The Control System for Lighting Based on
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【电子信息工程毕业设计+文献综述+开题报告】基于单片机的教室照明控制系统设计(20_ _届)本科毕业设计基于单片机的教室照明控制系统设计摘要随着电子技术的飞速发展,基于单片机的控制系统已经广泛应用于各个邻域。
另外,由于楼宇智能化的发展和成熟,基于单片机的教室照明控制系统得到了广泛的普及。
本文根据教室灯光智能控制方面的发展现状,分析了有效的节电控制方案,提出了基于AT89S51单片机的教室照明控制系统。
系统采用热释红外人体传感器检测人体的存在,以此来控制照明灯的开启和关闭;利用光敏电阻来检测环境光的强度,以此来调节灯具的亮度;另外,系统还带有键盘及液晶显示,键盘用于输入密码及设置时间参数,液晶显示屏用于显示当前时间及系统提示;系统还可以自主设置教室灯具的开启及关闭时间,关灯前可利用蜂鸣器发出警告。
通过对人体存在信号及环境光信号的识别和判断,完成对教室灯具的智能控制,以达到节能的目的。
本系统软件采用C语言编制,采用模块化结构设计,条理清晰,便于修改。
关键词:AT89S51;智能控制;热释红外;传感器The Design of Classroom Lighting Control SystemBased on Single-chip MicrocomputerAbstractWith the rapid development of electronic technology, the system of control based on MCU is widely applied in various fields. What's more,due to the development and maturation of the intelligent building,the control system for classroom lighting based on single-chip microcomputer has been widely popular.According to the development status of intelligent lighting control in the classroom, analysis of effective power-saving control solution,proposed classroom lighting control system which is based on AT89S51 MCU.This system can control the lamp switch by test and process the signal of human body that illuminates the back track exists;It can adjust the brightness of light by test and process daylight signal; In addition, the system also has a keyboard and LCD,keyboard use to enter passwords and set time parameters, LCD displays the current time and the system prompts;This system also can Independently set up the turn on and off time of lights,it can generate warnings by buzzer before turn off the lights. According to identify and judge the human body existence signaland the daylight signal, completion of classroom lighting intelligent control to save energy.The microcontroller software was developed based on C language, C language adopts building bloke design,its corporality is very good and easy to change.Keywords: AT89S51, intelligent control, pyroelectric infrared,sensors目录摘要IIIAbstract IV1 绪论 11.1课题的来源11.2课题的意义11.3国内外教室照明控制系统的发展现状及研究成果 2 1.3.1 国内外教室照明控制系统的发展现状 21.3.2 国内外教室照明控制系统的研究成果 21.4课题研究的主要内容 32教室照明控制系统的方案设计 52.1教室照明控制系统的方案设计 52.2方案评价 53教室照明控制系统的硬件设计 63.1芯片器件介绍 63.1.1 AT89S51单片机简介 63.1.2 LCD 1602 73.1.3 DS1302涓流充电时钟保持芯片93.1.4 TOP3224热释红外人体传感器103.2系统模块分析123.2.1 人体信号采集模块 123.2.2 光信号采集模块133.2.3 时钟电路133.2.4 LCD显示143.2.5 键盘 143.2.6 报警模块153.2.7 继电器驱动接口电路154教室照明控制系统的软件设计16 4.1系统整体功能的软件设计16 4.2数据采集的软件设计174.3 时钟模块的软件设计 174.4 显示模块的软件设计 184.5 报警模块的软件设计 194.6 键盘扫描的软件设计 19结论 21参考文献22致谢 23附录Ⅰ24附录Ⅱ25附录Ⅲ261 绪论1.1课题的来源由于学校开放型的管理模式,以及全员的节能意识的淡薄,造成了电能的极度浪费。
Value Engineering1研究内容智能灯光控制系统通常应用于学校中,当今许多学校中的教室因电路老化只能用比较传统的照明系统:设定一个总电源,将其分流到多个支路,每个教室配备一个总的变电箱,然后支路再向不同的灯提供电,然后用按钮来控制灯具的开关,无法实现比较人性化多功能的管理方式。
因此,本系统主要研究的是基于Arduino 的智能灯光控制系统的设计与实现。
通过对用户需求的分析,选取合适的硬件搭建了整个硬件系统。
并通过对系统各个模块合理地编程设计,最终实现集检测温度、光照、是否有人经过、定时开关以及移动端的检测。
当有人经过并且光照强度较弱的时候灯光会自动开启,当无人时灯光会关闭,到了固定的时间灯光会自动开启并且到达指定的时间自动关闭。
若温度高于指定高度时,移动端会自动拨号给火警。
本系统研究的主要功能如下:①采用热释电红外传感器和定时程序以及光照检测来完成节能功能,光照低于设定值并且有人时会开灯,到达指定时间会开灯。
②由LED 灯、蜂鸣器和等器件来构成报警电路,在发生险情之时完成声光警报。
③选用蓝牙模块将硬件跟移动端相连接,并且进行数据传输以及报警的各种操作。
④软件部分则是包括定时、中断、串口通信、声光报警、温度检测等程序的设计,以此来实现声光报警和信息交互。
2功能规划功能包括自动开关灯功能、火情报警功能、声光报警、蓝牙远程通信。
2.1自动开关功能通过安装在外的红外热释电传感器以及光照传感器,实时监测是否有人经过并且检测光照强度,来实现自动开关灯,以及定时功能来控制必要的灯光的开启以及关闭。
2.2火情报警功能利用温度传感器,可以监测校园中是否会发生火灾隐患,并判断是否报警。
2.3声光报警检测到险情发生时,系统将会马上开启声光报警,灯光亮起,警报声响起,警示到来的险情。
2.4蓝牙远程通信检测到险情发生时,系统会在第一时间给火警的移动设备拨打电话,便于火警及时作出应对。
(图1)3系统硬件设计主要包括系统总体框和硬件组成两部分。
Descriptor 1Descriptor 2Descriptor 3TunneLogicOutdoor lightingTunneLogicTotal SolutionPage 2LuminairesTo support main tunnel lighting techniques.Guidance lightingTo guide the traffic and to secure a safe exit.System for lighting controlFrom basic controls to elaborate monitoring systems,our solutions give you full connectivity and controlover the total lighting system.ServicesFrom concept design and commissioning to lifecycleservices, Philips can deliver a complete project andprotect your investment.TotalTunnel:4 key building blocksThe TotalTunnel program is Philips’ connected lighting approach to tunnel lightingand includes four key building blocks:TunneLogicTotal SolutionPage 3 TunneLogic is a key part of the TotalTunnel solution - a completeone-stop shop covering project design, product selection, right through to lifecycle services management. Within each building block Philips offers a range of options from simple solutions that deliver unbeatable value to high performance alternatives. We select the components according to your specific needs, and then combine them to create a total lighting system that is unique to your project. So whether your focus is on the cost of the initial investment or the Total Cost of Ownership over the entire lifetime, Philips can build the right solution for you.Total SolutionTunneLogic is our dedicated tunnel control and monitoring system designed specifically for LED technology. Our control system, which is easy to install, commission, operate and maintain provides thecustomer with safe lighting control and health information relating to the lighting system.TunneLogic helps to minimize the complicated electrical designand it significantly reduces labor, traffic management, and capital expenditure. When used together with high-performance Philipstunnel LED luminaires, optimal system performance will be achieved. TunneLogic Intelligent tunnel lighting controlsWhatever your tunnel projectrequirements, whether it be newbuild, refurbishment, retrofit of ashort underpass, or a tunnel ofmany kilometers, Philips offersan end-to-end lighting controlsystem package for any type oftunnel project. Intelligent controlsystems offer a dynamic approachto realizing the project objectivesand meeting client specifications.Installation timescales are criticaland with the minimal systemcomponents and plug-and-playmethodology, on-site installationis quick and simple affording theinstaller capital efficiencies overmany other systems.The lighting control software user-friendly interface offers operatorsand maintainers easy navigationmenus for monitoring lighting system status and providing operational control either locally or via a SCADA network. Historical system data is easily accessible for photometer trending, system faults and stage burn hours, always providing the operator with information to suit their specific requirements.High performance and system longevity are crucial to ensure your tunnel network is operational and traffic is kept moving freely. TunneLogic is designed to ensure optimal performance of the lighting system throughout the tunnel. With demonstrable project evidence in demanding conditions across many countries, partnering with Philips provides the best of opportunity for project cost, comfort and care.TunneLogicIntelligent tunnellighting controlsPage 5TunneLogicFeatures, ApplicationsPage 6ApplicationsShort underpasses High-speed road tunnels Long tunnelsFeatures of the TunneLogic systemEasy configuration andcommissioningTunneLogic is specifically designed to provide acontrol system solution that is easy to configure,install and commission.Using the PC-based configuration wizard tool, wecan easily build your tunnel project’s profile andconfiguration parameters off site. Once completed,upload of the data file is via a USB memory deviceonto the Master Control Unit (MCU) during thecommissioning stage.Furthermore, with minimal system components andplug and play methodology, the system architecture issimple to design and install ensuring optimal benefitsand flexibility for reducing installation costs.Integration is easy using a standard Modbus SCADAinterface (Serial or Ethernet). Extensive monitoring and control (system health)The TunneLogic graphical user interface provides simple navigation for ease of control and monitoring functions. Structured tabs allow access for extensive data logging management on photometer status, system faults and stage burn hours and control functions. Local and remote access provides the benefit of monitoring system performance and technical support to efficiently plan system maintenance and repair, reducing functional closures and lowering traffic disruption.TunneLogic Features Page 7Lighting performanceOptimum performance is achieved as a system solution with luminaries and controls.Since TunneLogic is fully dedicated for LED technology, continuous dimming and L20 control of the lighting system provides the exact level of light needed at any given time to provide significant energy savings over other switched stage solutions.In addition to communication redundancy and failsafe configuration options, TunneLogic is a safe, robust solution for increasing system longevity and maintaining operational performance.Cost savingsNext to all the benefits already mentioned, the entire system is a low cost, feature rich system. Not only is the system inexpensive to buy, you save costs in other ways post-purchase. As explained, the continuous dimming ensures the right lighting levels at every moment by precise L20 control. Additionally, the easy commissioning reduces design and engineering time, which also reduces costs and provides the opportunity to open the tunnel earlier.Features/Benefits of PhilipsOn top of all the benefits of the TunneLogic system, Philips is your ideal partner to collaborate with. Having more than 65 years of combined market experience, Philips is always able to deliver a tailor-made solution.In particular because TunneLogic is part of the TotalTunnel package, which comprises: • LED luminaires: TunneLogicis fully integrated with Philipsluminaires (FlowStar, FlowLine,ClearFlood, T-Line)• Guidance tunnel lighting: Toguide the traffic and to secure asafe exit• Controls: TunneLogic system• Service: Full local supportavailable for all project phasesBy combining our four buildingblocks for success, we can createlighting solutions for you that offerprecise levels of quality, guidance,control and service support.requiredlighting levelover-lighting ntranceightingGraphical representation of the energy saving bene ts ofdynamic digital control over conventional switched systemswhen using Philips TunneLogic solutionTunneLogicApplicationsL ow cost, but feature richlighting control system as partof the TotalTunnel package.”TunneLogicBenefits for usersPage 9 Every tunnel has a range of stakeholders. Each has their own list of requirements when it comes to the value and benefits that any lighting control system should demonstrate. Philips is at the forefront of the industry and can address all the key issues regarding tunnel lighting and controls. With our expertise and experience we can create the best possible solution; one that fits the requirements of your tunnel project in terms of cost, comfort and care.Tunnel owners and operators TunneLogic is efficient, reliable, safe,and easy to control and maintain. Clear information on the health of the lighting system optimizes and protects your investment.Tunnel usersTunneLogic ensures the right lighting levels at every stage of the tunnel due to precise L20 control, thereby decreasing the black hole effect and maximizing the safety of tunnel users. Remote access to the system means continuous monitoring is possible without the need to close the tunnel, and thus reducing traffic disruption. Tunnel installation companiesOur lighting solutions are available asa completely integrated system withclearly defined responsibilities on system integration. System architecture has been designed to be modular, plug and play and simple to commission to reduce installation time and minimize costly road closures. Tunnel maintenance companiesOur solutions are long lasting and easyto maintain, with service packages and predictable expenses to help estimateyour TCO and reduce tunnel closures and trafffic disruption. System information on the health of the lighting is accessible via the SCADA interface or remotely, so that routinemaintenance can be planned efficently.TunneLogicSystem SpecificationsPage 10System SpecificationsMaster Control Unit (MCU)General CharacteristicsInput voltage range100-240VacInput frequency50/60HzInput current 1.0A max.Housing IP54 powder-coated steelRAL7021 with removableglass doorOperating CharacteristicsControl output4x RS-485 socketsRS-485 configuration4x radial or 2x ringnetworkRS-485 max. length1km before repeaterrequiredMax. repeaters10 per networkMax. DALI Group Gateways(DGG) per RS-485 Section100Max. DGGs per system254Maximum luminaires per DGG 20x FlowStar-3,30x FlowStar-2,60x FlowStar-1 / FlowLineMaximum luminaires per system 5100x FlowStar-3, 7650x FlowStar-2, 15300x FlowStar-1 / FlowLineSwitching groups Up to 10Luminance meter inputs2x RS-485 sockets Functional Lighting Groups(FLGs)8SCADA connection Serial / Ethernet Modbus User Controls15” touch-screen panel PCSoftware FeaturesUser access levels 3 (‘view only’,‘maintenance’ and ‘fullaccess’)Individual user PIN codes YesLighting stage override YesSystem event logging Yes Wiring CharacteristicsSupply connection2m flying lead withLine, Neutral and EarthconnectionsRS-485 Bus connector4x circular 4-poleRS-485 luminance meterconnector2x circular 4-poleRS-485 cable See RS-485 specs SCADA connection Serial or EthernetTemperature CharacteristicsOperating temperature-20˚C to +50˚C ambient Operating humidity0% to 90% RH non-condensingStorage temperature-25˚C to +70˚C ambient Storage humidity0% to 90% RH non-condensingProduct dimensionsHeight518mm (plus connectors) Width478mm (plus brackets) Depth 155mm (170mm with doorfitted)ComplianceCE marking YesC-Tick YesIEC62386 YesRoHS YesProduct DataFull product name LFC7620/00 MASTERCONTROL UNIT ASSY ZS Order code9137 030 88809Net weight per piece 24kg (18.5kg without door)170 mmTunneLogicSystem Specifications Page 11General CharacteristicsInput voltage range 100-240VacInput frequency 50/60HzInput current 0.25AHousing IP66 Stainless steel(AISI 304)Operating CharacteristicsControl output 1 x DALIDALI unit qty. 1 DALI universe of 64addressesDALI power supply Inbuilt rated 220mA @16Vdc typ. Overload andshort circuit protected(auto restart)DALI max. current 250mADALI insulation system Basic (1.5kV surge) Maximum luminaires 20x FlowStar-3,30x FlowStar-2,60x FlowStar-1 / FlowLine Control inputs1x RS-485 dataconnection1x DyNet® serial port1x AUX programmable drycontact inputDyNet DC Supply12-15Vdc @ 120mAUser Controls Service switch +diagnostic LED Diagnostic functions Driver output failurereportingDriver failure reportingDALI line short / overloaddetectionLED run time tracking foreach driverDevice online / offlinestatusSwitching groups Select 1 of 10 coloredgroupsWiring CharacteristicsSupply connector terminals Line, Neutral, Earth Conductor size Max. 1x 2.5mm2 CuRS-485 connector Circular, pre-moldedmulti-pole in/out seriesconnectionOutput connector terminals DALI-, DALI+Conductor size Max. 1x 2.5mm2 Cu Temperature CharacteristicsOperating temperature-20˚C to +50˚C ambienttemperatureOperating humidity 0% to 90% RH non-condensingStorage temperature -25˚C to +70˚C ambient Storage humidity 0% to 90% RH non-condensingProduct dimensionsHeight 200mm (+ connectors) Width 