Calculating Colour Temperature and Illuminance using Colour Sensors

2000年全国英语专业四级考试试题英美者 英语专业网站来源:英美者英语专业网站作者:全国英语专业四级八级考试委员会[编辑]导言:2000年全国英语专业四级考试试题Part ⅠWRITING ［45 MIN.］SECTION A COMPOSITIONWrite on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: College life should be varied and colourful. And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it. However, at present, there is much room for improveme nt in this regard. Write an article to the university radio entitled:The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesIn the first part of your article you should clearly present yourview, and in t he second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summ ary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failur e to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.SECTION B NOTE-WRITING［10 MIN.］Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:You’ve read on the notice board that the university library is looking for a par t-time library assistant who can work at weekends. You think that your classmate , George, is a suitable person for this vacancy. Write him a note, telling him w hat you know about the vacancy and trying to persuade him to go for an interview Marks will be awarded for content organization, grammar and appropriacy.Part ⅡDICTATION ［15 MIN.］Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For thesecond and third readings, the passage w ill be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seco nds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time yo u should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET TWOPart ⅢLISTENING COMPREHENSION ［20 MIN.］ In Sections A, B, and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully an d then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question o n your answer sheet.Section A STATEMENTIn this section you will hear nine statements. At the end of the statement you w ill be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following nine questions. 1. What is said about Harry’s brother?A. He is happy with his job.B. He is a very ambitious man.C. He is too ambitious to be an engine driver.D. He doesn’t like to be an engine driver.2. What do you learn about Ms. Ellis?A. She has been waiting.B. She is examining her patient.C. She is seeing her doctor.D. She wouldn’t mind waiting.3. Joan is probably a___.A. nurseB. doctorC. lawyerD. saleswoman4. The speaker sees Mary wear ___ different silk scarves in a wee k.A. 2B.5C.7D. 65. Where will the passengers change trains to go to Gilford?A. East Croydon.B.Victoria.C. Southeast.D.Red Hill.6. What is the speaker probably doing?A. Interviewing a clerk.B. Writing a job ad.C. Dismissing a clerk.D. Making inquires7. What does the speaker mean?A. Emily is neither honest nor trustworthy.B. Emily used to be honest only.C. Emily used to be trustworthy only.D. Emily is more than honest and trustworthy.8. When does the next train leave?A. 6:56.B. 7:00.C.7:28.D.8:38.9. What was wrong with Malcolm?A. He had trouble working hard.B. He didn’t know where to go.C. He never went anywhere.D. He worked hard but never succeeded.SECTION B CONVERSATIONIn this section, you will hear eight short conversations between two speakers. A t the end of each conversation you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of th e following eight questions.10. What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?A. Teacher and student.B. Doctor and patient.C. Lawyer and client.D. Boss and secretary.11. What is the weather usually like in November?A. Hotter than the present weather.B. More humid than the present weather.C. Drier than the present weather.D. Cooler than the present weather.12. What conclusion can we draw from this conversation?A. Public buses are fast and cheap.B. Parking is becoming a big problem.C. Subway trains are even safer than taxis.D. Taxis are more convenient than buses.13. What are the two speakers talking about?A. Fixing the woman’s computer.B. Ordering some new parts by Friday.C. Getting the new parts ready by Friday.D. Sending the woman’s computer for repair.14. What can we learn from the conversation?A. Neither of them has a favourable opinion of the service.B. The woman is having a terrible time serving in the restaurant.C. Both agree it’s time for the restaurant to fire some staff.D. The man thinks the restaurant is all right, but the woman doesn’t.15. Who will pay for the call?A. The man.B. The operator.C. The man’s sister.D. The man and his sister.16. What does the man think of the woman’s choice of clothing?A. He thinks her choice is good.B. He thinks her choice is terrible.C. He doesn’t like the colour.D. He doesn’t like the style.17. What happened to Mr. Runt’s project?A. It was fairly successful.B. It was hard and futile.C. It failed for lack of fund.D. It stopped for lack of land.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion 18 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you wil l be given 1O seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.18. According to the news, NATO and Russia___.A. have finalized a charter on their new relationshipB. still have differences in military and political issuesC. will hold a fifth round of talks in LuxembourgD. made no progress in this round of talksQuestions 19 and 20 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 20 seconds to answer the two questions.Now listen to the news.19. ___ people were killed during the air crash.A. 61B. 51C. 41D.1020. According to the news, the plane crashed___.A. shortly before it landedB. minutes after it took offC. after it cleared the mountainsD. at the foot of the mountainsQuestions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 20 seconds to answer the two questions.Now listen to the news.21. Which of the following is NOT listed as a terrorist group by the US ?A. The pro-Iranian Hezbollah.B. The Palestinian group Hamas.C. The Irish Republican Army.D. The Basque separatist group ETA.22. The affected groups will be prevented from___.A. entering the United States legallyB. freezing US financial assets abroadC. receiving support from other countriesD. giving weapons to other terrorist groupsQuestion 23 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you wil l be given 1O seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.23. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu___.A. has been prosecuted by the Justice MinistryB. may be prosecuted by the Justice MinistryC. has been prosecuted by the policeD. will be prosecuted on MondayQuestions 24 and 25 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 20 seconds to answer the two questions.Now listen to the news.24. The winners of the reported elections are___.A. the left-wing ConservativesB. the left-wing SocialistsC. the centre-right ConservativesD. the centre-right Socialists25. If the left secures the parliamentary majority,___.A. Chirac will share his presidential power with JospinB. Jospin will share his prime ministerial power with ChiracC. Jospin will become prime minister, and Chirac will remainD. Jospin will become prime minister, and Chirac will resign完型填空Part ⅣCLOZE ［15 MIN.］Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your answer sheet.The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious ( 26 ) the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the sur face of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and ( 27 ) it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but ( 28 ) to diffuse throughout the space available; it must ( 29 ) be kept in a closed container, as ( 30 ) aplanet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories ( 31 )the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved”in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are ( 32 ) different kinds o f molecules(分子). The theories now prevailing ( 33 ) a quit e different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow ea sily. They are fluids.The ( 34 ) similarly of liquids and gases becomes clear ly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. ( 35 ) a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The li quid expands or ( 36 ) , becomes less dense; some of it evapor ates. ( 37 ) , the vapor above the liquid surface becomes dense r as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature an d pressure ( 38 ) the densities become equal is ( 3 9 ) the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be ( 40 ) ; there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.26. A. in B. on C. under D. beyond27. A. fills B. be filled C. filling D. to fill28. A. intends B. tends C. inclines D. contends29. A. however B. nevertheless C. so D. therefore30． A. in the event of B. in the case of C. with a view to D. with reference to31. A. having described B. described C. describing D. to have described32. A. made up of B. consisted of C. constituted of D. made from33. A. apply B. adapt C. take D. conduct34. A. elementary B. crucial C. rudimentaryD. fundamental35. A. Suppose B. To suppose C. Being supposed D. Supposed36. A. in a word B. in the meantime C. in other words D. in that case37. A. Similarly B. In contrast C. Furthermore D. Instead38. A. on that B. on which C. at that D. at which39. A. known B. defined C. called D. referred to40. A. classified B. recognized C. categorized D. distinguished转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/7393488198093.html2000年全国英语专业四级考试试题Part ⅤGRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY ［15 MIN.］There are twenty-five sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.41. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorm s long before people___.A. doB. hearC. do themD. hearing it42. This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___ left u ntreated.A. afterB. ifC. sinceD.unless43. The central provinces have floods in some years, and ___.A. drought in othersB. droughts are othersC. while other droughtsD. others in drought44. Do help yourself to some fruit,___ you?A. can’tB. don’tC. wouldn’tD. won’t45. There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an e nd half an hour earlier.A. to beB. to have beenC. beingD.be46. My mother can’t get ___ because she has rheumatism (风湿病).A. aboutB.onC. throughD. in47. I was very much put ___ by Mark’s rude behavior; it really annoy ed me.A.overB.offC.upD.by48. You ___ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.A. needn’t have toldB. needn’t tellC. mustn’t have toldD. mustn’t tell49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there___ q uite such a crowd of people there.A. weren’tB. hasn’t beenC. hadn’t beenD.w ouldn’t be50. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ___ quality control can be substantially reduced.A.whoseB.asC.whatD.that51. ___ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so gloomy.A. LookingB. LookedC. Having lookedD. To look52. Many people are ___ to insect bites, and some even have to go to hospital.A. insensitiveB. allergicC. sensibleD. infected53. When you’re driving on a motorway, you must obey the signs telling you to get into the right ___.A.wayB.trackC.roadne54. The motorist had to ___to avoid knocking the old woman down in the middle of the road.A. swerveB. twistC. departD. swing55. In winter drivers have trouble stopping their cars from ___ on icy roads.A. skatingB. skiddingC. slidingD. slipping56. This project would ___ a huge increase in defense spending.A. resultB. assureC. entailD. accomplish57. The chances of a repetition of these unfortunate events are ___ indeed.A. distantB. slimC. unlikelyD. narrow58. We should make a clear ___ between ’competent’and ’proficient’for the purposes of our discussion.A. separationB. divisionC. distinctionD. diffe rence59. In the present economic ___ we can make even greater progress than previously.A. airB. moodC. areaD. climate60. Rite of Passage is a good novel by any standards;___, it shoul d rank high on any list of science fiction.A. consistentlyB. consequentlyC. invariablyD. fortunately61. The diversity of tropical plants in the region represents a seeming ly___ source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.A. exploitedB. controversialC. inexhaustibleD.remarkable62. While he was in Beijing, he spent all his time ___ some import ant museums and buildings.A. visitingB. travelingC. watchingD. touring63. You must let me have the annual report without ___ by ten o’cl ock tomorrow morning.A. failureB. hesitationC. troubleD. fail64. As the director can’t come to the reception, I’m representing the c ompanyA. on his accountB. on his behalfC. for his partD. in his interest65. Dreams are___ in themselves, but when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.A. uninformativeB. startlingC.harmless D. uncontrollable阅读理解APart ⅥREADING COMPREHENSION ［30 MIN.］ SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION［25 MIN.］In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished stat ements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one th at you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.TEXT AClearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live we must communi cate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-t o-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we gi ve information or opinions, receive news or comment, and very likely have our vi ews challenged by other members of society.Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during th e last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dom inating factors of contemporary society. Two things, above others, have caused t he enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. secondly, speed has revolutionised the transmission and reception of communicat ions so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself i s often almost eclipsed by international news.No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority. In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago people used to flock to the c inema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program me that is being channelled into millions of homes. Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information . The modem communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entert ainment. The printing,broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very val uable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modem network of communications is open to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.66. In the first paragraph the writer emphasizes the___ of face-t o-face contact in social settings.A. natureB. limitationC. usefulnessD. creativity67. It is implied in the passage that___.A. local news used to be the only source of information.B. local news still takes a significant place.C. national news is becoming more popular.D. international news is the fastest transmitted news.68. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. To possess information used to be a privilege.B. Public libraries have replaced private libraries.C. Communication means more than transmission.D. Information influences ways of life and thinking.69. From the last paragraph we can infer that the writer is___.A. indifferent to the harmful influence of the mass mediaB. happy about the drastic changes in the mass mediaC. pessimistic about the future of the mass mediaD. concerned about the wrong use of the mass mediaTEXT BThe men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguis hing epithets were rarely added. These might be patronymic, descriptive or occup ational. They were, however, hardly surnames. Heritable names gradually became g eneral in the three centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country.British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic,occupationa l, descriptive and local. A few names, it is true, will remain puzzling: foreign names, perhaps, crudely translated, adapted or abbreviated; or artificial names . In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories. Even such a name as Simpson may belong to this last group, and not to the first , had the family once had its home in the ancient village of that name. Otherwis e, Simpson means “the son of Simon”, as might be expected.Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least r ecognisable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Tay lor, to name but a few. Hundreds of others are more obscure in their meanings an d testify to the amazing specialisation in medieval arts, crafts and functions. Such are “Day”, (Old English for breadmaker) and “Walker”(a fuller whose job it was to clean and thicken newly made cloth).All these vocational names carry with them a certain gravity and dignity, w hich descriptive names often lack. Some, it is true, like “Long”, “Short” or “Li ttle”, are simple. They may be taken quite literally. Others require more thinki ng: their meanings areslightly different from the modem ones. “Black”and “White ”implied dark and fair respectively. “Sharp”meant genuinely discerning, alert, acute rather than quick-witted or clever. Place-names have a lasting interest since there is hardly a town or village in a ll England that has not at some time given its name to a family. They may be pic turesque, even poetical; or they may be pedestrian, even trivial. Among the comm oner names which survive with relatively little change from old-English times ar e “Milton”(middle enclosure) and “Hilton”(enclosure on a hill).70. Surnames are said to be ___ in Anglo-Saxon England.A. commonB. vocationalC. unusualD. descriptiv e71. We learn from the first paragraph ___ for many years after the 13th and 14th centuries.A. family names became descriptive and occupationalB. people in some areas still had no surnamesC. some people kept changing their surnamesD. all family names became fixed in England72. “Patronymic”in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to“forme d from ___.A. the name of one’s father”B. the family occupation”C. one’s family home”D. one’s family history”73. Which of the following sentences is an opinion rather than a fact?A. hundreds of occupational names are at once familiar to us.B. “Black”and “White”implied “dark”and “fair”respectively.C. V ocational names carry with them a certain gravity and dignity.D. Every place in England has given its name to a family. TEXT CSince the early 1930s, Swiss banks had prided themselves on their system of banking secrecy and numbered accounts. Over the years, they had successfully w ithstood every challenge to this system by their own government who, in turn, ha d been frequently urged by foreign governments to reveal information about the f inancial affairs to certain account holders. The result of this policy of secre cy was that a kind of mystique had grown up around Swissbanking. There was a w idely-held belief that Switzerland was irresistible to wealthy foreigners, mainl y because of its numbered accounts and bankers’ reluctance to ask awkward questi ons of depositors. Contributing to the mystique was the view, carefully propagat ed by the banks themselves, that if this secrecy was ever given up, foreigners w ould fall over themselves in the rush to withdraw money, and the Swiss banking s ystem would virtually collapse overnight.To many, therefore, it came like a bolt out of the blue, when, in 1977, the Swiss banks announced they had signed a pact with the Swiss National Bank (the Central Bank). The aim of the agreement was to prevent to improper use of the c ountry’s ban k secrecy laws, and its effect was to curb severely the system of se crecy.The rules which the banks had agreed to observe made the opening of numbere d accounts subject to much closer scrutiny than before. The banks would be requ ired, if necessary, to identify the origin of foreign funds going into numbered and other accounts. The idea was to stop such accounts being used for dubious p urposes. Also they agreed not to accept funds resulting from tax evasion or from crime.The pact represented essentially a tightening up of banking rules. Although the banks agreed to end relations with clients whose identities were unclear or who were performing improper acts, they were still not obliged to inform on a client to anyone, including the Swiss government. To some extent, therefore, the princ iple of secrecy had been maintained.74. Swiss banks took pride in___.A. the number of their accountsB. withholding client informationC. being mysterious to the outsidersD. attracting wealthy foreign clients75. According to the passage, the widely-held belief that Switzerland w as irresistible to wealthy foreigners was ___ by banks themselves.A. deniedB. criticizedC. reviewedD. defended76. In the last paragraph, the writer thinks that___.A. complete changes had been introduced into Swiss banksB. Swiss banks could no longer keep client informationC. changes in the bank policies had been somewhat superficialD. more changes need to be considered and madeTEXT DCoketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the sm oke and the ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatura l red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery an d tall chimneys, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vas t piles of buildings full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up an d down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained se veral large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another.A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes, even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such weather, Coketownlay covered in a haze of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such blo tch upon the view without a town.The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the haze over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadi ly. Workers emerged from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on posts and steps, wiping their faces and contemplating coals. The whole town see med to be frying in oil. There was a stifling smell of hot oil everywhere. The a tmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell, and their inhabitants was ting with heat, toiled languidly in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane. Their wearisome heads went up and down at the s ame rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry fair weather and foul. The measured motion of their shadows on the walls, was the substitute Coketown had to show for the shadows of rustling woods; while for the summer hum of insec ts, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of S aturday, the whirr of shafts and wheels.77. Which of the following adjectives is NOT appropriate todescribe Co ketown?A. dullB. dirtyC. noisyD. savage78. From the passage we know that Coketown was mainly a(n) ___town .A. industrialB. agriculturalC. residentialD. commercial79. Only ___ were not affected by weather.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/7393488198093_2.ht ml2000年全国英语专业四级考试试题A. the workmenB. the inhabitantsC. the steam-enginesD. the rustling woods80. Which is the author’s opinion of Coketown?A. Coketown should be replaced by woods.B. The town was seriously polluted.C. The town had too much oil in it.D. The town’s atmosphere was traditional.BSECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNINGIn this section there are seven passages with a total often multiple-choice ques tions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your answer s heet.TEXT EFirst read the following question.81. The writer is concerned about___.A. budget housekeepingB. the retail tradeC. computer skillsD. mental arithmeticNow read Text E quickly and mark your answer on your answer sheet.A lot of attention is being given to children who leave school unable to read or write. I think there should be equal concern for those who are unable to cope w ith simple mental arithmetic -particularly girls. It is often stated that today’s children are growing up in a computer world and they don’t need the same skills that their grandparents did. But is it any wonde r that many young girls trying to cope with budget housekeeping fail for the sim ple reason they cannot keep accurate checks on their purchases? Shopping in markets is no source of cheap purchasing unless one is able to keep pace with the apparent mental agility of the vendor. Must we face the thought that at some time in the distant future everyone will n eed to carry in their handbag or pocket one of the miniature calculators?TEXT FFirst read the following question.82. This is a letter of___.A. referenceB. applicationC. inquiryD. complaint。

