Chapter 4 翻译单位与语篇翻译

Unit 1Text天才与工匠许多人羡慕作家们的精彩小说，但却很少有人知道作家们是如何辛勤笔耕才使一篇小说问世的。

以下的短文将讨论小说的酝酿过程，以及作家是如何将这小说雕琢成一件精致完美的艺术品。

1.有一次，我在暮色中来到小树林边一棵鲜花盛开的小桃树前。

我久久站在那里凝视着，直到最后一道光线消逝。

我看不到那树原先的模样，看不见曾穿透果核，能崩碎你的牙齿的力量，也看不到那使它与橡树和绿草相区别的原则。

显现在我面前的，是一种深邃而神秘的魅力。

2. 当读者读到一部杰出的小说时，他也会这样如痴如狂，欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心，不提出任何问题。

3.但即使是个初学写作者也知道，除那将小说带到世上的文字之外，还有更多的构成小说生命的因素，小说的生命并不始于写作，而始于内心深处的构思。

4. 要创作出有独创性的作品，并不要求懂得创造的功能。

多少世纪以来的艺术、哲学及科学创造都出自人们的头脑，而创造者也许从未想到去关注创造的内在过程。

然而，在我看来，对创造工作一定程度的了解，至少会使我们通过知道两个事实，增长我们处理正在出现的故事的智慧。

5. 首先，天赋不是掌握了技艺的艺术家独有的特性，而是人脑的创造性功能。

不仅所有对技艺的掌握都含有天赋，而且每个人都具有天赋，无论他的天赋发展是何等不充分。

对技艺的掌握是天赋的显现，是经过培养的，发展了的和受过训练的天赋。

你的天赋在最原始的层面上起作用。

它的任务就是创造。

它是你的故事的创造者。

6. 第二，将你的小说带进世界的文字是艺术家的工作，它就和一个泥瓦匠的工作一样，有意识、谨慎而实实在在。

天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中的天然部分，而技艺却不是。

它必须通过实践才能学到，并要通过实践才能掌握。

如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上，光彩照人，那么，每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。

只有健全的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。

7.一个故事是如何酝酿成的呢？据说，我们从一生中的前二十年，或许前五年起就开始写作。

Unit 4Main Reading研究随时间流逝而变得更令人兴奋威廉·D·菲利普斯几乎从记事起我就对科学萌生了兴趣，到大约五岁时，我就收集了家里用过的装东西的瓶子作为自己的“化学器材”。

我用父母给我的显微镜观察可以找到的任何东西。

科学仅仅是我童年时为之着迷的事情之一，其他的还有钓鱼、棒球、骑车和爬树。

然而随着时间的流逝，显微镜和化学比棒球棒、钓鱼竿和橄榄球头盔更吸引我的注意力。

记得在我十岁以前，我就决定要把科学作为我的终身事业，而且以一种非常有限而天真的眼光开始欣赏物理学的简单与美丽。

我在我们家屋子的地下室有一个试验室，我全然不知石棉、电和紫外光的危险，花了很多时间在那儿试验火、炸药、火箭和碳弧。

我父母并不直接参与我的科学试验，他们对我的试验持宽容的态度，甚至在家里的电路因我超负荷用电而全部短路时也是如此。

他们总是鼓励我，给我探索、学习和娱乐的自由。

上高中时，我从精彩的科学和数学课堂上得到快乐和收获，但回想起来，那些重点培养语言能力和写作技巧的课程，对我后来拓展自己的科学生涯，和科学和数学课一样重要。

我敢肯定，我高中参加的辩论赛有助于我日后更好地作科学演讲；有关写作风格的课帮助我写出更好的论文；而学习法语则大大促进了我后来跟克劳德·科恩-唐努吉的研究团队富有成果的合作。

读高中时的第二个暑假，我在特拉华大学打工做试验。

那是一次很好的经历，我从指导我的那位研究生那儿明白了一个重要的道理，他告诉我说，“一个实验物理学家就是把嗜好当作工作来谋生的人。

”在朱尼亚塔学院，我开始真正理解数学和物理学之间的联系。

作为物理学前提的微积分既是一项挑战，又是一大乐趣。

这时我开始领略到物理学和数学中的美与统一，而此前我却无法欣赏。

在朱尼亚塔我开始了电子自旋共振的研究，而在阿尔贡国家实验室度过的一学期加深了我对这一课题的理解。

这一经历帮助我成功进入麻省理工的丹·克莱普内尔研究团队攻读研究生，在那里我主攻磁矩的精密测量。

信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。

几年前，我排队为家人取戏票时，我的朋友也在为她的家人取票。

我拿到了票，用信用卡付了账，对这种非现金交易的便利感到很满意。

然后就轮到她付款了，整个交易也进行得同样顺利，但我的高兴劲儿很快就变成了莫大的羞耻：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不显示身份地位的深蓝色卡，而她的信用卡则是高级的金卡。

