词的六种构成方式词的六种构成方式★1. 词缀法(affixation)：派生法(derivation)的一种，利用词缀(词根加前缀和后缀)构成新词。
Affixation (Derivation) -- the formation of words by adding word affixes to a root. (derivative派生词)According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation -- the formation of new words by adding prefixes to roots. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaningSuffixation --Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots. Change the grammatical function of roots (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war, sub+sea Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.★2.转类法(conversion): 无须借助词缀(零位派生)即由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
例：名词转化为动词He bused to the city.动词转化为名词He likes a quiet smoke after supper.形容词转化为名词There is only one black in my class.He was knocked out in the first round. (n.)Round the number off to the nearest tenth. (v.)The neighbors gathered round our barbecue. (prep.)The moon was right and round. (adj.)People came from all over the country round. (adv.)Conversion (zero-derivation, functional shift) --Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class toanother class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs.A change of grammatical functionThe different range of meaning①Conversion to nouni. Verb to noun-almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns.have a look/ try/smoke, take a walk/ glance/shower,make a move/ guess/ offer/ attempt, give a cry/ start/ shudderflow over---overflow, break out---outbreak, take in---intake1) doer of the action: cheat( one who cheats), cook, coach, flirt, help2) result of the action: catch ( what is caught), find, reply, reject, import3) tool or instrument to do the action with: cover (used to cover something), wrap, cure4) place of the action: pass ( where one has to pass), walk ( a place for walking), dump, divide, turn, retreat, hide-out5) state of mind or sensation: doubt, want, desire, love, taste6) event or activity: search, laugh, attempt, release, shut-down, intake, outbreakii. Adjective to noun (full conversion, partial conversion)1. Words fully converted-a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or –e(s).E.g. a white, a liberal, finals, a given, a drunknative--- two natives, the native’s language, young marrieds, newly-weds2. Words partially converted–do not possess all the qualitiesa noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind.E.g. the poor, the rich, the sick, the wealthy, the wounded, the accused, the sublimethe comparatively rich, the very unfortunate, the most corrupt of them all3. Miscellaneous conversion: nouns from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions,etcE.g. Would you like a with or a without? 要不要人陪你？Better to be an also-ran than a never-was. 宁做失败者，不当平庸人。