200mm (+ brackets) Depth 120mm (+ brackets) ComplianceCE marking YesC-Tick YesIEC62386YesRoHS YesProduct DataFull product name LCN7632/00 DALI GROUPGATEWAY ASSY SST Order code9137 030 89409Net weight per piece 3.0kgSystem SpecificationsDALI Group Gateways (DGG)TunneLogicSystem SpecificationsPage 12Specifications Luminance meterGeneral CharacteristicsInput voltage range 100-240VacInput frequency 50/60HzInput current 1.5AHousing IP66 powder coated steel Operating CharacteristicsControl output Internal RS-485connection terminalsRS-485 max. length 1km beforerepeater requiredWiring CharacteristicsSupply connector terminals Line, Neutral, Earth Conductor size Max. 1x 3.0mm2 CuRS-485 connector terminals D+, D-, SGNDConductor size Max. 1x 2.0mm2 Cu Temperature CharacteristicsOperating temperature-20˚C to +50˚C ambienttemperatureOperating humidity 0% to 90% RH non-condensingStorage temperature -30˚C to +70˚C ambient Storage humidity 0% to 90% RH non-condensingProduct dimensionsHeight 123mm (without optionalwiper unit)Length 463mmWidth 162mm ComplianceCE marking YesRoHS YesOrdering DataFull product name LRL7620/01 LUMIOS III ADDR #1 Order code9137 003 70603Full product name LRL7620/02 LUMIOS IIIADDR #2Net weight per piece9137 003 70703Order code 4.5 kgFull product name LRL7621/01 LUMIOS III +WIPERADDR #1Order code9137 003 71103Full product name LRL7621/02 LUMIOS III +WIPERADDR #2Net weight per piece5kgOrder code9137 003 71203123mmTunneLogicSystem SpecificationsPage 13SpecificationsNetwork RepeaterGeneral CharacteristicsInput voltage range100-240VacInput frequency50/60HzInput current0.5A max.Housing IP66 Stainless steel (AISI 304) Operating CharacteristicsControl input1x RS-485 data connection Control output1x RS-485 data connectionRS-485 max. length1km before repeater required Max. repeaters10 per networkMax. DGGs per RS-485 persection100User Controls NoneWiring CharacteristicsSupply connectionterminalsLine, Neutral, EarthConductor size Max. 1x 4mm2 CuRS-485 connectors Circular, pre-molded multi-polein/out series connection Temperature CharacteristicsOperating temperature-20˚C to +50˚C ambient Operating humidity20% to 90% RH non-condensing Storage temperature-25˚C to +75˚C ambientStorage humidity20% to 90% RH non-condensing Product dimensionsHeight200mm (plus connectors) Width200mm (plus brackets)Depth120mm (plus brackets) ComplianceCE marking YesC-Tick YesRoHS YesOrdering DataFull product name LCN7622/00 RS485 REPEATERASSY SSTOrder code9137 030 89609Net weight per piece3.0kgTunneLogicSystem SpecificationsPage 14Specifications Cables RS-485General CharacteristicsCore1˚ 1 shielded pair 1x2x0.75/2.5 2˚ 1 wire 0.34/1.4Drain wire Stranded tinned copper(22awg)Tape Binder tapeBraid Tinned copper wire braid,approx. 90% coverage Tape Plastic tape overlapped Jacket Formable LSZH elastomercompound, Orange RAL2003, Ø 7.6 ± 0.3 mm Print legend PHILIPS LIGHTINGCONTROL SYSTEMS(RS485-TSS1CS PUR) Wire 0.34/1.4Conductor Stranded tinned copperwire (22awg), Ø 0.75 mm Insulation Polyethylene (PE), Ø 1.4 mm Shielded pair 1x2x0.75/2.5Conductor Stranded tinned copperwire (22awg), Ø 0.75 mm Insulation Foamed Polyethylene(PE) with skin, Ø 2.5 mm Formation 2 wires, blue and whitetwistedpairScreen Alulaminate foil overlapped Electrical Data at 20°CConductor resistance ≤ 56 Ω/kmScreen resistance ≤ 9.2 Ω/kmInsulation resistance ≥ 10 GΩ/kmOperating voltage (peak)≤ 500 VTest voltage (rms 50Hz 1min)2000 VShielded pairCapacitance (1 kHz wire/wire)Nom. 36.1 nF/km Capacitance (1 kHz wire/screen)Nom. 65.6 nF/kmCharacteristic Impedance Nom. 120ΩVelocity of propagation Nom. 78%Mechanical and Thermal CharacteristicsConductor material According to IEC 228Class 5Insulating material According to DIN EN50290-2-26 (VDE 0819)(HD 624.6)Jacket material According toF45052-F5100 (similar toDIN VDE 0282)Flame retardant According to IEC 60332-1-2 Oil resistant According to EN 60811-404 (7 x 24h/90˚C) Operating temperature-40˚C to + 80˚CStorage temperature-40˚C to + 80˚CMin. bending radius Repeated 8 x ØSingle 4 x ØWeight (approx.) 69 kg/kmOther CharacteristicsRoHS compliant Yes 2011/65/EC Hydrolysis resistant YesAbrasion resistant YesHalogen free According to IEC 60754-1Smoke density Accordingto IEC 61034Available lengthsCables are “made to order” and can be ordered in any length up to 300mProduct DataFull product name RS485 Link Cable (male/female)Supplier order code201GNet weight per piece0.1 + (N x 0.069) kg(N=cable length in meter)29.5mm27 mmTunneLogicSystem SpecificationsPage 15General CharacteristicsConductor Stranded bare copperwire, 30/0.25mm (1.5mm2)Insulation LSZH FireFighter™,Ø 2.5mmFormation 2 core purple numbered1 &2 alpha numericallyJacket Formable LSZH elastomercompound, Grey RAL7001, Ø 6.8 ± 0.3 mmPrint legend PHILIPS LIGHTINGCONTROL SYSTEMS (DALIPUR 2x1.5mm)Mechanical and Thermal CharacteristicsConductor material According to IEC 228Class 5Insulating material According to DIN EN50290-2-26 (VDE 0819)(HD 624.6)Jacket material According to F45052-F5100(similar to DIN VDE 0282)Flame retardant According to IEC 60332-1-2Oil resistant According to EN 60811-404 (7 x 24h/90˚C)Operating temperature Storage temperature -40˚C to + 80˚C -40˚C to + 80˚CMin. bending radius Repeated 6 x Ø Single4 x ØWeight (approx.) 71 kg/kmOther CharacteristicsRoHS compliant Yes 2011/65/EC Hydrolysis resistant YesAbrasion resistant YesHalogen free According to IEC 60754-1and VDE 0282Smoke density According to IEC 61034 NEN1010 compliant Yes Electrical Data at 20°CConductor resistance ≤ 13.3 Ω/kmInsulation resistance ≥ 10 MΩ/kmOperating voltage(peak)≤ 500 VTest voltage(RMS 50Hz 1min)2000 VAvailable lengthsCables are “made to order” and can be ordered in any length up to 300mProduct DataFull product name DALI Link Cable (female/female)Supplier order code272GNet weight per piece 0.1 + (N x 0.071) kg(N=cable length in meter)Specifications Cables DALI29.5mm27 mmGeneral CharacteristicsConductor Stranded bare copper wire,50/0.25mm (2.5mm2) Insulation LSZH FireFighter™, Ø 3.0mm Formation 2 wires, black and red twisted Jacket LSZH-PUR compound, GreyRAL 7001, Ø 7.8 ± 0.3 mmPrint legend PHILIPS LIGHTING CONTROLSYSTEMS (T-LINE PUR2x2.5mm)Mechanical and Thermal CharacteristicsConductor material According to IEC 228 Class 5 Insulating material According to DIN EN 50290-2-26 (VDE 0819) (HD 624.6) Jacket material According to F45052-F5100(similar to DIN VDE 0282) Flame retardant According to IEC 60332-1-2Oil resistant According to EN 60811-404(7 x 24h/90˚C)Operating temperature-40˚C up to + 80˚CStorage temperature-40˚C up to + 80˚CMin. bending radius Repeated 6 x ØSingle 4 x ØWeight (approx.)103 kg/kmOther CharacteristicsRoHS compliant YesHydrolysis resistant YesAbrasion resistant YesHalogen free According to IEC 60754-1 Smoke density According to IEC 61034Electrical Data at 20°CConductor resistance≤ 7.98 Ω/kmInsulation resistance≥ 10 MΩ/kmOperating voltage (peak)≤ 500 VTest voltage (rms 50Hz 1min)2000 VAvailable lengthsCables are “made to order” and can be ordered in any length up to 200mAlso available1.5mm2 cores4.0mm2 coresProduct DataSupplier order code 115GFull product name LED Extension LeadNet weight per piece0.05 + (N x 0.103) kg(N=cable length in meter)TunneLogicSystem Specifications Page 16Specifications Cables LED Extension Lead29.5mm27 mmTunneLogicTopologyPage 17 Control Network / TopologyClient SCADAtunnel management system© 2014 Koninklijke Philips N.V. All rights reserved. Philips Lighting reserves the right to make/main/ changes in specifications and/or to discontinue any product at any timewithout notice orobligation and will not be liable for any consequences resulting from the use of this publication.2014-12-08。
基于单片机的智能照明控制系统设计摘要随着电子技术的飞速发展,基于单片机的控制系统已广泛应用于工业、农业、电力、电子、智能楼宇等行业,微型计算机作为嵌入式控制系统的主体与核心,代替了传统的控制系统的常规电子线路。
楼宇智能化的发展与成熟,也为基于单片机的照明控制系统的普及与应用奠定了坚实的基础。
本文介绍了基于单片机AT89C51的室内灯光控制系统及其原理,提出了有效的节能控制方法。
该系统采用了当今比较成熟的传感技术和计算机控制技术,利用多参数来实现对学校教室室内照明的控制。
系统设计包括硬件设计和软件设计两部分。
该照明控制系统的主控制器、分控制器分别是以AT89C51和AT89C2051单片机为基础,实现了通信、信号采集、控制与显示等功能。
使用光电子镇流器,使光源具备自动调节功能。
文中详细地描述了控制电路的设计过程,包括:光信号取样电路、人体信号采集电路、键盘与LED显示电路、RS485通信电路、照明灯控制电路、看门狗电路以及信号处理电路等。
对于软件设计主要有主控制器、分控制器的有线通信程序设计以及灯光控制、定时控制、键盘扫描与LED显示等程序设计。
工作时,光信号取样电路采集光照强弱、人体信号采集电路采集室内是否有人、是否为工作时间等信息并将信号送到单片机,单片机根据这些信息通过控制电路对照明设备进行开关操作,从而实现照明控制,以达到节能的目的。
关键词:智能控制,主控制器,分控制器,单片机,定时控制The Control System for Intelligent Lighting Based onSingle–chip MicrocomputerAuthor: Li GuozhongTutor: Sun ManAbstractWith the rapid development of electronic technology, the system of control based on Single-chip Microcomputer is widely applied in industry, agriculture, electric power, electron, intelligent building and so on. Microcomputer, as the subject and core of the embedded system of control, replaces the traditional system—electronic circuit. At the same time, the development and maturation of the intelligent building have established the substantial foundation for the popularization and application of the control system for lighting based on single-chip microcomputer。
Road Hog® 4 ConsoleA. General:1. The lighting control console shall be a Flying Pig Systems Road Hog console.The console shall be available from Barco Lighting Systems, Inc., 2105 GracyFarms Lane, Austin, TX 78758, USA.2. The lighting control system shall be designed specifically for the control of stage,studio, touring and entertainment lighting systems.3. A company having over 20 years experience in the control of entertainmentlighting shall manufacture the lighting control system.4. The equipment shall be ETL listed.5. Systems that do not provide the features listed below shall not be acceptable.B. Hardware:1. The console shall be constructed of a rugged aluminum chassis with powdercoated panels and faceplates. An elbow rest shall be provided.2. A universal 90 – 250V 50/60 Hz power factor corrected power supply shall beincorporated.3. The console shall contain a G850 2.9 GHz processor on an industrialmotherboard.4. A solid state high performance internal hard disk drive shall be provided5. Controls shall consist of keypad, four (4) rotary encoders knobs and twelve (12)User Keys. There shall be ten (10) user programmable, Penny & Giles faderswith associated illuminated enable buttons on the playback portion of theconsole.6. The console shall have one (1) 22” 10 point multi touch sensitive colour displayscreen.7. One (1) desklight is provided, using dimmable white LEDs for illumination. Adimmable white LED worklight shall be on the front of the console along with dual blue LED marker lights.8. One (1) external DVI-D monitor shall be supported. External touchscreenmonitors shall be supported.9. The following interfaces shall be provideda. Five (5) Universal Serial Bus portsb. Four (4) 5-pin XLR DMX outputsc. One (1) gigabit Fast Ethernet using rugged Neutrik Ethercon connectord. One (1) DVI-D monitor output10. The console shall be capable of outputting four DMX universes via 5-pin XLRconnectors and up to 8 universes of DMX over ArtNet and sACN directly.11. External network output devices can be attached to expand DMX outputcapability (no limit).12. The console shall be 759mm x 572mm x 310mm weight, weighing 19.4 kg.13. The user shall make operating software upgrades via USB flash drive. Nochanging of internal components shall be required. USB connected accessories shall also be upgradeable via USB flash drive.14. Midi and SMPTE Timecode functionality may be added through use of externalwidgets.15. The control console shall be supplied witha. Power cordb. USB Flash drive (Storage)c. USB Flash drive (Restore)d. Dust coverC. Programming and playback:1. The controller’s capacities shall be: 8192 multi-parameter luminaires, anunlimited number of simultaneous crossfades, and up to 65,536 cues, cue lists,chases, scenes, palettes, groups, and pages. There shall be no specific limit on the number of DMX universes supported.2. The console shall contain a library that addresses moving lights of all majormanufacturers as well as other lighting devices such as color scrollers. Thecontrol console shall contain an inherent mapping of fixtures for the variousattributes associated with automated and fixed focus lighting units.3. Multiple fixture types shall be simultaneously supported and any fixture may bepatched to any address on any universe.4. The console shall follow an industry standard command line programmingsyntax.5. The console shall contain the capacity to program unlimited multi-part cues,automated preset focus updating, and shall be able to track changes to themodifications of previously recorded cues. Each element of programming in aCue shall possess independent timing and fade path settings. Cue timing options shall include: fade, delay, or manual (all with in/out option). Times may beprogrammable from 0.0 seconds to several days.6. The console shall provide complete programming manipulation including move,copy, merge, mask, as well as comprehensive patch features for profiles,proportional patching, parking, etc.7. The console will provide a multi-level undo/redo function and an online helpsystem.8. The console shall be equipped with an effects engine that shall instantly generatecomplex effects including those commonly referred to as "rainbows" and"ballyhoos". Chases shall have fully adjustable direction, crossfading, and rates.9. The controller shall provide unlimited simultaneous playback of independent cuelists, chases, or scenes on up to 10 Playback masters on the console. Additional Playback masters may be added with expansion wing units and virtual masters.Masters shall also be able to provide inhibitive intensity control of some or allfixtures.10. Cue lists, scenes, and inhibitives shall be dynamically assigned to Masters andgrouped together on a Page. Changing Pages shall load a new set of cue lists,scenes and inhibitives to the Masters.11. The controller shall possess advanced Page features including: instant changes,crossfading between pages, flexible sizes, automatic holdover and remain inbackground.12. Custom settings shall be provided for Go and Flash buttons, Cues, Cuelists, andsubmasters: activation, precedence (HTP or LTP), resetting, inhibitive, etc.13. There shall be a main set of playback controls providing Go, Halt/Back, StepForward, Step Back, Go To, Release and Assert buttons.14. A rear-illuminated multi-mode trackball for focusing or pointing, a next fixturebutton for quick fixture selection, a live button that shall instantly select specified fixtures, a snapshot function named "suck" for active cues, and a blindprogramming mode shall be provided.15. The control console shall provide instant access to fixtures, groups, and palettesvia touch-sensitive displays. The displays shall contain numerous windows to give feedback on programming and fixture status. If connected to two external displays, all four displays may simultaneously show different windows, windows may be sized and moved on any display as desired, and custom configured views may be saved and instantly recalled.16. All items may be given useful names to simplify operation.17. The software will allow for custom mapping of function of fixture parameters toany of the five main encoders. Custom maps will be able to be stored andrecalled by means of the User Kind keys.18. The software will allow for the networking of multiple consoles across a network,and will allow for the presence of multiple servers on the same show. Thesoftware will allow for full network failover.19. The software will be separated into various processes, allowing for greaterredundancy and the ability to restart said processes without requiring to reboot the console.20. Each DMX Processor 8000 process will allow for up to eight discrete streams ofMidi or SMTPE time code to be handled by the software, without any specific limits to total number of streams.21. The software will allow for a ‘console lock’ to be activated by the programmer.22. GUI elements will be able to be set to different sizes and colours, and whenrecalled will remember these settings.23. GUI User Kind widget, to allow representation of User Keys.D. Peripheral equipment:1. A range of optional complementary equipment shall be available from consolemanufacturer and shall include the following:a. DMX processor providing sixteen universes of DMX output via XLR or Art-Net. It shall be possible to connect multiple DMX processors via Ethernet.b. USB DMX Widgetc. USB DMX Super Widgetd. USB DMX Super Duper Widgete. USB Timecode widget providing LTC inputf. USB Playback wingg. USB Master wingh. USB Nano wingE. Provide the followingQty Part number Description- 61020006 Road Hog 4 Control Console (road case not included)- 61070011 Road Hog Roadcase- 62040004 Hog DMX Processor 8000 (16 DMX outputs, 8192 channels, rack mount) - 62040002 Wholehog DMX Processor 8000 Expander- 74040007 Hog DMXWidget (black)- 74040008 Hog Super Widget (black)- 74040009 Hog Midi/SMTP Time CodeWidget (black)- 61040060 Playback Wing 4- 61040062 Master Wing 4- 90903068 Hog USB Flash Drive Red (Restore)- 90903067 Hog USB Flash Drive- A5040001 Superwidget Expansion Kit- 61070012 Playback /Master Wing 4 Roadcase- 61040029 Hog Desk Light。