她是怎样弄到金卡的？怎么会这样呢？我知道我挣得比她多，我的车比她的车新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎么看起来显得比我光鲜呢？我有一份跟那时候任何工作相比还算安定的工作——虽然不是非常安定，不过我也没什么可抱怨的。

我是通过按揭贷款买的房子，可那会儿谁买房不贷款呢？我每个月底都付清信用卡欠款。

所以，虽然从技术上讲，我欠过信用卡公司的钱，但只是欠几个星期而已。

所以我认为我的信用等级应该很高。

你可以说我肤浅，而我也并不感到自豪。

但就在当时当地，我突然非常嫉妒那位朋友，我决定不要蓝色信用卡了，我要一张金卡。

金卡突然变得不可或缺，它会让我自我感觉良好，会让别人觉得我更有魅力。

于是，我去信用卡公司申请最特别、最耀眼的金卡。

可是，我的申请被拒绝了。

过了几秒钟，我才从这个打击中回过神来，我问自己为什么被拒绝。

显然，因为我每次都按时全额付清信用卡欠款，所以我不是他们想要的那种金卡客户。

他们的目标客户是那些随时有购物刷卡的冲动、有潜在信用风险、经不住诱惑超支消费、并且经常延期还款的人。

这样他们才有机会收取更多的利息，挣更多的钱，这就是他们的经营之道。

这能够解释为什么信用卡公司会用超低利率诱惑像我们家孩子那样的穷大学生吗？三个星期前，我的二女儿回家过周末。

她在读大一第二学期。

和她的大多数朋友一样，她借了3,000英镑的学生贷款，并从她可怜的妈妈（哈！）那里得到一笔小小的生活费，用于支付交通费、书费及其他生活费用。

她穿的衣服是从当地的慈善商店买来的，并且她平时也很少出门。

她拥抱了我（她以前从不拥抱我），然后说：“妈妈，我有事要跟您商量。

Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately.Main Language points:Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and EnglishDifficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic.Teaching references:1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，20022. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合)As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them;Examples:1. That is our policy and that is our declaration.—— W. Churchill这就是我们的国策。