Color Temperature and Color Correction inPhotographyapplies to photography. We are concerned with taking pictures - typically transparencies - rather than the development and printing of photographs.If you have taken photographs under a variety of lighting conditions you will have noticed how the resulting images show a distinct color cast depending on the light source. In the image at the top of this document you will notice the blue-white color from the fluorescent tubes and the warm yellow-orange color from the tungsten lights over the fish.Color temperature is the main way in which we measure the different colors and color correction is about filtration and other techniques that we as photographers use to achieve a desired color effect. (The desired effect may be a neutral "daylight" color, or any other effect, e.g. a slight warm-up effect for portraits.)This document should be considered an introduction to the subject. I have included some links to additional material, but there is no substitution for going out there and trying for yourself. So read on and then pack your camera bag and try it out!The TheoryThis section may seem boring or unnecessary to some. After all, all the filters are labeled with their effect and the manufacturers publish long lists of which filter to use when. Surely you can just give us the techniques - after all, we do not need to know the theory behind the combustion engine in order to drive a car?Call me old-fashioned if you like, but I think it is useful to have at least some understanding of the basic concepts. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, I firmly believe that you remember things you understand better than tables and rules you have just learned by heart. Secondly, no table can cover all situations. An understanding of the principles will help you in new situations. And thirdly: it's interesting! So let's get on with it.Color BalanceWith a gross over-simplification - but one that is useful for this discussion - wecan assume that film is sensitive to three colors. These roughly correspond to red, green, and blue - the traditional primary colors.In this model, which is similar to what is used in computer graphics if that helps some of my readers with the following discussion, each point in the image can be described with three values. These could be chosen to be the percentage intensity of the colors red, green, and blue, relative to their maximum values for the particular film. This is completely analogous to the RGB color space in computer graphics.Three values describe the image at any given point, but only two values are required to describe the color balance. Think of it this way: the overall intensity doesn't matter; if it is dark blue or light blue it is still blue. If you mix25% of each of red, green, and blue you get a neutral gray color. If you mix50% intensity you still get neutral gray, albeit a slightly lighter gray.In the table below cells in the same row have the same color balance, only theintensity changes. All the colors in the first row are red, and red only with no trace of blue or green. (This may not be exactly true, depending on your monitor.)We are of course free to choose any two (different) values to measure the color balance.In photography it is traditional to choose as the two variables the ratio of blue to red and the ration of green to the overall intensity. These correspond to the traditional light-balancing filters (80, 81, 82, and 85 series filters), and greenColor TemperatureColor temperature is a term that is borrowed from physics. In physics we learn that a so called "black body" will radiate light when it is heated. The spectrum of this light, and therefore its color, depends on the temperature of the body. You probably know this effect from everyday life: if you heat an iron bar, say, it will eventually start to glow dark red ("red hot"). Continue to heat it and it turns yellow (like the filament in a light-bulb) and eventually blue-white.Be careful with the terminology here! The hotter the body gets (measured as the temperature in degrees Kelvin) the more the color moves from red to wards blue. But we say that red is a "warmer" color than blue! So a warm body radiates a cold color and a (comparatively) cold body radiates warm colors. I know, it's confusing...The photographic color temperature is not the same as the color temperature defined in physics or colorimetry. As mentioned above, the photographic color temperature is measured only on the relative intensity of blue to red. However, we borrow the basic measurement scale from physics and we will measure the photographic color temperature in degrees Kelvin (K).The following table should give you some feeling for the scale. These are of course not exact numbers but rather typical values. The list is not a substitute for a color meter."daylight balanced"film (nominally 5500K) and type A and B tungsten balanced films (3400K and 3200K). This gives the color of the light: below we will define a measure ofhow much a filter moves the color temperature (the mired shift).For now remember that the color temperature is only half the story, albeit often the most important part of the story.FiltersNow that we understand the two variables that define color balance, we need to tie this in to filters and define a way to express the effect and strength of a filter.Light Balancing FiltersLight balancing filters are used to change the colortemperature of light. If you place a light balancing filter infront of your lens, the overall temperature of the scene will bechanged. These filters are sometimes called conversion filtersbecause they may be used to "convert" daylight balanced filmto use in tungsten light or tungsten films to use in daylight.The filters are traditionally labeled in the Kodak Wrattensystem (I have no idea why they choose these names), and atypical selection is listed in the table below.tungsten balanced films in mind. However, they are not limited to this.A very useful concept is the mired shift. Mathematically, this is defined as1000 * (1000/T2 - 1000/T1)where T1is the color temperature you have and T2is the color temperature you desire (for example the color temperature of your film). The mired shift is sometimes called the light balance (LB) index of the filter, and it is listed in the table above.There are two great things about the LB index for a filter:1.It doesn't depend on the color temperature, and2.It is additive.The first point means that an 80A filter will not only change light with a photographic color temperature of 3200K to 5500K (as in the table), but also for example 2256K to 3200K - also a shift with a mired of -131.The second point means that you can obtain a LB index that is not in the tableby combining filters (i.e. placing more than one filter before the lens). Suppose as an example that you need to convert 11,000K (a clear bright day) to 5500K. Using the formula above you know you need a LB index of 91 mired, so you might use a 85C with a 81 filter (+81+9 = +90 mired).GelsWhen I said that color temperature conversion filters are usually labeled with the Kodak Wratten number, then I was really only talking about filters that go in front of the lens. For gels that are used to change the color of artificial lighting (usually flash) we usually talk about "full", "half", "quarter", and even "eighth" CTO and CTB. CTO stands for C olor T emperature O range while CTB is - B lue. The full versions correspond to 85B and 80A and will shift the temperature about 131 mired in the appropriate direction.It is a good idea to measure the actual color shift and not rely on the manufacturer. My full CTB shifts 2600K to 3610K on my color meter or about -108 mired. This is on continuous light. I tend to add a 80C filter to the lens for a slightly warm result on daylight balanced film, or a 81C on tungsten balanced film for spot-on color.At least after this correction the light is white so I don't need additional color corrections. For the situations where this is not true, the next section describes the available remedies.Color Correcting FiltersColor correcting filters typically come in the primary colors and their anti-colors as shown below, and in varying strengths from perhaps 2.5% absorption to 50%.The filters are usually labeled like CC nnX where nn is thepeak absorption and X is the first letter of the color. SoCC10C is a pale cyan filter while CC50B is dark blue.As we have discussed for photography we only need to control the amount of green once the color temperature has been adjusted. This means that as a photographer you only need to carry a set of green (CC--G) and magenta (CC--M) filters in addition to your color temperature filters. This is simpler thanhaving to carry six sets.This does not imply that the other color correcting filters have no use; indeedthey are often employed in the printing of images. However that is not our main focus here so we'll leave that for another article.Practical ApplicationsTo be completed....Color MetersThe two main producers of color meters are Grossen andMinolta. There does not seem to be much difference inperformance and capabilities between the two brands. Avoidother brands unless you are very sure you know what you aredoing.Color meters are not cheap: expect to pay a few hundred quid(that's pounds sterling for you foreigners) for either brand.My meter is a Minolta Color Meter IIIF. I'm happy with it: it isaccurate and easy to use.The basic functions that it perform are:∙Measure color temperature of ambient light∙Measure color temperature of mixed flash and ambient light∙Measure color temperature of only the flash component of mixed light The flash measurements can be performed with or without a sync cord.The output is the color temperature and the required green - magenta colorcorrection (CC). The color temperature can be displayed in Kelvin, mired (Light Balance (LB) index, see above) or - and this is very useful on location whereyou are busy enough without having to remember the finer points on colorcorrection - directly in the filter you need to use.For example, where I'm writing this, my meter suggests that I use a 80B plusan 82 filter to correct the temperature, and a 26 magenta filter for the green balance. I need a mired of LB=-126 to correct daylight film. For type B tungsten film I only need the magenta filter (LB=+4, CC=26M). Clearly the light here is awful...In any case the operation is dead simple: select your film type (daylight, or Type A or B tungsten film) press the power button, point the white dome at the light source, and press the measure button. Presto. For flash light set the exposure time from 1s to 1/500s and press the measure button. Don't forget to fire the flash. The special exposure time 'F' measures the flash color temperature in mixed light.That's really all there is to it. Except it isn't: there is one very important feature left. Memory channels.The meter is calibrated for films that will render colors neutral at 5500K, 3400K, and 3200K (daylight, and type A and B tungsten films, respectively). But you are a careful photographer, and you experiment with filtration until you find the color temperature that gives you just the right colors for your subjects. It's unlikely to be 5500K or 3200K exactly.For example, Will Crockett (see resources below) feels that Fujichrome Astia (RAP), which is a daylight balanced film, reproduces skin tones faithfully in light with a color temperature of 5150K - quite a way from 5500K. Will is a portrait photographer, so it is very important for him to have accurate skin tones. (This is of course why he carfully tested his film and why you should also test your film with the type of subjects you most often photograph.) What is he going to do? Calculate mired values every time he has to make an exposure? No, he can simply select a memory channel and store a mired of LB=1,000*(1,000/5,150 - 1,000/5,500)=+12. Every time he uses the meter in that channel after this, it will automatically compensate with 12 mired and give him the temperature he desires. You can store nine films in this manner, and for each film you can store not only the mired (LB) value, but also the green-magenta color compensation you need. No more reciprocals in the head on location!Complications...Things are never that easy. To be completed...ResourcesPhotographers∙Will Crockett is a Chicago based professional photographer and on his web site he provides excellent advice on most aspects of commercial portraiture, including color correction. His Pocket Guide is a treasure.Products∙Lee filters sets the standard for system filters (the ones that go in a holder in front of the lens as opposed to screwing into the filter ring on the lens) and for lighting filters ("gels").Shops∙Speed Graphic in the UK has almost everything, and does a nice mail-order business. I buy most of my "little things", including filters, from them. Their range is truly comprehensive and they only do photographicequipment. As they say: their catalog is "guaranteed to contain no video, no audio, no hi-fi, no refrigerators". Color meters are not listed, but they will be happy to get one for you and last time I called they had theMinolta in stock. US customers should be able to find something morelocal.BooksLeslie Stroebel, et al.: Basic Photographic Materials and ProcessesIs this the best book about photography ever written? All the authors are from the School of Arts and Sciences at Rochester Institute of Technology, and this volume takes the form of a university textbook. It is extremely comprehensive. A book to own, to read, and to re-read many times.Leslie Stroebel: View Camera TechniqueMore specialized than the book mentioned above but a classic tomeabout photography. Don't be misled by the title: sure it is about view cameras, but they are very basic cameras and understanding them will teach you much about photography, even if you only ever use a 35mm camera.。