2020年第7期信息与电脑China Computer & Communication软件开发与应用图书馆照明控制系统的设计与实现孙景伟 丁学用(三亚学院 理工学院,海南 三亚 572022)摘 要:在高等院校图书馆中,照明能耗占比高于普通公共建筑,有效降低其照明能耗对建筑节能具有明显的作用。
传统照明方式由于节能效果差等原因,虽然投入少,但已不适应图书馆对照明系统的节能需求,现代照明系统应根据图书馆的不同需求来实现不同的照明效果。
采用合适的照明控制技术,不仅能够为图书馆节约能源,实现对资源的充分利用,也满足现代图书馆智能化和绿色化发展的需要。
基于此,笔者设计了图书馆照明控制系统。
该设计以STC89C52单片机为控制平台,结合光敏模块、时钟模块、红外模块、液晶显示模块等元器件构成了照明控制系统。
关键词:照明控制;节能;光敏电阻;红外对管中图分类号:TN215 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-9767(2020)07-098-03Design and Implementation of Lighting Control System in LibrarySun Jingwei, Ding Xueyong(Institute of Science and Technology, University of Sanya, Sanya Hainan 572022, China)Abstract: In the library of colleges and universities, the proportion of lighting energy consumption is higher than that of commonpublic buildings, and effectively reducing its lighting energy consumption has an obvious effect on building energy saving. Due to thepoor energy-saving effect and other reasons, the traditional lighting mode has not been able to meet the energy-saving requirements of the lighting system in the library, although it has less investment. The modern lighting system should achieve different lighting effects according to the different needs of the library. Adopting appropriate lighting control technology can not only save energy and make full use of resources, but also meet the needs of intelligent and green development of modern library. Based on this, the author designed the library lighting control system. In this design, STC89C52 is used as the control platform, and the lighting control systemis composed of photosensitive module, clock module, infrared module, LCD module and other components.Key words: lighting control; energy saving; photoresistor; infrared pair tube作者简介:孙景伟(1988—),男,海南三亚人,硕士研究生,讲师。
基于光敏电阻的照明灯控制系统的设计摘要随着信息技术的飞速发展和社会的不断进步,人们都市生活的迅速发展,新型半导体材料LED照明应用得到普及,人们对 LED 照明的高效控制和功能多样化的要求也不断提高。
灯饰除了有普遍的照明作用之外,还有广泛的工业用途。
针对普通的LED 光源存在光谱不全这个问题,本文介绍了一套小型智能灯,它是基于光敏电阻的照明系统,主要的功能是用光照强度来调节LED灯的亮度,就是通过光敏电阻接收到的外界不同的照度来控制LED灯不同的亮度,也就是说,本设计通过环境光照度的强弱对LED灯进行控制,而且可以自动变换,使生活和工业生产更加现代化和节能环保。
这个设计的核心在于单片机控制模块,光敏电阻通过外界照度的不同产生不同大小的电信号,本设计先根据电信号的大小规定好对应的数字信号,这样单片机就可以根据输入的数值信号发出红绿黄三路通路/截止的命令,达到辨色的目的,判断光强度做好防护,并且可从液晶屏上读出光照强度,调控LED光强,这样的设备在温棚、禽舍、晒相、电路板生产等方面都得到广泛的应用。
关键词:LED(发光二极管) 光敏电阻单片机液晶显示屏LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN BASED ON PHOTORESISTORABSTRACTWith the rapid development of information technology and social progress as well as the rapid development of urban life, new applications of semiconductor materials are popular LED lighting products. Efficient LED lighting and functional diversification of the requirements is also rising. Lighting not only have lighting effect, but also have extensive function of industry. This paper introduces a set of small smart lights, the lighting system which is based on photosensitive resistance, to solve LED light source for general spectrum insufficiency problem. Its main function is to automatically select the light color. Photoresistor receives differentillumination of the light outside to control the three RGY-LED work or not. In other words, a lamp can automatically transform several colors light. It will save the energy sources make our life more modern . The SCM ( Single Chip Micyoco) module is the core of this design. Photoresistor generated different signals by different external illumination. The design first turn analog signals into digital signals.Accroding the digital signals, SCM will release the orders to control RGY-LED work or not.In this way, the purpose is able to choose colors of the light intellectuality.At the same time it can read the light intensity On the LCD panel to regulat the intensity of Lighting system . Such equipment Have extensive application on Greenhouse, birdhouse, bask in phase, circuit board production.朗读Key words: LED(Light Emitting Diode) Photoresistor SCM LCD显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音目录摘要 IABSTRACT II1前言 11.1选题的目的意义 11.2国内外研究综述 11.3研究目标 11.4研究内容 21.5关键问题 21.6基本思路 21.7研究方法 22基于光敏电阻的照明灯控制系统的设计和论证 32.1设计要求 32.2设计方案 32.3方案选取 63基于光敏电阻的照明灯控制系统的设计 73.1基于光敏电阻的照明灯控制系统的整体电路原理方框 7 3.2电源设计 73.3控制电路 73.3.1STC12C5A60S2 83.3.2信号采集电路 103.3.3LCD显示电路 113.3.4驱动调光电路 124单片机编程 154.1程序流程框图 154.2信号采集程序 154.2.1AD初始化程序 154.2.2AD转换程序 164.3显示屏程序 164.3.1写指令函数 164.3.2写数据函数 164.3.3显示函数 174.3.4对1602液晶的模式进行设置 184.4主程序(选择红、绿、黄指示灯的程序) 184.5PWM程序 195焊接与调试 215.1焊接 215.1.1制作注意事项 215.1.2 实物展示 215.2 软件调试 225.3 PWM波形测量图 256元件清单与性能参数 267结论 27参考文献 29附录 301整体电路设计图 302单片机全部程序 31 谢辞 37。
Intelligent lighting control systemAbstract: Intelligent lighting control system the main aim is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%.Keywords: Intelligent lighting control system bus-type star-shaped structure1 the use of intelligent lighting control system for the superiority of1.1 good energy saving effectIntelligent lighting control system using the main purpose is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%. In addition, the intelligent lighting control system for fluorescent lamp dimming control, etc., due to the use of a fluorescent active tunable filter electronic ballast technology and reduce the harmonic content, to improve the power factor and reduce the low-voltage reactive power loss.1.2 to extend the life span of light sourceLight source can not only extend the life savings, but also significantly reduce the workload of lamp replacement, reducing the operating costs of lighting systems, management and maintenance becomes simple.Both the thermal radiation source, or gas discharge light source, voltage fluctuations are a major cause of light damage. Therefore, the effective suppression of the fluctuations in voltage can extend the life of light sources.Intelligent lighting control system can successfully suppress the surge voltage power grid, but also have a voltage limit and the conjugate stream functions of filtering, to avoid over-voltage and under-voltage damage to the light. The use of soft-start and soft turn-off technology, to avoid the impact of current damage to the light. Through this method, the light source to extend the life span of usually 2 to 4 times.1.3 to improve the working environment, improve efficiencyGood working environment is to improve the efficiency of a necessary condition. Good design and reasonable choice of light source, lamps and lighting quality control systems, can improve the quality of lighting.Intelligent lighting control system dimming control panel module to replace the traditional lighting of the level switch control is an effective way to control the overall room illumination value, thereby enhancing the uniformity of illumination. At the same time, this control method used in electrical components have also solved the stroboscopic effect, will not create uncomfortable, confused, feeling eyestrain.1.4 to achieve a variety of lighting effectsA wide range of lighting control, the same building can have a variety of artistic effect, for a lot of construction hyperchromic. Modern buildings, lighting is not simply to meet people on the visual effect of light and shade, they should have control of a variety of programs to make buildings more vivid, more artistic, giving a wealth of visual effects and aesthetics. As an example of a project, building the exhibition hall, lecture hall, lobby, atrium, etc., if with intelligent lighting control system, according to different times, different uses, different effects, using the corresponding pre-set scene control, can achieve the wealth of artistic effect.1.5 facilitate the management of maintenanceIntelligent lighting control system for the control of lighting based on the automatic control of modular-based, supplemented by manual control, preset lighting scenes to the parameters stored in the EPROM Digital, these information is very convenient to set up and replaced, so that building lighting management and maintenance easier.1.6 have a high economic rate of returnOur reference point for the Shanghai region, from energy-saving lights and provincial estimates of the two made a come to this conclusion: with three to five years, the owner can recover the basic intelligent lighting control system to increase the total costs. Intelligent lighting control system can improve the environment and improve employee productivity and reduce maintenance and management costs, but also for the owners to save a substantial amount of costs.2 intelligent lighting control system componentsWe know that the intelligent lighting control system of building control system is only one part of the. If you want to focus on the various control systems to the control center to control, then the control system must have the standard communication interface and protocol version. Although such a system integration is feasible in theory, but it is very difficult to put into practice. Thus, in engineering, intelligent management of our building a distributed system, distributed, that is relatively independent of each control subsystem, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system control subsystem of the relative independence, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system from the control subsystem is a signal collection and monitoring role.At present, the intelligent lighting control system in accordance with sub-network topology, the following two forms, namely, bus and star-shaped structure-based hybrid. Both forms have the characteristics of a number of bus more flexibility, easy expansion, control of relative independence, lower costs; mixed some high reliability, fault diagnosis and rule out the simple, easy access to the agreement, transfer rate higher.Engineering design, we consider the building of intelligent lighting control system as an independent subsystem, use of international standards and agreements of the communication interface text, into the intelligent building management systems. Intelligent lighting control system uses a distributed, distribution-based approach, that is, the dimming control unit is relatively independent, self-contained, non-interfering, through centralized management and information interfaces, and intelligent building managementsystem linked to the achievement of the building control center subsystem of the collection and monitoring of the signal. In short, the intelligent lighting control should be the main system is a centralized management, and the main trunk and information interface components consisting of the regional implementation of the same sample of control and signal networks; its subsystems should be a dimmer by the various types of modules , control panels, illumination detector dynamic and static and dynamic components consisting of detectors, respectively, of the regional implementation of the specific control of different networks, the main system and subsystems, such as between the components through the interface to connect, to achieve data transmission.3 Intelligent lighting control system and control of the control of the contentA project to control the use of intelligent lighting control system include the following categories: technology office hall, computer center and other important room, lecture hall, such as multi-function hall, exhibition hall, conference center, lobby and courtyard, walkways and elevators, such as the Office of Public site; building facade lighting in general and also by the intelligent lighting control systems to control switch signal.Control the content of the term of the Interpretation:(1) clock controlClock management, etc. through the electrical components, to achieve the normal work of regions for the state of lighting in different time control.(2) the automatic adjustment control illuminationThrough each module and illumination dimming dynamic electrical components such as detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting dimming control, making the region, such as illumination will not be outside with the sunshine factors change, and always maintain the default value in the illumination around.(3) control of the regional sceneThrough each dimmer module and the control panel and other electrical components, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the scene lighting control switch.(4) static and dynamic detection of controlThrough each dimming modules and electrical components, such as movement detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting control switch.(5) Reduction state of emergency controlThrough each of the normal lighting control module, such as dimming of the electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the normal work of the various districts in the state of lighting and to give up the number of relief, such as dimming control.(6) Manual remote controlThrough the infra-red remote control, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of lighting control and manual control of the regional scene.(7) Emergency lighting controlHere mainly refers to the control of intelligent lighting control system to the specialregion by the implementation of the emergency lighting control, including the following two controls:1) under normal illumination and the automatic adjustment control of the regional scene with the regulation of the normal work of lighting the same manner as the control.2) a state of emergency automatic discharge dimming control, through each of the emergency lighting dimming control module, such as electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the regions under a state of emergency lighting dimmers, such as giving up control, so that the accident in the state of emergency lighting to reach 100%.These are the characteristics of intelligent lighting control systems analysis and office buildings in a specific application in a number of experiences, hoping to play the role of forward, so that the field of technology in the lighting to fully play its role.智能照明控制系统摘要:采用智能照明控制系统的主要目的是节约能源,智能照明控制系统借助各种不同的"预设置"控制方式和控制元件,对不同时间不同环境的光照度进行精确设置和合理管理,实现节能。