Chpater 4 Lexical Translation:Numerals and Units1. Numerals精确数词翻译1） Some English numbers 一些英语数字的翻译English Words American Use British UseBillion 109 (十亿) 1012(万亿)Trillion 1012(万亿) 1018(百万兆) Quadrillion 1015(千万亿) 1024(万亿兆) Quintillion 1018 (1000的6次幂) 1030 (100万的5次幂)Foreign funds flowed into China in a spectacular way. The stock of foreign investment grew from under $5billion in 1989 to nearly $90billion by 1994.中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷, 其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷, 居世界第三位.在1997年, 中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元, 仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%.by thousands数以千计大量by hundreds数以百计by (the) millions数以百万计by halves不完全地thousands of数千,数以千计hundreds of 数百数以百计hundreds of thousands几十万; 无数的thousands upon thousands成千上万millions upon millions of千百万tens of, decades of数十个dozens of 几打;几十个scores of 许多billions of 几十亿hundreds of millions亿万a thousand and one 无数的 a hundred and one许多ten to one 十之八九nine cases out of ten十之八九nine tenths 十分之九;几乎全部tens of thousands好几万several millions of 数百万fifty-fifty各半的;对半;平均by one hundred percent 百分之百地;全部a long hundred 一百多;一百二十a few tens of十分之几有几成by twos and threes 三三两两in two twos 转眼;立即at sixes and sevens乱七八糟one or two少许;几个first of all首先second to none 首屈一指last but one倒数第二a decade of 10个;一组 a score of 20个一组a dozen 12个;一打 a long dozen 13个They packed the oranges in ten.Ten to one she has forgotten it.We do nothing by halves.Her name ranks last but one on the list.Let’s go fifty-fifty on the dinner check.2）Translation of Approximate Numbers 约数的翻译1) More than, above, over, past, in excess of, or more, long, odd, etc. Can be used to express Chinese 多于,多,超过,etc. Compare the versions in the following examples.100多公斤1000多英里3个多小时1公里多6万多六万几千八十几厘米八百零几克据说这个孩子的体重有100多磅.我花了两个多小时才完成家庭作业.这辆车已经跑了1000多英里.这所师范学校有3000多名学生.她80多了.2）Less than, under, below, off, or less, etc: Can be used to express Chinese 不到,少于,低于,etc. Look at the following examples.不到80美元这只火鸡低于25美元她是不会卖的.那辆三轮车的售价还不到185法郎.他以低于价目表6美元的价格买下了那个咖啡壶.3) Or so, more or less, about, in the region of, approximately, some, around, etc. Can be used to express Chinese 大约,左右,上下and others of the like.11点钟左右约5万吨近3个月1000元左右600公里左右大约两周这个学院订阅的杂志大约有250种.她的月薪在400美元左右.我每天早上五点半左右起床.4)We can still use English whole numbers to express approximate Chinese conception.I have told you twenty times.A million thanks for your kindness.We have a hundred things to do.A wonder lasts but nine days.She has fifty things to tell you.If we want to express the Chinese meanings of 不多不少,刚好,整整, we can employ words such as flat, clear, sharp, cool, just, whole, exactly, with whole numbers together.He finished the 100-meter dash in 10 seconds flat.The chief physician treated cool 40 patients that day.3) Translation of English multiple 英语倍数的翻译1) Some Sentence Constructions as to Increase 用于增长中常见句型的翻译“Multiple + as…as…” constructionThe grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.Asia is four times as large as Europe.Were the ear th’s mass twice as great as it is, it would attract an object twice as strongly as it does.Your room is three times as large as mine.“Multiple + comparative +than…”constructionMt. Qomolangma is 8848 meters high, about two and half times higher than Mt. Fuji.Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than U.S. wells.Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.Your room is four times larger than mine.The irrigated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.Some verbs + multipleVerbs like increase, rise, exceed, grow, raise, expand, go up, etc. are commonly used to express multiple with the meanings of “increase”.The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than twofold.The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 5.2 percent, compared with the same period of last year.The output of chemical fiber has been increased three times as against last year.During this period its territory increased ten-fold.“By a factor of +multiple” constructionThis structure is copied with when we have to minus one from the number since the original is not included in Chinese language.In case of electronic scanning the beam width is broader by a factor of two.Today the speed of our car exceeds the ordinary speed by a factor of three.The population of this county has increased by a factor of five.Some words with multiple meaningSuch words with multiple meaning are double, treble, quadruple, etc. in English.The output of diesel oil for farm has more than double.The baby girl doubled its weight in a year.Henry trebled his money by buying a dog for ＄50 and selling it for ＄150.Having the repeater spacing decreased by one half, we made it possible to quadruple the bandwidth.The output of color TV sets has been double in the past five years.The output of iron and steel is treble what it was.The number of livestock has quadrupled this year.Our population is now double what it was thirty-five years ago. Comments① A is N times bigger than B.② A is bigger than B by N times.③ A is N times as big as B.The exact meaning of the three structures is: A=B×N2) Some words, Phrases and Structures as to Decrease用于减少中常见词语和句型的翻译Some words and phrasesThe output of cars in Europe last year was 24 percent less than in1996.In this lathe, proper lubrication has diminished almost three fifths of the friction.Owing to natural calamities, the wheat output of every mu in our village has decreased from 500 kilograms to less than 350 kilograms.The production cost of electronic organs was reduced by 30%.The depth of water in the first tube is less than half that in the other.The leads of the new condenser are half as long as those of the old, yet the functions are the same.This new method has halved the loss of metal.Some structuresThe length of the designed size was reduced ten times.This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper, but its quality is quite good.Aluminum is almost more than three times as light as copper.We see that the price of the product is reduced by a factor of 5.Comments Besides some words and phrase, we can come to a conclusion that the following sentence structures have the same meanings.①A is N times smaller than B.②A is smaller than B by N times.③A is N times as small as B.2. Vague numerals模糊数词翻译模糊数词英译包括以下几个方面: 数词带有形容词性或副词性, 表示约略或夸张; 数词与政治术语连用。