热力学温度：开[尔文]（K）开尔文英文是 Kelvin 简称开，国际代号K，热力学温度的单位。

开尔文是国际单位制（SI）中7个基本单位之一，以绝对零度（0K）为最低温度，规定水的三相点的温度为 273.16K，1K等于水三相点温度的1/273.16。

特别需要注意的是：水的三相点不是冰点，冰点与气压和水中的溶质有关（比如空气），三相点只与水本身的性质有关，是恒量。

由此推算出的1K的大小与1摄氏度大致相等，且水在101.325Pa下的熔点大约为273.15K，故摄氏温标与国际温标之间的换算大约为Tc=Tk-273.15。

开尔文是为了纪念英国物理学家Lord Kelvin而命名的。

注明：国际单位制=International System of Units热力学温度是国际单位制中七个基本物理量之一，其单位开尔文(符号K)定义为水三相点热力学温度的1／273．16。

可见，水三相点既是热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是1990年国际温标(ITs 一90)定义的最基本的、极其重要的固定点。

水三相点是水的固、液、汽三相平衡共存时的温度(图l1，其值为273．16K (0．01℃)。

它是在一个密封的装有高纯度水(水的同位素成分相当于海水)的玻璃容器——水三相点瓶内复现的。

Material: PC+ABS/al + PC/PCPC: Polycarbonate聚碳酸酯 ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneAL: AluminumLED : Light Emitting Diode (display) 发光二极管(显示)Most digital read-outs on laboratory instruments, calculators and watches use LED display. 实验仪器、计算机、手表的数字读出大多是二极管显示Power ratio: 90lm/wLm: lumen 流明(光束的能量单位)lm是光通量的单位，通俗说就是度量一个光源发出多少光的单位lm/w是光电效率的表征，表示消耗电功率1w发出多少光能。

热力学温度：开[尔文]（K）开尔文英文是 Kelvin 简称开，国际代号K，热力学温度的单位。

开尔文是国际单位制（SI）中7个基本单位之一，以绝对零度（0K）为最低温度，规定水的三相点的温度为 273.16K，1K等于水三相点温度的1/273.16。

特别需要注意的是：水的三相点不是冰点，冰点与气压和水中的溶质有关（比如空气），三相点只与水本身的性质有关，是恒量。

由此推算出的1K的大小与1摄氏度大致相等，且水在101.325Pa下的熔点大约为273.15K，故摄氏温标与国际温标之间的换算大约为Tc=Tk-273.15。

开尔文是为了纪念英国物理学家Lord Kelvin而命名的。

注明：国际单位制=International System of Units热力学温度是国际单位制中七个基本物理量之一，其单位开尔文(符号K)定义为水三相点热力学温度的1／273．16。

可见，水三相点既是热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是1990年国际温标(ITs 一90)定义的最基本的、极其重要的固定点。

水三相点是水的固、液、汽三相平衡共存时的温度(图l1，其值为273．16K (0．01℃)。

它是在一个密封的装有高纯度水(水的同位素成分相当于海水)的玻璃容器——水三相点瓶内复现的。

Material: PC+ABS/al + PC/PCPC: Polycarbonate聚碳酸酯 ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneAL: AluminumLED : Light Emitting Diode (display) 发光二极管(显示)Most digital read-outs on laboratory instruments, calculators and watches use LED display. 实验仪器、计算机、手表的数字读出大多是二极管显示Power ratio: 90lm/wLm: lumen 流明(光束的能量单位)lm是光通量的单位，通俗说就是度量一个光源发出多少光的单位lm/w是光电效率的表征，表示消耗电功率1w发出多少光能。