我国的单片机起步虽然较晚,但经过几十年的发展,也取得了巨大的成就。
不论是工业生产还是社会生活的各个方面都离不开单片机的使用。
下面是搜素整理的单片机英文参考文献的分享,以供参考。
单片机英文参考文献一: [1]Hui Wang. Optimal Design of Single Chip Microcomputer Multi-machine Serial Communication based on Signal VerificationTechnology[J]. International Journal of Intelligent Information and Management Science,2020,9(1)。
[2]Philip J. Basford,Steven J. Johnston,Colin S. Perkins,Tony Garnock-Jones,Fung Po Tso,Dimitrios Pezaros,Robert D. Mullins,Eiko Yoneki,Jeremy Singer,Simon J. Cox. Performance analysis of single board computer clusters[J]. Future Generation ComputerSystems,2020,102. [3]. Computers; Reports from University of Southampton Describe Recent Advances in Computers (Performance Analysis of Single Board Computer Clusters)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2020. [4]Yunyu Cao,Jinjin Dang,Chenxu Cao. Design of Automobile Digital Tire Pressure Detector[J]. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports,2019. [5]Sudad J. Ashaj,Ergun Er?elebi. Reduce Cost Smart Power Management System by Utilize Single Board Computer Artificial Neural Networks for Smart Systems[J]. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems,2019. [6]Hanhong Tan*, Yanfei Teng. Design of PWM Lighting brightness Control based on LAN QIAO Cup single Chip Microcomputer[J]. International Journal of Computational and Engineering,2019,4(3)。
毕业设计(论文)题目:基于单片机的无线控制灯光系统摘要随着人们生活水平的不断提高,当人们在一天繁忙的工作之后,回到家里需要有个轻松舒适的环境。
而灯光在家庭环境中占了很大的部分,能够轻松控制灯光成为人们一个共同的要求,所以我们需要设计一个灯光控制系统,来满足人们的要求。
本问阐述了遥控技术的发展和历史,生活中的应用,为我们的生产生活提供的诸多方便,在遥控技术中主要阐述了用红外线的遥控方式在本设计中的应用。
本文就是通过遥控技术和单片机的相互结合设计灯光控制系统,该系统是基于单片机的控制系统,用遥控的方式对系统灯光进行控制。
本人设计了分为遥控发射模块和遥控接收模块,调光控制电路几个重要部分。
本设计主要解决信号的发射和接收,在信号的处理接收之后对信号的处理程序,通过电路对灯光系统进行控制,这样我们就可以很方便的控制室内灯光的开关和亮度了。
关键词:遥控技术红外线单片机AT89C51 可控硅AbstractAlong with people living standard unceasing enhancement, after peoplein a day busy work, gets in the home to need to have a relaxedcomfortable environment. But the light has occupied the very majorpart in the home environment, can with ease control the light tobecome a people common request, therefore we need to design a lightcontrol system, satisfies people's request.Q expounded on the remote control technology in the development and history of life, we provide for the production and livelihood of the many convenient, remote control technology in the main paper, the infrared remote control in the design of the application. This paper is through remote control technology and MCU integrated lighting control system, The system is based on the computer's control system, remote-controlled manner to control lighting system. I designed a remote control transmitter module into the remote control and receiver module, dimmer control circuit several important part. Designed mainly to solve the signal transmitting and receiving the signal processing after receiving the signal processing Circuit right through lighting system control. So as to meet people's visual requirements. This way we can easily control indoor lighting switch and the brightness.Keywords : Infrared remote control technology AT89C51 SCR目录摘要 (Ⅰ)ABSTRACT (Ⅱ)前言 (1)第1章绪论 (2)1.1遥控技术的基本概念 (2)1.2遥控技术的发展历史与现状 (2)1.3遥控技术的发展前景及应用 (3)第2章总体设计方案 (5)2.1总体设计思路 (5)2.2总体方案的确定 (5)第3章无线模块的设计 (7)3.1无线遥控方案的选择 (7)3.2红外线遥控的基本原理 (7)3.3系统的遥控功能实现方法的设计 (9)3.3.1频分制与码分制的选择 (9)3.3.2码分制遥控功能实现 (10)3.4硬件电路的设计 (12)3.4.1单片机的介绍 (12)3.4.2红外线发射电路的设计 (16)3.4.3红外线接收及控制电路的设计 (18)第4章系统流程图及主要程序 (28)4.1遥控发射及接收控制程序流程图 (28)4.2系统主要程序分析 (30)结论 (38)致谢.............................................. 错误!未定义书签。
照明英语知识点总结图Lighting plays a crucial role in our everyday lives, providing visibility, safety, and aesthetic appeal to the spaces we inhabit. Whether it’s in our homes, offices, or outdoor environments, reliable and efficient lighting is essential for creating a comfortable and productive environment. In this article, we will explore the key points of lighting in the following areas:1. The Basics of Lighting2. Types of Lighting3. Lighting Design Principles4. Energy-Efficient Lighting5. Lighting Control Systems6. Future Trends in Lighting Technology1. The Basics of LightingTo understand lighting, it is important to address the fundamental concepts that form the basis of its function and characteristics:- Light Sources: Light in our environment is mainly derived from natural sources such as the sun and artificial sources like electric lamps. Understanding the properties and output of different light sources is crucial in choosing the right lighting for a specific application.- Spectral Distribution: The spectral distribution of light describes how the intensity of light is distributed across different wavelengths. This is important in determining the color rendering capabilities of a light source.- Luminous Flux and Illuminance: Luminous flux refers to the total quantity of visible light emitted by a light source, while illuminance refers to the amount of light that falls on a surface. These metrics are essential in understanding the brightness and coverage of lighting in a given space.- Color Temperature: The color temperature of light is measured in degrees Kelvin and describes the color appearance of a light source. It is an important consideration in creating the desired ambiance and visual comfort in a space.2. Types of LightingThere are various types of lighting to cater to different needs and preferences. The main types include:- Ambient Lighting: Also known as general lighting, ambient lighting provides overall illumination to a space and is typically the primary source of light in a room.- Task Lighting: Task lighting is designed to provide focused illumination for specific activities such as reading, cooking, or working at a desk. It helps to reduce eyestrain and improve task performance.- Accent Lighting: Accent lighting is used to highlight a particular object, architectural feature, or artwork. It adds visual interest and drama to a space.- Decorative Lighting: Decorative lighting includes fixtures that are designed to enhance the aesthetics of a space, such as chandeliers, pendant lights, and wall sconces.- Natural Lighting: Natural lighting refers to the use of daylight to illuminate interior spaces. It offers numerous benefits, including energy savings, visual comfort, and connection to the outdoors.- Emergency Lighting: Emergency lighting is essential for providing illumination in the event of a power outage or emergency situation. It includes exit signs, emergency lights, and backup lighting systems.3. Lighting Design PrinciplesEffective lighting design involves careful consideration of several principles to achieve the desired visual and functional outcomes:- Balance: Balancing the distribution of light throughout a space helps to create a harmonious and comfortable environment. This can be achieved by combining different types of lighting and adjusting their intensities to suit the specific needs of the space.- Contrast: Contrast in lighting involves creating variations in light levels to emphasize different elements within a space, such as highlighting architectural features or creating visual interest.- Uniformity: Uniformity in lighting aims to provide consistent levels of illumination across a space, ensuring that there are no areas of glare or shadow.- Color Rendering: Color rendering refers to the ability of a light source to accurately represent the colors of objects. High color rendering is important in retail, hospitality, and residential settings where color quality is essential.- Glare Control: Glare occurs when there is excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the visual field, leading to discomfort and reduced visibility. Proper glare control is essential for creating a comfortable and safe environment.- Energy Efficiency: Designing lighting systems to be energy-efficient is crucial for reducing energy consumption and operating costs. This can be achieved through the use of efficient light sources, controls, and lighting designs that maximize natural light.4. Energy-Efficient LightingIn recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on energy-efficient lighting solutions that minimize environmental impact and reduce energy consumption. Key strategies for achieving energy efficiency in lighting include:- LED Lighting: Light-emitting diode (LED) technology has revolutionized the lighting industry by offering a highly efficient and long-lasting alternative to traditional light sources. LED lighting consumes significantly less energy, has a longer lifespan, and offers superior color rendering capabilities.- CFL Lighting: Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are another energy-efficient option that has gained popularity for their ability to provide high-quality light output while using less energy than incandescent bulbs.- Light Control: Implementing lighting controls such as dimmers, occupancy sensors, and daylight harvesting systems can significantly reduce energy usage by optimizing the use of artificial lighting based on occupancy and daylight availability.- Energy Star Certification: Energy Star-qualified lighting products meet strict energy efficiency and performance criteria set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE). Choosing Energy Star-certified lighting products ensures that they are among the most energy-efficient options available.- Lighting Retrofits: Upgrading existing lighting systems with more energy-efficient technologies can yield significant energy savings and improve lighting quality.5. Lighting Control SystemsLighting control systems are essential for optimizing the performance and energy efficiency of lighting installations. These systems offer the following benefits:- Dimming: Dimming controls allow users to adjust the light output of fixtures to meet specific requirements and create different ambiances. This not only enhances visual comfort but also reduces energy consumption.- Occupancy Sensors: Occupancy sensors detect the presence of people in a space and automatically turn lights on or off based on occupancy. This helps to minimize energy wastage in unoccupied areas.- Daylight Harvesting: Daylight harvesting systems adjust artificial lighting levels based on the amount of natural light available, reducing the need for electric lighting in spaces with ample daylight.- Time Scheduling: Time scheduling controls enable programming of lighting systems to operate at specific times, allowing for energy-efficient operation based on occupancy patterns and usage schedules.- Remote Access: Advanced lighting control systems offer remote access and monitoring capabilities, allowing users to adjust lighting settings and troubleshoot issues from a centralized location.6. Future Trends in Lighting TechnologyThe field of lighting technology is constantly evolving, with several key trends shaping the future of lighting design and implementation:- Connected Lighting: The concept of connected lighting involves integrating lighting systems with smart controls, sensors, and network connectivity to enable remote management, data collection, and advanced functionality.- Human-Centric Lighting: Human-centric lighting aims to enhance well-being and productivity by tailoring light settings to mimic natural daylight patterns and support the body's circadian rhythms.- IoT Integration: Lighting systems are increasingly being integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable seamless communication with other building systems and provide valuable data for optimization and analysis.- Sustainable Materials: The use of sustainable materials and manufacturing processes is becoming an important consideration in lighting design, with a focus on reducing environmental impact and promoting circular economy principles.- Advanced Controls: The development of advanced control systems, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, is expected to enhance the functionality and energy efficiency of lighting installations.ConclusionIn conclusion, lighting is an essential aspect of our built environment, influencing our visual comfort, safety, and overall experience of a space. By understanding the basics of lighting, exploring different types of lighting, and applying sound design principles, we can create environments that are not only well-lit but also energy-efficient and visually appealing. As technology continues to advance, the future of lighting looks promising, with innovative solutions that prioritize sustainability, connectivity, and human well-being.。
Intelligent Control Systems Intelligent control systems play a crucial role in various industries, from manufacturing to healthcare, by automating processes and enhancing efficiency. These systems are designed to mimic human decision-making processes, usingartificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze data and make real-time adjustments. They can optimize operations, reduce costs, and improve overall performance. One of the key benefits of intelligent control systems is their ability to adapt to changing conditions. By continuously monitoring and analyzing data, these systems can make quick decisions and adjustments to ensure optimal performance. For example, in a manufacturing plant, an intelligent control system can adjust production schedules based on demand fluctuations, leading to reduced downtime and increased productivity. Moreover, intelligent control systems can improve safety by detecting and responding to potential hazards inreal-time. In a healthcare setting, for instance, these systems can monitorpatient vital signs and alert medical staff to any abnormalities, helping to prevent medical errors and improve patient outcomes. By automating routine tasks, intelligent control systems also free up human resources to focus on more complex and critical functions. Another advantage of intelligent control systems is their ability to optimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact. By analyzing energy usage patterns and adjusting settings accordingly, these systems can help companies reduce their carbon footprint and lower their utility bills. In a smart building, for example, an intelligent control system can adjust lighting and HVAC systems based on occupancy levels, leading to significant energy savings. However, the adoption of intelligent control systems is not without challenges. One of the main concerns is the potential for job displacement, as automation may replace certain roles traditionally performed by humans. It is important for companies to implement these systems thoughtfully and provide training and support for employees to transition to new roles that complement intelligent control systems. Furthermore, there are ethical considerations to take into account when implementing intelligent control systems. For example, in autonomous vehicles, decisions must be made about how to prioritize the safety of passengers versus pedestrians in the event of an unavoidable accident. Companies must ensure thattheir systems are programmed with ethical guidelines and that they are transparent about how decisions are made. In conclusion, intelligent control systems offer numerous benefits, from improving efficiency and safety to reducing energy consumption. However, their implementation requires careful consideration of potential challenges, such as job displacement and ethical concerns. By addressing these issues thoughtfully and proactively, companies can harness the power of intelligent control systems to drive innovation and enhance their operations.。