Unit 4 Meeting the MuseUnderstanding ideasWhat inspires you?Every artist’s wish is to create something that expresses an idea. But where do artists get their ideas from? Who or what inspires them? Here we find out more about the influences behind the successes of three very different artists.express v. ____________ n. __________ influence__________inspire v. _____________ n. ___________ find out ___________段落翻译：________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Florentijn Hofman, visual artist①Florentijn Hofman is a Dutch artist, whose large sculptures are on display all over the world. One way for him to find inspiration is turning to his children’s toys. These objects have given him ideas for his animal sculptures, such as the famous Rubber Duck. A more recent work of his is the huge Floating Fish, which was set among the beautiful landscape of Wuzhen West Scenic Zone.②Hofman’s inspiration for Floating Fish came from Chinese folk tales passed down through the generations. He was particularly interested in the old story about a fish jumping through the “Dragon Gate”. This story came to life for Hofman when he visited Wuzhen and saw how people lived there.③“During the walk and my stay here in the town, I saw the fish being fed by people. You see also some fish sculpted on the wall.” These sights set Hofman’s idea for Floating Fish in motion. visual___________ turn to___________on display____________________ inspiration ___________folk tales___________ in motion___________pass…down through generations ____________________ float___________being fed by people 在句子中作___________成分,修饰____________sculpted on the wall在句子中作___________成分,修饰____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Tan Dun, poser④“There is no territory in the world of music.” These are the words of Chinese poser Tan Dun. He is most widely known for posing music for the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and the 2008 Beijing Olympics.⑤To listen to Tan’s music is to experience a mix of Chinese musical traditions and Western influences. Since his first opera, Nine Songs, Tan Dun has been using a bination of Chinese music and sounds from all over the world to tell stories. As Tan once said, Chinese music should carry “universal expression” of the human spirit so as to be recognised by the whole world.territory n. __________ poser n. _____________ v. _____________be widely known for ___________________ a mix of _______________a bination of__________________ v. _______________so as to/in order to _________________ 表_______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yang Liping, dancer⑥Yang Liping’s passion is dancing. After winning a national petition in 1986 with her Spirit ofthe Peacock dance, she has been known as the “Peacock Princess”. The inspiration for her famousdances has e from the time she spent in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province.⑦“I feel very grateful for the years in Xishuangbanna,” says Yang. “It gave me a chance to godeeper into the lives of various ethnic groups... Our ethnic groups, especially the Dai people, admire the peacock. They think the peacock represents the beauty of nature. I especially like the dance style of the Dai people and it gives me lots of inspiration. My dance es from their traditional belief and aims to bring out the Dai women’s beauty.”passion ____________be known as ___________________ go deeper into ________________ethnic groups _____________________ princess ____________ 王子____________She spent in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province 是一个__________从句，引导词_________在从句中作___________,所以省略了be/feel grateful for sth.__________bring out the Dai women’s beauty_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Developing ideasART & TECHNOLOGY①Think “art”. What es to your mind? Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintingsin the Palace Museum? Or maybe, just maybe, it’s a dancing pattern of lights?②The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like colourful floating clouds when they are lit up at night. Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it, they could also interact with it—literally. They did this by using their phones to change its colours and patterns. Exhibits such as these are certainly new and exciting, but are they really art?③Whatever your opinion, people have been expressing their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies. Yet Michelangelo and others have been labelled as “artists” rather than “technicians”. This means that art and technology have always been seen as two very separate things.e to your mind __________________ dancing pattern of lights_________________light up_________________interact with_________________ literally______________a variety of_________________ rather than_________________ separate______________exhibits ____________ be labelled as_________________ technician_________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ④Today, however, technological advances have led to a bination of art and technology. As a result, the art world is changing greatly. Now art is more accessible to us than ever before. Take for example one of China’s most famous paintings from the Song Dynasty, Along the River During the Qingming Festival. As this artwork is rarely on display, people have sometimes queued up to six hours for a chance to see it. Once in front of the painting, they only have limited time to spend taking in its five metres of scenes along the Bian River in Bianjing. Thanks to technology however, millions more people have been able to experience a digital version of this painting. Threedimensional (3D) animation means that viewers can see the characters move around and interact with their surroundings. They can also watch as the different scenes change from daylight into nighttime.technological advances________________ lead to ________________is more accessible to ________________ surroundings________________queue______________ up to________________ take in____________________ threedimensional ___________________ animation______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ⑤The arttech bination is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art, but also take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more and more people are exploring their creative sides. The result has been exciting new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos.⑥However, the increase in the amount and variety of art produced has also raised questions over its overall quality. Can a video of someone slicing a tomato played in slow motion really be called “art”?⑦Similarly, such developments are making the line between art and technology less distinct. Can someone unfamiliar with traditional artists’ tools really call themselves an “artist”? And is the artist the creator of the art itself, or the maker of the technology behind it? A recent project used technology and data in the same way that Rembrandt used his paints and brushes. The end result, printed in 3D, was a new “Rembrandt painting” created 347 years after the artist’s death. These advances are perhaps bringing us closer to a time when puters rather than humans create art.⑧Where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.the arttech bination____________________ concepts ______________at one’s fingertips ______________ raised questions over ______________overall quality______________ slice______________in slow motion ______________ distinct______________that Rembrandt used his paints and brushes 是____________从句，修饰_______________when puters rather than humans create art是____________从句，修饰_______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________。