化学缩略词ab. absolute 绝对的addn. addition 添加alc. alcohol 醇alk. alkali 碱amt. amount 量A.P. analytically pure 分析纯app. apparatus 装置approx. approximate 大约aqu. aqueous 水的asym. asymmetric 不对称的atm. atmospheric 大气压av. average 平均的b.p. boiling point 沸点ca. about 大约cal. caloric 卡路里calc. calculate 计算cf. compare 比较chem. chemistry 化学conc. concentrated 浓缩的const. constant 常数contg. containing 含有…的compd. compound 化合物C.P. chemically pure 化学纯cryst. crystalline 晶体decomp. decompose 分解deriv. derivative 衍生detn. determination 测定dil. dilute 稀释的distd. distilled 蒸馏的e.g. for example 例如elec. electric 电的eq. equation 方程equil. equilibrium 平衡equiv. equivalent 等价的et. al. and others 以及其他人etc. et cetera 等等evap. evaporation 蒸发expt. experimental 实验的fig. figure 图hyd. hydrous 水的ibid. in the same place在同一地方lab. laboratory 实验室liq. liquid 液体L.R. laboratory reagent实验试剂manf. manufacture 制造max. maximum 最大的min. minute 最小的mixt. mixture 混合物mol.wt. molecular weight 分子量m.p. melting point 熔点org. organic 有机的ppm. parts per million百万分之一ppt. precipitated 沉淀的prep. prepare 制备resp. respectively 分别地sec. second 第二soln. solution 溶液solv. solvent 溶剂sp.gr. specific gravity 比重sq. square 平方sub. sublime 升华susp. suspended 悬浮地tech. technical 技术的Tech.P. technically pure 技术纯temp. temperature 温度vol. volume 体积wt. Weight 重量1.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functional group双键double bond三键triple bond烃基hydroxy group琉基mercapto硫轻基sulfhydryl group羰基carbonyl group氨基amino group亚氨基imino group硝基nitro group亚硝基nitroso group氰基cyano group羧基carboxyl group磺基sulpho group烷基alkyl group苯基phenyl group卡基benzyl group芳基aryl group烯基allyl group烷氧基alkoxyl group酰基acyl group活性亚甲基active methylene group2.有机化合物的类型烃hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatic hydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共扼二烯烃conjugated diene脂环烃alicyclic hydrocarbon螺环化合物spiro compound桥环化合物bridged ring compound芳烃aromatic hydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensed aromatics 卤代烃halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol醚ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚crown ether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinic acid磺酸sulfonic acid亚砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shiff's base肟oxime腙hydrozone缩氨脲semicarbazoneα,β-不饱和酮α,β--unsaturated ketone 醌quinone羧酸carboxylic acid酰卤acid halide酸酐acid anhydride酯ester酰胺amide内酯lactone内酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substituted acid羟基酸hydroxy acid醇酸alcoholic acid酚酸phenolic acid酮酸keto acidB-酮酸酯B-ketone ester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethyl acetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitroso compoundA ampere安(培)Angstrom unit(s)埃(长度单位，10-10米)abs．absolute绝对的abs．EtOH absolute alcohol无水乙醇abstr．abstract文摘Ac acetyl(CH3CO，not CH3COO)乙酰基a c alternating current交流电(流)Ac．H．acetaldehyde 乙醛AcOH acetic acid乙酸Ac2O acetic anhydride乙酸酐AcOEt ethyl acetate乙酸乙酯AcONa乙酸钠add additive 附加物addn addition加成，添加addnl additional添加的alc．alcohol，alcoholic醇aliph．aliphatic 脂族的Al．Hg．Aluminum amalgam铝汞齐alk．alkaline(not alkali)碱性的alky alkalinity(alhys．for alkalinities is not approved)碱度，碱性am amyl(not ammonium)戊基amorph amorphous无定形的amp ampere(s)安(培)amt．amount(as a noun)数量anal．analysis分析anhyd．anhydrous无水的AO atomic orbital原子轨(道)函数app．apparatus仪器，装置approx approximate(as an adjective)，approximately近似的，大概的approxn approximation近似法，概算aq．aqueous水的，含水的arom．aromatic芳族的as．asymmetric不对称的assoc．associate(s)缔合assocd associated缔合的assocn association缔合at．atomic(not atom)原子的atm atmosphere(s)，atmospheric大气压=1.01325×105帕ATP adenosine triphosphatae三磷酸腺苷酶at．wt．atomic weight原子量av．average(except as a verb)平均b．(followed by a figure denoting temperature)boils at，boiling at(similarlyb13，at1.3mm，pressure)沸腾(后面的数字表示温度，同样b13表示在13毫米压力下沸腾)bbl barrel桶[液体量度单位=163.5升(英国)，=119升(美国)]BCC．body-centred cubic立方体心BeV or GeV billion electronvolts10亿电子伏，吉电子伏，109电子伏BOD biochemical oxygen demand生化需氧量μB Bohr magneton玻尔磁子[物]b．p．boiling point沸点Btu British thermal unit(s)英热单位=1055.06焦Bu butyl(normal)丁基bu．bushel蒲式耳=36.368升(英)=35.238升(美)Bz benzoyl(not benzyl)苯甲酰BzH benzaldehyde苯(甲)醛BzOH benzoic acid苯甲酸C concentration浓度Cal．calorie(s)千卡，大卡=4186.8焦cal．卡=4.1868焦calc．calculate计算calcd calculated计算的calcg calculating计算calcn calculation计算CC cubic centimeter(s)立方厘米CD circurlar dichroism圆二色性(物)c．d．current density电流密度cf．参见compare比较cubic feet per minute立方英尺/分钟(1立方英尺=2.831685×10-2米3)chem．chemical(as an adjective)(not chemistry nor chemically)化学的Ci curie居里(放射单位)=3.7×1010贝可clin．clinical(ly)临床的cm centimeter(s)厘米CoA coenzyme A辅酶AC．O．D．chemical oxygen demand化学需氧量coeff．coefficient系数col．colour，coloration颜色com．commercial工业的，商业的，商品的comb．combustion燃烧compb．compound化合物，复合物compn．composition组成，成分conc．concentrate(as a verb)提浓，浓缩concd．concentrated浓的concg．concentrating浓缩(的) concn．concentration浓度cond conductivity导电率，传导性const．constant常数，常量contg containing包含，含有cor corrected校正的，改正的，正确的cp．constant pressure恒压C．P．Chemically pure化学纯的crit．critical临界的cryst．crystalline(not crystallize)结晶crystd crystallized使结晶crystg crystallizing结晶crystn crystallization结晶，结晶化cu．m．