发光调控英语Title: The Complexity and Intricacies of Luminescence RegulationLuminescence regulation, a field at the intersection of physics, chemistry, and biology, holds immense potential in various applications ranging from displays and lighting to biomedical imaging and sensing. It involves the precise control of the emission of light from a material, either spontaneously or in response to an external stimulus. This article delves into the complexities and intricacies of luminescence regulation, exploring its principles, techniques, and evolving applications.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the fundamental mechanisms of luminescence. Luminescence occurs when a material absorbs energy, either in the form of light, electricity, or heat, and subsequently emits light. This process is typically characterized by the excitation of electrons within the material, followed by their relaxation and emission of photons. The color and intensity of the emitted light depend on the material's chemical composition, structure, and the nature of the excitation.Luminescence regulation involves manipulating these mechanisms to achieve desired emission properties. One approach is through the use of dopants or activators, which introduce additional energy states within the material. These dopants can enhance or modify the emission spectrum, enabling the tuning of color and intensity. Another method involves manipulating the material's physical structure, such as through nanostructuring or the use of porous materials, to alter the path and efficiency of light emission.Moreover, the field of luminescence regulation has benefited significantly from the advancement of synthetic techniques and material science. The ability to synthesize materials with precise compositional and structural control has opened new avenues for precise luminescence tuning. For instance, the development of colloidal quantum dots and perovskite nanocrystals has enabled the creation of luminescent materials with tunable emission wavelengths and high brightness.In terms of applications, luminescence regulation finds widespread use in various fields. In displays and lighting,luminescent materials are used to generate vibrant colors and efficient light emission. The precise control of emission properties enables the creation of displays with high color accuracy and contrast, as well as lighting systems with optimized energy efficiency.In the biomedical field, luminescent materials have revolutionized imaging and sensing techniques. Fluorescence microscopy, for instance, relies on the ability to label specific molecules or cells with luminescent probes, enabling their visualization with high spatial and temporal resolution. Luminescent probes are also used in biosensing applications, where they can detect and quantify biological analytes with high sensitivity and specificity.Furthermore, the emergence of photoluminescence-based solar cells has highlighted the potential of luminescence regulation in renewable energy applications. By engineering the luminescent properties of photovoltaic materials, researchers aim to improve the efficiency and stability of solar cells, addressing key challenges in solar energy conversion.However, the field of luminescence regulation remains challenging and evolving. The complexity of luminescent mechanisms, coupled with the diverse range of materials and applications, poses significant challenges in achieving precise and reliable luminescence control. Ongoing research efforts are focused on developing novel materials and techniques that can further enhance the performance and versatility of luminescent systems.In conclusion, luminescence regulation represents a vibrant and dynamic field with vast potential for innovation and applications. As the understanding of luminescent mechanisms deepens and synthetic techniques improve, the capabilities of luminescent materials will continue to expand, opening new doors in various fields from displays and lighting to biomedicine and renewable energy.。
Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual’s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be sol ved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics.Health-Care and Supportive housing:To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping seniors maintain their independence and in helping caregivers sustain their caringactivities.The overall design of the research is to focus on two groups of seniors. The first is seniors who are being discharged from an acute care setting with the potential for reduced ability to remain independent. An example is seniors who have had hip replacement surgery. This group may benefit from technologies that would help them become adapted to their reduced mobility. The second is seniors who have a chronic health problem such as dementia and who are receiving assistance from an informal caregiver living at a distance. Informal caregivers living at a distance from the cared-for senior are at high risk of caregiver burnout. Monitoring the cared-for senior for health and safety is one of the important tasks done by such caregivers. Devices such as floor sensors (to determine whether the senior has fallen) and access controls to ensure safety from intruders or to indicate elopement by a senior with dementia could reduce caregiver time spent commuting to monitor the senior.For both samples, trials would consist of extended periods of residence within the ‘smart house’. Samples of seniors being discharged from acute care would be recruited from acute care hospitals. Samples of seniors being cared for by informal caregivers at a distance could be recruited through dementia diagnosis clinics or through request from caregivers for respite.Limited amounts of clinical and health service research has been conducted upon seniors (with complex health problems) in controlled environments such as that represented by the “smart house”. For exa mple, it is known that night vision of the aged is poor but there is very little information regarding the optimum level of lighting after wakening or for night activities. Falling is a major issue for older persons; and it results in injuries, disabilities and additional health care costs. For those with dementing illnesses, safety is the key issue during performance of the activities of daily living (ADL). It is vital for us to be able to monitor where patients would fall during ADL. Patients and caregivers activities would be monitored and data will be collected in the following conditions.Projects would concentrate on sub-populations, with a view to collecting scientific data about their conditions and the impact of technology upon their life styles. For example:Persons with stable chronic disability following a stroke and their caregivers: to research optimum models, types and location of various sensors for such patients (these patients may have neglect, hemiplegia, aphasia and judgment problems); to research pattern of movements during the ambulation, use of wheel chairs or canes on various type of floor material; to research caregivers support through e-health technology; to monitor frequencies and location of the falls; to evaluate the value of smart appliances for stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate information and communication technology set up for Tele-homecare; to evaluate technology interface for Tele-homecare staff and clients; to evaluate the most effective way of lighting the various part of the house; to modify or develop new technology to enhance comfort and convenience of stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate the value of surveillance systems in assisting caregivers.Persons with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers: to evaluate the effect of smart house (unfamiliar environment) on their ability to conduct self-care with and without prompting; to evaluate their ability to use unfamiliar equipment in the smart house; to evaluate and monitor persons with Alzheimer’s diseas e movement pattern; to evaluate and monitor falls or wandering; to evaluate the type and model of sensors to monitor patients; to evaluate the effect of wall color for patients and care givers; to evaluate the value of proper lighting.Technology - Ubiquitous Computing:The ubiquitous computing infrastructure is viewed as the backbone of the “intelligence” within the house. In common with all ubiquitous computing systems, the primary components with this system will be: the array of sensors, the communication infrastructure and the software control (based upon software agents) infrastructure. Again, it is considered essential that this topic is investigated holistically.Sensor design: The focus of research here will be development of (micro)-sensors and sensor arrays using smart materials, e.g. piezoelectric materials, magneto strictive materials and shape memory alloys (SMAs). In particular, SMAs are a class of smart materials that are attractive candidates for sensing and actuating applications primarily because of their extraordinarily high work output/volume ratiocompared to other smart materials. SMAs undergo a solid-solid phase transformation when subjected to an appropriate regime of mechanical and thermal load, resulting in a macroscopic change in dimensions and shape; this change is recoverable by reversing the thermo mechanical loading and is known as a one-way shape memory effect. Due to this material feature, SMAs can be used as both a sensor and an actuator.A very recent development is an effort to incorporate SMAs in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) so that these materials can be used as integral parts of micro-sensors and actuators.MEMS are an area of activity where some of the technology is mature enough for possible commercial applications to emerge. Some examples are micro-chemical analyzers, humidity and pressure sensors, MEMS for flow control, synthetic jet actuators and optical MEMS (for the next generation internet). Incorporating SMAs in MEMS is a relatively new effort in the research community; to the best of our knowledge, only one group (Prof. Greg Carman, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles) has successfully demonstrated the dynamic properties of SMA-based MEMS. Here, the focus will be to harness the sensing and actuation capabilities of smart materials to design and fabricate useful and economically viable micro-sensors and actuators.Communications: Construction and use of an “intelligent house” offers extensive opportunities to analyze and verify the operation of wireless and wired home-based communication services. While some of these are already widely explored, many of the issues have received little or no attention. It is proposed to investigate the following issues:Measurement of channel statistics in a residential environment: knowledge of the indoor wireless channel statistics is critical for enabling the design of efficient transmitters and receivers, as well as determining appropriate levels of signal power, data transfer rates, modulation techniques, and error control codes for the wireless links. Interference, channel distortion, and spectral limitations that arises as a result of equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, IV stands, monitoring equipment, etc.) is of particular interest.Design, analysis, and verification of enhanced antennas for indoor wirelesscommunications. Indoor wireless communications present the need for compact and rugged antennas. New antenna designs, optimized for desired data rates, frequency of operation, and spatial requirements, could be considered.Verification and analysis of operation of indoor wireless networks: wireless networking standards for home automation have recently been commercialized. Integration of one or more of these systems into the smart house would provide the opportunity to verify the operation of these systems, examine their limitations, and determine whether the standards are over-designed to meet typical requirements.Determination of effective communications wiring plans for “smart homes.”: there exist performance/cost tradeoffs regarding wired and wireless infrastructure. Measurement and analysis of various wireless network configurations will allow for determination of appropriate network designs.Consideration of coordinating indoor communication systems with larger-scale communication systems: indoor wireless networks are local to the vicinity of the residence. There exist broader-scale networks, such as the cellular telephone network, fixed wireless networks, and satellite-based communication networks. The viability and usefulness of compatibility between these services for the purposes of health-care monitoring, the tracking of dementia patients, etc needs to be considered.Software Agents and their Engineering: An embedded-agent can be considered the equivalent of supplying a friendly expert with a product. Embedded-agents for Intelligent Buildings pose a number of challenges both at the level of the design methodology as well as the resulting detailed implementation. Projects in this area will include:Architectures for large-scale agent systems for human inhabited environment: successful deployment of agent technology in residential/extended care environments requires the design of new architectures for these systems. A suitable architecture should be simple and flexible to provide efficient agent operation in real time. At the same time, it should be hierarchical and rigid to allow enforcement of rules and restrictions ensuring safety of the inhabitants of the building system. These contradictory requirements have to be resolved by designing a new architecture that will be shared by all agents in the system.Robust Decision and Control