EST chapter4Chapter 4 Conversion ( 转换)英汉两种语言在语法，思维和表达习惯上差异，需要改变词语词类或句子成分，如名词化问题。

Tom is a lover of nature .句子成分转换所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分（如宾语等）。

在多数的情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译。

表层结构（具体的外在形式）深层结构（存在于人脑中的逻辑意念）4.1 词类转换⏹It is necessary to study and have a good mastery of these laws.必须研究和很好地掌握这些定律。

⏹Increased accuracy usually requires improved measurement techniques or devices.要提高精度，通常需要改进测量方法或改进量具。

⏹The acceleration of gravity should decrease with increasing distance from the center of the earth.重力加速度应随离地心距离的增加而降低。

⏹Capacitance is the charge of a capacitor divided by the voltage across it.电容量等于电容器上的电荷除以其两端的电压。

⏹The analysis can lead to increased conversion efficiency and reduced weight.这种分析有助于提高效率及减轻重量。

4.1.1 Conversion into Chinese verbs4.1.1.1 N---V⏹ A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。

新标准大学英语4课文原文及翻译Unit 1 Active reading (1) / P3Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofaMore than 650000 students left university this summer and many have no idea about the way to get a job. How tough should a parent be to galvanize them in these financially fraught times?今年夏天，超过65万名学生离开了大学，很多人都不知道如何找到工作。

在这个经济困难的时期，父母应该怎样严厉地激励他们呢?In July, you looked on as your handsome 21-year-old son, dressed in gown and mortarboard, proudly clutched his honors degree for his graduation photo. Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party, began to fade. Until now.7月，你看着你21岁的儿子，穿着学士服，戴着学位帽，骄傲地拿着他的荣誉学位拍毕业照。

那些为了吃得好、参加不定期的聚会而每年掏出几千英镑的记忆开始消失了。

直到现在。

As the summer break comes to a close and students across the country prepare for the start of a new term, you find that your graduate son is still spending his days slumped in front of the television, broken only by texting, Facebook and visits to the pub. This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt. Will he ever get a job?当暑假即将结束，全国各地的学生都在为新学期的开始做准备时，你会发现，你毕业的儿子仍然整天窝在电视机前，只有发短信、上Facebook和泡酒吧。

The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。

The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，and explores the choices that are available to family members,探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。

It examines the diversity of American families today,该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS爱和情感连系Nijole V.Benokraitis奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival.爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。

在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动和兴奋的，它可以改变一个人---------不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好。

当然，这种顿悟是很罕见的，但仍然可以发生在我们所有人身上。

它有时来自一本书，一个说教或一行诗歌，有时也来自一个朋友。

在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬天下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆，倍感失落和压抑。

因为几次误算，在我生命中一个至关重要的项目就这样落空了。

就因为这样，甚至连期望看到一个老朋友（我常常私下亲切的想到的一个老人）的情形都不像以前那样令我兴奋。

我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，清醒地嚼着苦涩的食物。

他穿过街道，过着旧棉袄，一顶帽子从光头打下来，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的侏儒。

他的办公室在附近到处都有，我知道他刚刚离开他最后一个病人。

他接近80岁，但仍然扛着一个装着满满文件的公文包，工作起来仍然像一个大公司的主管，无论何时有空，他都仍然爱去高尔夫球场。

当他走过来坐在我旁边时，服务员早已把他总是要喝的啤酒端了过来。

我已经几个月没有见他了，但他似乎还是老样子。

没有任何寒暄，他就问我“怎么了，年轻人？”我已经不再对他的样子感到奇怪，所以我详细地把烦恼告诉他。

带着一丝忧伤的自豪，我尽量说出实情，除了我自己，我并没有因为失望而责备任何人。

我分析了整件事情，但所有负面评价以及错误仍然继续。

我降了约有十分钟，这期间老人只是默默的喝着啤酒。

我讲完后，他取下眼镜说：“到我的办公室去。

”“到你的办公室？你忘了带什么了吗？”他和蔼的说“不是，我想看看你对某些事情的反应，仅此而已。

”外面开始下起小雨，但他的办公室很温暖,舒服，亲切：放满书的书架靠着墙壁，长皮沙发Sigmund佛洛依德的亲笔签名照，还有墙边放着的录音笔。

他的秘书已经回家了，只有我们在那里。

老人从纸盒里拿出一盘磁带放进录音笔，然后说：“这里面有到我这里来求助的三个人的简单录音，当然，这没有说明具体是那三个人。

我想让你听听，看你是否能找出双字词的短语，这里是在三个案例中共有的。