息功能, interpersonal function人际功能, performative function施为功能, emotive function 情感功能, phatic communion寒暄语, recreational function娱乐功能, metalingual function元语言功能. Recommendation of the course3. F. de Saussure and his theories--- Sign, signification (signified), signal (signifier)4. basic concerns of modern linguistics--- langue & parole (Saussure)--- prescriptive & descriptive(Saussure)--- synchronic & diachronic(Saussure)--- competence & performance( Chomsky)--- systematic &paradigmatic relation (Saussure )5. Introduce the scope of linguistics.Phonetics: the study of sounds.Phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.Morphology: the study of the way in which the symbols(morphemes) are arranged to form words.Syntax: the study on the rules governing the combination of words to form permissible sentences.Semantics: the study of meaning.Pragmatics: the study on language in the context of use.Historical Linguistics: the study of language change over various period of time.Sociolinguistics: the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society.Psycholinguistics: the study on language in a psychological point of view.Applied Linguistics: the study of language acquisition (the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages).Phonetics1.major branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）, auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)2.phonology(音韵学/音系学).A phone is a speech unit or segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. (Phoneme is an abstract unit that is ofdistinctive value… is not a sound that is pronounced, but a collection of distinctive phonetic features.An allophone is one of several similar speech sounds (phones) that belong to the same phoneme. It is different from free variation, which is a substitute of a phone in a word without changing the meaning.A minimal pair contains two different forms which are identical in every way except for one sound that occurs inthe same position.Suprasegmental features: stress, tone, intonation3. Phonological rules: The sequential rule (is a sound-patterning rule that determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other”.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequentialphoneme, thus making the two phones similar.Feature addition rule/aspiration ruleThe deletion rule tells “when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented”.Insertion ruleFlapping rule4. Jacobson and phonologyRoman Jacobson is the chief representative of The Linguistic Circle of Prague established in 1926. He argues the synchronic study on system of sound and function. Then the phonological opposition and linguistic function are presented by the School of Linguistics.The following diagram of linguistic communication, devised by Roman Jacobson, helps to distinguish some possible starting-points:CONTEXTADDRESSER > MESSAGE > ADDRESSEECONTACTCODE6 Functions: expressive, reference, poetic, communicative, multilingual, .Morphology1. Classification of morpheme:b. Free Morpheme g. Prefixd. Derivational Morphemea. Morpheme c. Bound Morpheme h.Suffixe. Inflectional Morpheme --- (containing 8 suffixes)f. Bound Stema. a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.b. a free morpheme is an independent unit of meaning that can be used alone.c. a bound morpheme is a morpheme used dependently with other morphemes, either free or bound, to supply a newmeaning or grammatical function to an existing form.d. a derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that supply a new meaning to an existing form.e. an inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that manifests various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The following are the 8 inflectional affixes:-s, indicating pl.-s, indicating third person singular -ed, indicating past tense-ing, indicating progressive aspect -en, indicating past participle-er, indicating comparative degree -est, indicating superlative degree -…s, indicating the possessive casef. a bound stem is a morpheme used with other derivational morphemes to form a word.g. a prefix is a derivational morpheme used at the beginning of an existing form to modify the meaning of the stemwithout changing the part of speech of the original word.h. a suffix is a derivational morpheme used at the end of an existing form to modify the meaning of the original wordand in many cases change its part of speech.2. Morphological rules of word formation:Derivation is an addition of affixes to stems to form new words. (antiestablishmentalism)Compounding is a combination of two, or more words sometimes, to create new words.Abbreviation, back-formation, conversion, onomato′poeia.Syntax1. 美国语言学家Chomsky 在1957年提出转换生成语法transformational-generative grammar; 英国语言学家Halliday提出系统功能语法system-functional grammar。

复习专八的同志们注意啦，个人潜心整理--人文知识之语言学部分，希望能帮上点儿忙，一起加油！作者：張旭BEYONDTEM-8 语言学知识复习总结重要概念梳理CNU 张旭ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1任意性Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning）3多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）4移位性Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5文化传播性Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）6 1. 传达信息功能Informative：最主要功能The main function7 2. 人际功能Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity8 3. 行事功能performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses9 4. 表情功能Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatoryexpressions10 5. 寒暄功能Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等11 6. 元语言功能Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。