Structures for Learning Agents: to achieve life-long learning abilities, the agents need to be equipped with powerful mechanisms for learning and adaptation. Isolated use of some traditional learning systems is not possible due to high-expected lifespan of these agents. We intend to develop hybrid learning systems combining several learning and representation techniques in an emergent fashion. Such systems will apply different approaches based on their own maturity and on the amount of change necessary to adapt to a new situation or learn new behaviors. To cope with high levels of non-determinism (from such sources as interaction with unpredictable human users), robust behaviors will be designed and implemented capable of dealing with different types of uncertainty (e.g. probabilistic and fuzzy uncertainty) using advanced techniques for sensory and data fusion, and inference mechanisms based on techniques of computational intelligence.Automatic modeling of real-world objects, including individual householders: The problems here are: “the locating and extracting” of information essential for representation of personality and habits of an individual; development of systems that “follow and adopt to” individual’s mood and behavior. The solutions, based on data mining and evolutionary techniques, will utilize: (1) clustering methods, classification tress and association discovery techniques for the classification and partition of important relationships among different attributes for various features belonging to an individual, this is an essential element in finding behavioral patterns of an individual; and (2) neuro-fuzzy and rule-based systems with learning and adaptation capabilities used to develop models of an individual’s characteristics, this is essential for estimation and prediction of potential activities and forward planning.Investigation of framework characteristics for ubiquitous computing: Consider distributed and internet-based systems, which perhaps have the most in common with ubiquitous computing, here again, the largest impact is not from specific software engineering processe s, but is from available software frameworks or ‘toolkits’, which allow the rapid construction and deployment of many of the systems in these areas. Hence, it is proposed that the construction of the ubiquitous computing infrastructure for the “smart house” should also be utilized as a software engineering study. Researchers would start by visiting the few genuine ubiquitous computing systems inexistence today, to try to build up an initial picture of the functionality of the framework. (This approach has obviously parallels with the approach of Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides deployed for their groundbreaking work on “design patterns”. Unfortunately, in comparison to their work, the sample size here will be extremely small, and hence, additional work will be required to produce reliable answers.) This initial framework will subsequently be used as the basis of the smart house’s software system. Undoubtedly, this initial framework will substantially evolve during the construction of the system, as the requirements of ubiquitous computing environment unfold. It is believed that such close involvement in the construction of a system is a necessary component in producing a truly useful and reliable artifact. By the end of the construction phase, it is expected to produce a stable framework, which can demonstrate that a large number of essential characteristics (or patterns) have been found for ubiquitous computing.Validation and Verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing: it is hoped that the house will provide a test-bed for investigating validation and verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing. The house will be used as an assessment vehicle to determine which, if any, V&V techniques, tools or approaches are useful within this environment. Further, it is planned to make this trial facility available to researchers worldwide to increase the use of this vehicle. In the long-term, it is expected that the facilities offered by this infrastructure will evolve into an internationally recognized “benchmarking” site for V&V activities in ubiquitous computing.Other technological areas:The project also plans to investigate a number of additional areas, such as lighting systems, security systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, etc. For example, with regard to energy efficiency, the project currently anticipates undertaking two studies:The Determination of the effectiveness of insulating shutters: Exterior insulating shutters over time are not effective because of sealing problems. Interior shutters are superior and could be used to help reduce heat losses. However, their movement and positioning needs appropriate control to prevent window breakage due to thermalshock. The initiation of an opening or closing cycle would be based on measured exterior light levels; current internal heating levels; current and expected use of the house by the current inhabitants, etc.A comparison of energy generation alternatives: The energy use patterns can easily be monitored by instrumenting each appliance. Natural gas and electricity are natural choices for the main energy supply. The conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel to heat space and warm water can be done by conventional means or by use of a total energy system such as a V olvo Penta system. With this system, the fuel is used to power a small internal combustion engine, which in turn drives a generator for electrical energy production. Waste heat from the coolant and the exhaust are used to heat water for domestic use and space heating. Excess electricity is fed back into the power grid or stored in batteries. At a future date, it is planned to substitute a fuel cell for the total energy system allowing for a direct comparison of the performance of two advanced systems.Intelligent architecture: user interface design to elicit knowledge modelsMuch of the difficulty in architectural design is in integrating and making explicit the knowledge of the many converging disciplines (engineering, sociology, ergonomic sand psychology, to name a few), the building requirements from many view points, and to model the complex system interactions. The many roles of the architect simply compound this. This paper describes a system currently under development—a 3Ddesign medium and intelligent analysis tool, to help elicit and make explicit these requirements. The building model is used to encapsulate information throughout the building lifecycle, from inception and master planning to construction and ‘lived-in’ use. From the tight relationship between m aterial behaviour of the model, function analysis and visual feedback, the aim is to help in the resolution of functional needs, so that the building meets not only the aims of the architect, but the needs of the inhabitants, users and environment.The Problem of Designing the Built Environment:It is often said that architecture is the mother of the arts since it embodies all the techniques of painting: line, colour, texture and tone, as well as those of sculpture: shape, volume, light and shadow, and the changing relative position of the viewer, andadds to these the way that people inhabit and move through its space to produce—at its best—a spectacle reminiscent of choreography or theatre. As with all the arts, architecture is subject to personal critical taste and yet architecture is also a public art, in that people are constrained to use it. In this it goes beyond the other arts and is called on to function, to modify the climate, provide shelter, and to subdivide and structure space into a pattern that somehow fits the needs of social groups or organizations and cultures. Whilst architecture may be commissioned in part as a cultural or aesthetic expression, it is almost always required to fulfill a comprehensive programme of social and environmental needs.This requirement to function gives rise to three related problems that characterize the design and use of the built environment. The first depends on the difference between explicit knowledge—that of which we are at least conscious and may even have a scientific or principled understanding—and implicit knowledge, which, like knowing your mother tongue, can be applied without thinking. The functional programmes buildings are required to fulfill are largely social, and are based on implicit rather than explicit bodies of knowledge. The knowledge we exploit when we use the built environment is almost entirely applied unconsciously. We don’t have to think about buildings or cities to use them; in fact, when we become aware of it the built environment is often held to have failed. Think of the need for yellow lines to help people find their way around the Barbican complex in the City of London, or the calls from tenants to ‘string up the architects’ when housing estates turn out to be social disasters.The second is a problem of complexity. The problem is that buildings need to function in so many different ways. They are spatial and social, they function in terms of thermal environment, light and acoustics, they use energy and affect people’s health, they need to be constructed and are made of physical components that can degrade and need to be maintained. On top of all this they have an aesthetic and cultural role, as well as being financial investments and playing an important role in the economy. Almost all of these factors are interactive—decisions taken for structural reasons have impacts on environment or cost—but are often relatively independent in terms of the domains ofknowledge that need to be applied. This gives rise to a complex design problem in which everything knocks on to everything else, and in which no single person has a grasp of all the domains of knowledge required for its resolution. Even when the knowledge that needs to be applied is relatively explicit—as for instance in structural calculations, or thoseconcerning thermal performance—the complex interactive nature of buildings creates a situation in which it is only through a team approach that design can be carried out, with all that this entails for problems of information transfer and breakdowns in understanding.The third is the problem of ‘briefing’. It is a characteristic of building projects that buildings tend not to be something that people buy ‘off-the-shelf’. Often the functional programme is not even explicit at the outset. One might characterise the process that actually takes place by saying that the design and the brief ‘co-evolve’. As a project moves from inception to full sp ecification both the requirements and the design become more and more concrete through an iterative process in which design of the physical form and the requirements that it is expected to fulfill both develop at once. Feasible designs are evaluated according to what they provide, and designers try to develop a design that matches the client’s requirements. Eventually, it is to be hoped, the two meet with the textual description of what is required and the physical description of the building that will provide it more or less tying together as the brief becomes a part of the contractual documentation that theclient signs up to.These three problems compound themselves in a number of ways. Since many of the core objectives of a client organization rest on implicit knowledge—the need for a building to foster communication and innovation amongst its workers for instance—it is all too easy for them to be lost to sight against the more explicitly stated requirements such as those concerned with cost, environmental performance or statutory regulations. The result is that some of the more important aspects of the functional programme can lose out to less important but better understood issues. This can be compounded by the approach that designers take in order to control themcomplexity of projects. All too often the temptation is to wait until the general layout of a building is ‘fixed’ before calling in the domain experts. The result is that functional design has to resort to retrofitting to resolve problems caused by the strategic plan.The Intelligent Architecture project is investigating the use of a single unified digital model of the building to help resolve these problems by bringing greater intelligence to bear at the earliest ‘form generating’ phase of the design process when the client’s requirements are still being specified and when both physical design and client expectations are most easily modified. The aim is to help narrow the gap between what clients hope to obtain and what they eventually receive from a building project.The strategy is simple. By capturing representations of the building as a physical and spatial system, and using these to bring domain knowledge to bear on a design at its earliest stages, it is hoped that some of the main conflicts that lead to sub- optimal designs can be avoided. By linking between textual schedules of requirements and the physical/spatial model it is intended to ease the reconciliation of the brief and the design, and help the two to co-evolve. By making available some of the latest ‘intelligent’ techniques for modelling spatial systems in the built environment, it is hoped to help put more of the implicit knowledge on an equal footing with explicit knowledge, and by using graphical feedback about functional outcomes where explicit knowledge exists, to bring these within the realm of intuitive application by designers.The Workbench:In order to do this, Intelligent Architecture has developed Pangea. Pangea has been designed as a general-purpose environment for intelligent 3D modelling—it does not pre-suppose a particular way of working, a particular design solution, or even a particular application domain. Several features make this possible.Worlds can be constructed from 3D and 2D primitives (including blocks, spheres, irregular prisms and deformable surfaces), which can represent real-world physical objects, or encapsulate some kind of abstract behaviour. The 3D editor provides a direct and simple interface for manipulating objects—to position, reshape, rotate andrework. All objects, both physical and abstract, have an internal state (defined by attributes), and behaviour, rules and constraints (in terms of a high-level-language ‘script’). Attributes can be added dynamically, making it possible for objects to change in nature, in response to new knowledge about them, or to a changing environment. Scripts are triggered by events, so that objects can respond and interact, as in the built environment, molecular systems, or fabric falling into folds on an irregular surface.Dynamic linking allows Pangea’s functionality to be extended to include standard ‘off-the-peg’ software tools —spreadsheets, statistical analysis applications, graphing packages and domain-specific analysis software, such as finite element analysis for air- flow modelling. The ‘intelligent toolkit’ includes neural networks [Koho89] [Wass89], genetic algorithms [Gold89] [Holl75] and other stochastic search techniques [KiDe95], together with a rule- based and fuzzy logic system [Zade84]. The intelligent tools are objects, just like the normal 3D primitives: they have 3D presence and can interact with other 3D objects. A natural consequence of this design is easy ‘hybridisability’ of techniques, widely considered as vital to the success of intelligent techniques in solving realistically complex problems [GoKh95]. This infrastructure of primitive forms, intelligent techniques and high-level language makes it possible to build applications to deal with a broad range of problems, from the generation of architectural form, spatial optimisation, object recognition and clustering, and inducing rules and patterns from raw data.Embedding Intelligence:Many consider that there is an inevitable trade-off between computers as a pure design medium, and computers with intelligence, ‘as a thinking machine’ [Rich94]. We propose here that it is possible to provide both these types of support, and allow the user to choose how best to use each, or not, according to the situation.It is essential that the creative role of the architect is preserved as he or she uses the work bench, that the architect as artist may draw manipulate the world as seen through the workbench as freely as they would when using a sheet of paper. Much of。