cubic meter(s)立方米Cv constant volume恒容d density密度(d13 相对于水在4℃时的比重；d2020相对于水在20℃时的比重)D Debye unit德拜单位，电偶极矩单位d．dextrorotatory右旋(不译)dl-外消旋(不译)d．c．direct current直流电decomp．decompose(s)分解decompd decomposed分解的decompg decomposing分解decompn decomposition分解degrdn degradation降解deriv．derivative衍生物，导数(数)det．determine 测定detd determined 测定的detg determining测定detn determination 测定diam．diameter直径dil．dilute稀释，冲淡dild diluted稀释的diltg diluting稀释diln dilution稀释diss．dissolves，dissolved溶解dissoc dissociate(s)离解dissocd．dissociated 离解的dissocn dissociation 离解dist．distil．distillation 蒸馏distd distilled蒸馏的distg distilling 蒸馏distn distillation蒸馏dl分升dm．decimeter(s)分米DMF dimetbylformamide二甲基甲酰胺DNase deoxyribonuclease脱氧核糖核酸酶d．p．degree of polymerization聚合度dpm disintegrations per minute分解量/分钟DTA differential thermal analysis 差热分析E．D．effective dose有效剂量EEG electroencephalogram脑电流描记术e．g．for example例如elec electric，electrical(not electrically)电的e．m．f．electromoctive force电动势e．m．u．electromagnetic unit电磁单位en．ethylenediamine(used in formulas only)乙二胺equil equilibrium(s)平衡equiv．equivalent当量，克当量esp．especially 特别，格外est．estimate(as a verb)估计estd estimated估计的estg estimating估计estn estimation估计Et ethyl乙基Et2O ethyl ether乙醚ηviscosity粘度eV electron volt(s)电子伏[特] evac．evacuated抽空的evap．evaporate蒸发evapd evaporated 蒸发的evapg evaporating蒸发evapn evaporation蒸发examd examined检验过的，试验过的examg examining检验，试验examn examination检验，试验expt．experiment(as a noun)实验exptl experimental实验的ext．extract提取物，萃，提取extd extracted提取的extg extracting提取extn extraction 提取F farad法[拉](电容)fcc face centered cubic面心立方体fermn fermentation发酵f．p．freezing point冰点，凝固点FSH follicle-stimulating hormone促卵泡激素ft．foot，feet 英尺=0.3048米ft-lb foot-pound 英尺磅=0.3048米×0.453592千克g.gram(s)克gal gallon加仑=4.546092升(英)=3.78543升(美) geol.geological地质的gr.grain(weight unit)谷(1谷=1/7000磅=0.64799克) h hour小时H henry亨[利]ha.hectare(s)公顷=6.451600×10-4米2homo-均匀-，单相h hour小时hyd.hydrolysis，hydrolysed水解Hz hertz(cycles/sec)赫[兹]，周/秒ID infective dose无效剂量in.inch(es)英寸=0.0254米inorg.incrganic无机的insol.insoluble不溶的IR infrared红外线irradn irradiation照射iso-Bu，isobutyl异丁基iso-Pr，isopropyl异丙基IU国际单位J joule焦[耳](能量单位)K kelvin开[尔文]，绝对温度Kcal.kilocalorie(s)千卡=418.6焦kg kilogram(s)千克kV kilovolt(s)千伏kV-amp.kilovolt-ampere(s)千伏安kW.kilowatt(s)千瓦kWh kilowatthour 千瓦小时=3.6×106焦l.liter(s)升boratory实验室lb pound(s)磅=0.453592千克LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals原子轨道的线性组合LD Lethal dose致死剂量LH Luteinizing hormone促黄体发生激素liq.liquid液体，液态Lm lumen流明(光通量单位)LX lux勒[克斯](照度单位)m.meter(s)；also(followed by a figure denoting temperature)米，熔融(注明温度时)M.mega-(106)兆M molar(as applied to concn.)摩尔m.melts at，melting at熔融m molal摩尔的ma milliampere(s)毫安manuf.manufacture制造manufd manufactured制造的manufg.manufacturing制造math.mathematical数学的max maximum(s)最大值，最大的Me methyl(MeOH,methanol)甲基mech.mechanical机械的metab.metabolism新陈代谢m.e.v million electron volts兆电子伏mg milligram(s)毫克mi mile英里=1609.344米min minimun[also minute(s)]最小值，最小的min minute分钟misc miscellaneous其它mixt.mixture混合物ml milliliter(s)毫升mm millimeter(s)毫米nm millimicron(s)纳米MO molecular orbital分子轨道函数mol molecule，molecular分子，分子的mol.wt.molecular weight分子量m.p.melting point熔点mph miles per hour英里(=1609.344米)/小时μmicron(s)微米mV millivolt(s)毫伏N newton牛[顿](力的单位)N normal(as applied to concn.)当量(浓度)neg.negative(as an adjective)阴性的，负的no number号，数obsd observed观察，观测anic有机的oxidn oxidation氧化oz．ounce盎司(常衡=28.349523克)P．d．potential difference势差，电位差Pet．Et．petroleum ether石油醚Ph．phenyl苯基phys．physical物理的physiol．physiological生理学的p．m．post meridiem午后polymd polymerized聚合polymg polymerizing聚合ploymn polymerization聚合pos．positive(as an adjective)阳性的，正的powd．powdered粉末的，粉状的p．p.b．(ppb)parts per billion亿万分之(几) p.p.m．(ppm)parts per million百万分之(几) ppt．precipitate沉淀，沉淀物pptd．precipitated沉淀出的pptg．precipitating沉淀pptn precipitation沉淀Pr propyl (normal)丙基prac．practically实际上prep．prepare制备press．pressure压力prepd prepared制备的prepg preparing制备prepn preparation制备psi pounds per square inch磅/英寸2[=0.453592千克/(6．45100×10-4米2)]psia pounds per square inch alsolute磅/英寸2(绝对压力) pt pint品脱(=0.5682615升)purifn purification精制py pyridine(used only in formulas)吡啶qt．quality质量qual.qualitative(not qualitatively)定性的quant．quantitative(not quantitatively)定量的γ希文，消旋(不译)red．reduce，还原red reduction还原，减小ref．reference 参考文献rem roentgen equivalent man人体伦琴当量，雷姆rep roentgen equivalent physical物理伦琴当量repr.reproduction再生产，再生res.resolution分辨，分解，离析resp.respectively分别地rpm revolution per minute每分钟转数RNase ribonuclease核糖核酸酶sapon.saponification皂化sapond saponified皂化过的sapong saponifying皂化sat.saturate使饱和satd.saturated饱和的satg saturating饱和的satn.saturation饱和，饱和度sec second(s)秒，仲，第二的sep.separate分离sepd separated分离出的sepg separating分离的sepn separation分离sol.soluble可溶的soln solution溶液soly solubility(solys.for solubilities is not approved)可溶性，溶解度sp.gr.specific gravity比重sp.ht.specific heat比热sp.vol.specific volume比容std. standard标准suppl. supplement补篇sym. symmetrical对称的tech. technical技术的temp. temperature温度tert. Tertiary叔(指CH3…C(CH3)2—型烃基) thermodyn. Thermodynamics热力学titrn titration滴定unsym. unsymmetrical偏，不对称U. V. ultraviolet紫外线V volt(s)伏[特]vac.vacuun真空vapor vaporization汽化vol.volume (not volatile)体积vs versus对W.watt(s)瓦[特]wt.weight重量wk week星期。