Introduction Work SafeProtect people and propertyRisk management for commercial buildings is evolving rapidly.Facing a growing diversity of threats in an urbanised and complexenvironment, the owners and managers of buildings are re-evaluating the way they protect people, property and businesscontinuity. It is not only a legal obligation but a moral, financial andreputational imperative. In emergencies involving fire, terrorismand civil unrest, it is essential that hazards can be detected,occupants alerted and evacuations expedited. The safe and timelycompletion of this process is dependent on planning, equipment,training and infrastructure. Special consideration must be givento situations in which occupants are unfamiliar with layout andprocedures, and particularly if they are in large, densely populated, Array high-risk or complex premises such as railway stations, shoppingcentres, airports, stadia, government buildings or leisure facilities.Building upon decades of expertise in the delivery of life safetysystems, and particularly emergency lighting technologies, Eaton’ssolutions enable faster, safer and more agile evacuations.Increased affordanceThe evacuation of commercial buildings can be inhibited bypeople’s failure to recognise standard emergency exit signs.To improve the visibility of signs, Eaton has introduced anIncreased Affordance capability to its emergency lighting range,which enables exit signs to flash or pulse when activated manuallyor through automated connection to other evacuation triggers.2 EATON Emergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionalityENTRANCEENTRANCEENTRANCEIn a standard confithe exit signs positioned inaccordance with the rules areshowing the way to the nextThe ability of the public to recognise emergency exit signs is crucial in emergencysituations requiring evacuation of a building. However, research has shown that only 38per cent of people may see conventional exit signs during evacuation from an unfamiliarenvironment . Furthermore, the proliferation of branding, advertising and informational ALARMENTRANCE Evacuation AlertConstruction areaShopsPublicHigh risk areaEmergency exitBlinkingALARMENTRANCE Evacuation AlertConstruction areaShopsPublicHigh risk areaEmergency exitBlinkingALARMENTRANCEConstruction areaShopsPublicHigh risk areaEmergency exitBlinkingEvacuation alertShopsPublicEmergency exitBlinking4EATONEmergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionalityCGLine+ Web-ControllerTL CGline+CGLine+ Touchscreen Web-ControllerThe Increased Affordance functionality has been added to selected emergency luminaires within Eaton’s lighting range, including CrystalWay and Nexitech.This fully programmable function can be activated manually or automated to respond to a preset trigger such as a fi re alarm, panic button or other system. Eaton’s Increased Affordance solution has been developed and tested by an engineering team with decades of expertise in emergency lighting.Increased affordance portfolioWhen connected to Eaton’s monitoring and control system for emergency lighting, CGLine+, the exit sign luminaires are able to provide either soft pulsing or on-and-off fl ashing. In their normal mode, the luminaires offer excellent visibility thanks to a high level of contrast that exceeds the minimum requirement in most countries. When activated, Increased Affordance enables even better recognition by fl ashing or pulsing but never dipping below the minimum level of luminescence that is established in industry standards, thus achieving full compliance. The IA function can be started either in normal maintained mode or in emergency lighting mode because an evacuation is not necessarily linked to a mains failure. The IA function will remain activated for 30 minutes (typical evacuation times are lower) before the luminaire switches back to normal operation.Luminance in the green zone of an IA luminaire (fl ashing or pulsing) compared with the minimum luminance in battery mode defi ned by EN1838:Time (S)Luminance (cd/m²)EATON Emergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionality5Increased affordance system confi gurationsBasic confi guration with Controller• One input signal will activate blinking of all luminaires connected to a line • Select activation of all lines or single lines• One controller for both: Standard CGLine+ and IA luminaires can beWebserver forMonitoring of installationCGLine+ Web-ControllerCGLine+ Web-ControllerTL CGLine+EthernetMains Supply230V• Webserver forEthernet6 EATONEmergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionality CrystalWay IAThe CrystalWay design combines LED Lightguide technology with a highly transparent frame. Also thanks to optimal illumination, this achieves excellent recognition of the escape sign and a concise, discreet appearance. The standard scope of supply for CrystalWay already contains all accessories for mounting to walls or ceilings and a pictogram set. For planning and purchasing, a differentiation must only be made between viewing distances of 20 m and 30 m. Further accessories are also available for additional mounting methods such as recessed ceiling or cable suspension.The CrystalWay incorporates high performance components and the newest Lithium-Ion battery technology to create a low profile yet robust emergency lighting solution which performs to a highstandard while providing a long operating life.7Ordering detailsProductViewingdistancePicto (mm)DurationConsumption Max Order N°500 Cd 50 CdCrystalWay 19821 1-8h/D IA CGLine+20m 100 x 2001/3/5/8h 4.1 W 2.3 W 40071777000CrystalWay 19822 1-8h/D IA CGLine+30m150 x 3001/3/5/8h5.8 W2.5 W40071777001PictogramViewing distance Included labels20m and 30mIncluded pictograms: Up, down, left, right, blindLuminous flux ΦE /ΦNat end of rated operating time 100 % at 1 h; 45 % at 3 h; 25 % at 5 h; 18 % at 8 h Testing systemAutomatic test in compliance with EN 62034Connection possible to the CGLine+ monitoring system HousingType of mounting Material Colour Wall surface-mounting, Ceiling surface-mounting Polycarbonate RAL9003Degree of protection IP 42 & IK 04TerminalsScrewless terminals (L, L ’, N, PE, GGLine+ bus) for flexible and rigid wires From 0.5 to 2.5 mm²Connection voltage220-240 V AC 50-60 Hz Permissible ambient temperature +5°C to +35°CBattery CrystalWay19821 : Li-Ion 3.6 V/620 mAh CrystalWay19822 : Li-Ion 3.6 V/1240 mAh Light sourceLED stripWeightCrystalWay19821 : 0.4 kgCrystalWay19822 : 0.7 kgCrystalWay IA 19821, 19822 CGLine+• Self-contained LED luminaire with CGLine+ functionality for reduced inspection effort• With Increased Affordance (IA) function: Triggered by a CGLine+ Web-controller or TL CGLine+ the product flashes in order to improve perceptibility. This way, evacuation can be quicker and safer.• The IA CGLine+ Webcontroller enables users to program in which situation the luminaire will go to IA function and choose between blinking and pulsing (smooth blinking) depending on the application and surrounding • Perfect homogeneity and uniformity of the pictogram’s illuminance• Optimal recognition via high luminance of white contrast colour > 500 cd/m² according to DIN 4844-1 / ISO 3864-1 (for bright surroundings), and high uniformity Lmin/Lmax > 0.8• Frameless design with pictogram integrated in acrylic glass• Unobtrusiveness , thin and slim electronic base (Height: only 22mm)• Brightness selectable in mains operation (eg. standard: 500 cd/m² or theater: 50 cd/m²)• Selectable operating time (1h, 3h, 5h, 8h operation)• Environmentally-friendly due to modern lithium-ion technology • Low operating costs thanks to low connected load• Minimum maintenance effort and increased safety via use of LEDs with high service life (50,000 hours)• Simple fault analysis and status display via bicolor LED and testing button• Blocking function prevents unintended discharge during idle operating times (only with CGLine+ Web-controller)• Configurable product for wall or ceiling mounting• Delivered with non adhesive pictograms to suit most existing configurations (single & double sided signage)Ordering details- accessoriesProductOrder N° CrystalWay 19821Order N°CrystalWay 19822Wire suspension kitLUM10560LUM10560Recessed base, for ceiling mountingLUM10561LUM10562Recessed base with cover, for ceiling mountingLUM10563LUM10564Recessed base with cover, for combination with wire suspension kitLUM10563S LUM10564S Wall-surface mountingCeiling-surface mountingCrystalWay 19821Wall-surface mountingWall-surface mountingCeiling-surface mountingCeiling-surface mountingC rystalWay 19822CrystalWay IA.5 mm7.5 mm.5 mm.5 mm8 EATONEmergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionalityNexiTech IANexiTech LED TM was created with the aim of simplifying the work of the installer. No tools are needed to open or close the product and installation is further simplified by the presence of a quick plug-in screwless terminal block.NexiTech LED TM can be installed on walls, ceilings, recessedwalls or false recessed ceilings. Although it is particularly suitable for interiors such as offices, schools, universities and hospitals, NexiTech LED TM can be quickly turned into an outdoor unit with the simple addition of an IP65 protection kit. This kit makes it possible to use NexiTech LED TM even in humid and dusty environments suchas underground car parks and light industrial plants.EATON Emergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionality 9NexiT ech LED IA CGLine+• Self-contained LED exit sign luminaire with automatic test for reduced inspection effort connected to TL CGLine+ or the CGLine+ monitoring system• With Increased Affordance (IA) function : Triggered by a CGLine+ Web-controller or TL CGLine+ the product fl ashes in order to improve perceptibility. With this evacuation can be quicker and safer.• Via the IA CGLine+ Web-controller it is possible to programme the scenario in which the luminaire will go to IA function. Users can be choose between a blinking and pulsing (smooth blinking) mode depending on the application and surrounding.• In combination with TL CGLine+ the luminaire will work only in pulsing mode • High quality pictogram foils with special printing for improved uniformity• The pictograms are easy to position while they are well-protected behind the cover • Low operating costs thanks to low connected load• Minimum maintenance effort and increased safety via use of LEDs with high service life (50,000 hours)• Optimal recognition via high luminance of white contrast colour > 500 cd/m² according to DIN 4844-1 / ISO 3864-1 (for bright surroundings)• Simple fault analysis and status display via bicolor LED and testing button • Blocking function prevents unintended discharge during idle operating times • Confi gurable product for wall or ceiling mountingOrdering detailsProductViewing Degree of DurationConsumption Order N°Ordering details - AccessoriesOrder N°ProductNEXI-PICTO-D Pictogram Down ISO7010 single-side 20m NEXI-PICTO-L Pictogram Left ISO7010 single-side 20m NEXI-PICTO-R Pictogram Right ISO7010 single-side 20m NEXI-PICTO-U Pictogram Up ISO7010 single-side 20m NEXI-RB Bricks wall recessed base (cut-out 277x100 mm)NEXI-FC False ceiling adapter (cut-out 272x95 mm)NEXI-FRFinishing frame NexiTech LEDPictogramViewing distance20mLuminous fl ux ΦE /ΦNat end of rated operating time 100%HousingType of mounting Material Colour Wall surface-mounting Polycarbonate RAL9003Degree of protection IP 40 & IK 03 (IK07 for IP65)TerminalsScrewless terminals (L, L ’, N, PE, GGLine+ bus) for fl exible and rigid wires From 0,5 to 2,5 mm²Connection voltage230 V AC 50/60 Hz Permissible ambient temperature +5°C to +30°C Battery 7.2 V 1.7 Ah Ni-Cd Light source LED stripWeightNexiTech IA IP40 : 0.630 kgNexiTech IA IP65 : 0.770 kgPictograms not includedRecessed base for bricks wallFalse ceiling adapterDimensionsNexiTech LED IAFinishing frameNexiTech IA10 EATON Emergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionalityTL CGLine+TL CGLine+• Control Module for up to 400 luminaires with CGLine+ bus connection• For starting the Increased Affordance (IA) function at all connected luminaires via switch contact with this function the luminaires will start to flash (smooth pulsing). This way, evacuation can be quicker and safer.• The input contact for starting the IA function has a differential loop monitoring for secured function of the connected switch• Start of Rest-Mode via button at the TL CGLine+ or via switch input. Rest-mode: In case of planned mains outage this switches off the emergency lighting function. By this, the battery capacity is saved and the luminaires are ready for emergency mode directly after end of the planned outage• With function for synchronizing the test times at all connected luminaires • Function to post-pone the test times by 24 h • Manual start of function and duration test• With TL CGLine+ the connected CGLine+ luminaires work all in automatic test mode. That means the status and test results are visible at the luminaires but not at the control module.Dimensions 88 x 86 x 60 mm Housing typeFor DIN rail 5 HP Power supply 230 V AC, 50/60 Hz Power consumption 1.5W Connection terminalsmax. 2.5 mm 2Permissible ambient temperature 5 °C … 40 °C Degree of protectionIP20Ordering detailsT ypeScope of supplyOrder No.TL CGLine+Electronic control box for 400 CGLine+ self-contained luminairesLUM10319TL CGLine+Dimensional drawings, data in mmSELECT0CGLine+888660EATON Emergency Lighting Increased Affordance functionality11CGLine+ Web-ControllerCGLine+ Web-Controller• Connection of up to 800 luminaires in max. 4 lines• The integrated web server enables convenient visualization, control and monitoring• With Increased Affordance (IA) functionality: In case of an evacuation the controller can send an IA command to all connected Exit signs with IA CGLine+ functionality. With this command the luminaire will start to flash (on/off or smooth pulsing)• The IA function can help to increase the visibility of the signs and therefore lead to a faster and safer evacuations. This also increases safety for hearing impaired or deaf people, under the two-sense-principle.• Selection of blinking scheme and line to start with the IA function can be programmed via the PC. The IA function is triggered by closing a potential free contact at the controller.• For more complex situations an input module for 10 scenarios can be connected to the controller (optional). This enables programming to select which single luminaire will start the IA function. These predefined scenarios are programmed via PC software.• The system can be extended up to 30 inputs (optional). The communication between the Input module and the Controller is constantly monitored and any failure is reported at the WebController, as well as being delivered by email report.• Within a CGLine+ system standard CGLine+ luminaires can easily be combined with IA CGLine+ luminaires • Each luminaire is assigned with a unique ID by the manufacturer • Automatic luminaire search function requires no manual addressing • Simple sorting using unrestricted short address assignment• Unrestricted entry of target location names for the luminaires with up to 20 characters • Allocation of luminaires - up to 8 zones per line – is clearly displayed • Automatic function test and duration test• Tested and approved by BSI: KM No. 636748 - Automatic test system for Battery Powered Emergency lighting to EN 62034• Up to 8 test groups per luminaire can be defined for the function test (FT) and duration test (DT) • Electronic logbook storage for a period of minimum 4 years• Email service for sending automatic email (in case of malfunction) to up to 10 e-mail addresses, assignable to 2 escalation groups• Blocking of the emergency lighting function during non-operational periods (all / per bus line/ per zone / per luminaire)• Luminaires in maintained mode switchable (all / per bus line / per zone / per luminaire)• Password protected access as an administrator or user• Visualization of luminaires in up to 30 different building layouts• Efficient and convenient analysis of the log book using the CGLine+ PC software Dimensions 214 x 109.8 x 60.1 mm Housing type For DIN rail 12 HP Power supply 230 V AC, 50/60 HzPower consumption < 4 W in standby, < 21 W at full load Connection terminalsmax. 2.5 mm 2Permissible ambient temperature 0 °C … 35 °C Storage temperature -20 °C … 70 °C Degree of protectionIP20Ordering detailsT ypeScope of supplyOrder No.CGLine+ Web-ControllerController, for DIN rail mounting 40071361055AccessoriesT ypeScope of supplyOrder No.CGLine+ PC software on CD-ROM40071361178CGLine+ Web-Controllerconnection box CGLine+ Web-Controller in wall-mounted housing can not accomodate input module40071361184Input moduleModule for DIN rail mounting, with 10 inputs, to be connected to the CGLine+ Web-Controller via bus, requires 24 V power supplyOn request Power supply for input modulePower Supply for DIN rail mounting. Input 230 V AC, 24V DCOn request CGLine+ Web-Controller with integrated web serverDimensional drawings, data in mm60,1Dimensional drawings, data in mmCGLine+ Web-Controller connection box*CGLine+ CGLine+ Touchscreen ControllerEaton is a power management company with 2016 sales of $19.7 billion. We provide energy-efficient solutions that help our customers effectively manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more efficiently, safely and sustainably. Eaton is dedicated to improving the qualityof life and the environment through the use of power management technologies and services. Eaton has approximately 96,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries.For more information, visit .Eaton Industries Manufacturing GmbHElectrical Sector EMEARoute de la Longeraie 71110 Morges, SwitzerlandEaton.eu© 2017 Eaton Corporation All Rights Reserved Publication No. BR451011EN October 2017Eaton is a registered trademarkof Eaton Corporation.All other trademarks are propertyof their respective owners.Changes to the products, to the information contained in this document, and to prices are reserved; so are errors and omissions. Only order confirmations and technical documentation by Eaton is binding. Photos and pictures also do not warrant a specific layout or functionality. Their use in whatever form is subject to prior approval by Eaton. The same applies to Trademarks (especially Eaton, Moeller, Cutler-Hammer and CEAG). The Terms and Conditions of Eaton apply, as referenced on Eaton Internet pages and Eaton order confirmations.。
中国卫生产业[作者简介]王越(1966-),女,本科,副研究员,研究方向:卫生管理研究。
“智慧医院”的概念是近些年才提出的,它旨在把人工智能互联网等现代科技应用于医疗领域,医院都在这方面进行着探索。
2019年国家卫生健康委颁发了《医院智慧服务分级评估标准体系》,作为推进智慧医院建设和改善医疗服务的参考。
它提出“智慧医院”涵盖三大领域:智慧医疗、智慧管理、智慧服务。
智慧管理应用在医院后勤管理中,管理者使用手机或电脑可以看到全院设备设施的运转状态,便于医院后勤管理的精细化及成本核算管理。
智慧服务可以对患者做出信息提示,患者亦可使用医院的自助机或自己的手机进行预约挂号、预约诊疗、费用结算等,让患者感受到前所未有的方便与快捷[1]。
在深化医疗改革的新时代,医院的后勤管理者积极地汲取科技前沿的新知识新技术,努力地把最新的科技成果运用到医院的后勤管理中,为打造“智慧医院”献计献策。
下面阐述该院在建设智慧医院过程中取得的几方面成果。
1智慧卫生间的建设虽然卫生间的面积只占医院总面积的5%~8%,但根据患者对医院卫生间使用后的评价分析,卫生间是医院内最希望能被整改的场所。
因此加强对医院卫生间的管理,是深化“以患者为中心”的服务理念、为广大患者提供人文关怀的基本要求。
习近平总书记多次在不同场合对“厕所革命”做出重要指示,体现了5点战略思维:①坚持以人民为中心的思想;②实施健康中国的发展战略;③建设美丽中国的发展思想;④推进中国文明建设的态度决心;⑤真抓实干的工作作风[2]。
智慧医院的一场厕所革命逐步展开,它体现了医疗机构的管理水平,是树立医院良好形象的重要方面。
近几年间该院集中整治了医院卫生间的脏乱差问题。
增加清扫频率,定时消毒,摆放熏香片或安装定时清香喷雾装置,提供卫生纸、洗手液、母婴关爱设施。
在卫生间改造上增建无障碍卫生间,增加女厕数量,将部分DOI:10.16659/ki.1672-5654.2020.20.196智慧医院在医院后勤管理中的研究与实践王越首都医科大学附属北京中医医院,北京100010[摘要]随着国家卫生健康委《医院智慧服务分级评估标准体系》的颁布,北京中医医院的后勤管理者依托互联网、云计算等现代信息技术,为实现“智慧医院”的智慧服务与智慧管理进行不断地研究与探索,努力把最新的科技成果运用到医院的后勤管理中,为打造“智慧医院”献计献策。
介绍金台山智慧公园的英语作文An Exploration of Jintaishan Smart Park: Where Technology Meets Nature Nestled in the heart of a bustling city, Jintaishan Smart Park stands as a testament to the harmonious blend of technology and nature. More than just a green space, the park serves as a living laboratory, demonstrating how innovative solutions can elevate urban life and foster a deeper connection with the environment. Stepping into this urban oasis, one is immediately struck by the seamless integration of cutting-edge technology, meticulously woven into thefabric of the natural landscape. One of the most striking features of Jintaishan Smart Park is its intricate network of sensors. Strategically positioned throughout the park, these unobtrusive devices collect a wealth of data, ranging from air quality and temperature to soil moisture and visitor footfall. This information is then channeled to a central control system, providing real-time insights into the park's overall health and enabling park managers to make data-driven decisions. For instance, irrigation systems automatically adjust water usage based on soil moisture levels, conserving precious resources and ensuring optimal plant growth. Similarly, the park's lighting system dynamically adapts to changing light conditions, reducing energy consumption while maintaining safety and ambiance. Beyond the functional aspects, technology in Jintaishan Smart Park enhances visitor experience and engagement. Interactive kiosks scattered throughout the park provide a wealth of information, from plant identification and historical facts to upcoming events and real-time weather updates. Visitors can also download a dedicated mobile app, offering personalized park tours, guided nature walks, and even augmented reality experiences that bring the park's history and ecology to life. Children, in particular, are enthralled by the interactive games and educational modules embedded within the app, fostering a sense of wonder and appreciation for the natural world. The park's commitment to sustainability extends beyond technological advancements. Jintaishan Smart Park boasts an impressive array of eco-friendly initiatives, promoting environmental consciousness and responsible stewardship. Solar panels discreetly integrated into park structures harness the sun's energy, powering park facilities and reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. Rainwater harvesting systems collect andfilter rainwater, used for irrigation and other non-potable needs, minimizingwater waste and promoting water conservation. The park also serves as a testing ground for innovative waste management solutions, including smart bins equipped with sensors that monitor fill levels and optimize waste collection routes. However, the true magic of Jintaishan Smart Park lies in its ability to bridge the gap between technology and nature, reminding visitors of the intrinsic connection between the two. Walking trails meander through lush greenery, providing opportunities for quiet contemplation amidst the urban hustle. The park's diverse flora and fauna create a sense of tranquility, inviting visitors to pause, breathe, and reconnect with the natural world. Benches strategically placed beneath shady trees offer respite from the sun, encouraging visitors to linger and appreciatethe serene beauty of their surroundings. Jintaishan Smart Park serves as a powerful model for future urban development, demonstrating how technology can be harnessed to enhance our relationship with the environment. It is a place where innovation fuels sustainability, where data empowers informed decision-making, and where technology facilitates a deeper appreciation for the natural world. Ascities around the globe grapple with the challenges of urbanization and environmental degradation, Jintaishan Smart Park stands as a beacon of hope, inspiring us to reimagine the possibilities of a truly smart and sustainable future.。
The Control System for Lighting Based onSingle–chip MicrocomputerWith the rapid development of electronic technology, the system of control based on Single-chip Microcomputer is widely applied in industry, agriculture, electric power, electron, intelligent building and so on. Microcomputer, as the subject and core of the embedded system of control, replaces the traditional system—electronic circuit. At the same time, the development and maturation of the intelligent building have established the substantial foundation for the popularization and application of the control system for lighting based on single-chip microcomputer.The paper expatiates on the designing theories and implementation method of the control system for lighting by wired or wireless communications. Taking the designing process as mainline, it describes the process of designing from two respects—hardware and software. In another word, the paper describes the process from the method of circuit designing to the software technology of realizing the demanded functions. The host controller of the control system for lighting is based on AT89C51 single-chip microcomputer, and the auxiliary ones are based on AT89C2051. The system can do many jobs, such as wired communication, wireless data transmitting, controlling and display. The paper describes the designing process of the circuit at length, including: keyboard and LED display circuit, RS485 communication circuit, wireless transmitting circuit, control circuit of lighting, watchdog circuit, etc. The designing of software mainly includes the several programming, such as wired communication, wireless data transmitting, lamplight controlling, timed controlling, keyboard scanning and LED displaying. The wired communication programming function is that through Master-slave communication method based on RS485 the host controller sends orders to the all auxiliary controllers or each one, including: turning on lighting, turning off lighting, regulating brightness of lighting, controlling timed lighting, etc. The wireless data transmitting programming function is that by wireless transmitter it realizes wireless controlling of the lighting, and achieves the functions identical to wired communication.Traditional building automatic controlling system only includes such subsystems: comprehensive wires, computer network, safe defending, fire defending and closed-circuits TV monitoring systems and so on. But in the recent years, withthe economic development and the progress of the science and technology, people have put forward more higher demands for energy-conservation of lighting lamps and scientific management, which makes the lighting control system of the classroom have such functions as energy-conservation, convenience, intelligence, etc. What’s more, it can improve the efficiency of the work and study, result in many kinds of lighting effects, and improve the management level.There are the design philosophy of this system, operation principle of every chip, and such relevant problems as the choice, making and debugging of the components and unit circuits about lighting control system of classroom, which regards the micro-control unit as the control core of the system. This control system is suitable for such occasions as various kinds of multimedia classrooms, station waiting rooms, offices, etc. It is mainly composed of lightening control unit, moving sensor unit, illuminative sensor unit, handed-control unit, and so on. The target of the design is intelligent lightening, scientific management, and energy-conservation and cost- conservation. The AT89C2051 with the feature of cheap cost has been used as the control unit in the whole design.The whole system not only has been introduced in the paper, but also has been successfully finished with series of the Dais micro-control unit. The experiment suggests that this design can easily come true if the users do as the thesis. So it can be used as the intelligent lighting control system of the university campus. What’s more, it will affect better if combining with other intelligent control systems.LED SummaryLED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.LED history50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents.Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 white LED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray (λ p = 465nm, Wd = 30nm), made of high-temperature sintering of the Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issued by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. Now,the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the 3500-10000 K color temperature can be colored white. This blue LED through the method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most.In the 1960s, the use of science and technology workers semiconductor PN junction of The principle of developing a LED light-emitting diodes. At that time, the development of LED, the materials used are GaASP, its luminous color is red. After nearly 30 years of development, and now we are very familiar with the LED, has been sent to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and other shade. However lighting necessary for white LED light only in recent years to develop, readers here to tell us about lighting with white LED.。