Oven and Compact Range. Bosch ovens and compact appliancesbring style and elegance to your kitchen.Advanced features and functionsfor everyday use.**Features vary depending on model. Please check individual product specifications.Bosch Assist.*The advanced sensor technology found in PerfectRoast andPerfectBake offers an extensive menu of food categories that help create your perfect meal. Simply select the desired dish, press start and your oven automatically sets the ideal heating mode, temperature and length of time, monitoring and modifying the cooking as required for the best results. Of course, you can also select these settings yourself.PerfectBake *: Baking has never been easier.This function constantly measures the precise moisture level of your dishes and automatically adjusts the settings, which means you’ll never have to set the heating mode, length of time ortemperature ever again. Simply choose the type of dish, such as ‘Cake in Tin’, press start and let your oven bake it to perfection.^^Only works from a cold start. Do not open the door during the cooking process or you will have to continue manually.PerfectRoast meat probe *: Achieve the perfect roast, stuffed meals and fish.The PerfectRoast meat probe features three sensitive measuring points and uses the lowest temperature reading to determine the core temperature before calculating the residual cooking time. The results are simply perfect. Used manually or with Bosch Assist, you can modify the suggested core temperature (within a recommended range).AutoPilot automatic programs *: Make every dish a success with very little effort.Just insert your dish, enter its weight and select the desired program from the menu. AutoPilot then determines the cooking mode, temperature and cooking duration.Pyrolytic self-cleaning *: The oven that cleans itself.During the pyrolytic cleaning function, the oven heats up to 480°C to burn off grease and food residue.# Simply follow these 3 steps:1. Activate the pyrolytic cleaning function.2. C hoose from three different cleaning levels, depending on the degree of residue that has accumulated.3. O nce the program is finished, wipe off the thin layer of ash in the base of the oven.#Metal racks may show slight discolouration after prolonged use of the pyrolytic function. To prevent this you may choose to remove the wire racks during the pyrolytic cycle.EcoClean Direct *: Makes cleaning easier.While your dishes bake or roast, the special direct coating of microfine ceramic particles on the oven cavity walls absorbs grease and residue and breaks them down through oxidation.Simply follow these 3 steps ^:1. Activate the EcoClean Direct cleaning program.2. O nce completed, clean remaining surfaces that don’t have the special coating.3. W ipe the base of the oven and inside of the glass door.The direct coating also regenerates every time you heat the oven and continues to do so for the entire service life of the appliance.^Please remove all accessories when activating the specific EcoClean Direct program.SoftMove * and SoftClose.*SoftMove on Series 8 and SoftClose on Series 6 models is a special damping mechanism. Oven doors open and close softer and quieter than ever. This convenient feature not only offers a premium finish, it also protects the oven and door during the life of the oven.Lighting.Depending on the model, Bosch ovens and compact appliances feature one of the following lighting solutions:• The multi-level LED lighting * offers illumination on eachlevel, which is exceptionally convenient when baking on multiple levels.• The energy-efficient LED ceiling lighting * offers vibrantillumination and longevity.• The integrated halogen lighting * ensures the interior cavity isbrightly lit. More efficient than standard lights, they are durable and are designed to last longer.Home Connect.*Your kitchen’s about to get a whole lot smarter. From preheating your smart oven from the office to brewing your latte from bed, now you can do it all at the touch of a button. With the Home Connect app giving you complete control of your appliances, you’re free to focus on the food – and who you’re sharing it with. You can even ask Alexa how dinner’s coming along. The clever app gives you free access to a constantly growing number of services, accessory recommendations and irresistible recipes. It really is the new standard for comfort at home.There’s no healthier or tastier way to prepare food than steaming.Preserving vitamins and minerals.Dishes that are cooked in hot steam not only retain their vitamins and minerals, but also their full, natural flavour. So you can use much less salt when cooking, vegetables stay crisp, meat and fish become juicy and tender. In short, healthy food has never tasted better.Full Steam.*Looking for a better way to cook? Then look no further than our super smart Full Steam ovens. The beauty of steam is it locks in all the delicious flavour, colour and nutrients in your food – making it one of the healthiest ways to cook. Veggies stay nice and crisp while poultry and fish become tender and juicy. Plus, handypre-set programmes and a self-cleaning mode make it easier than ever to harness the power of steam. Now’s the time to find out how steam can be your food’s new best friend.Added steam function.*Enhance your cooking results by adding a little bit of moisture from time to time, thanks to the added steam function. Whether you’re reheating dishes, proving dough, baking or roasting, you can set the oven to automatically add bursts of steam, or you can add steam manually to regulate the intensity. Create succulent roasts and perfectly browned bread crusts with ease.*Features vary depending on model. Please check individualproduct specifications.Integrated water tank.*No direct water connection is needed, giving you much more flexibility in deciding where to place your oven.Precise temperature control.*Electronic thermostats monitor the oven cavity temperature to maintain temperature consistency during the cooking process. CoolTouch doors.*Bosch ovens meet the highest safety standards: The best Bosch CoolTouch oven doors reach a maximum temperature of only 30°C.^ This means that curious children are even better protected against burns. The extra measure of safety is made possible by 30% better ventilation.^Measured at the centre of the window after 1 hour with a 180°C oven temperature / top and bottom heat.Bosch Coffee Machine: Your favourite café is now open 24/7.SensoFlow System for a perfect aroma.The optimal brewing temperature for an espresso is between 90°C and 95°C. If the temperature is any higher or lower, the flavour of the beans is only partially released or the coffee is bitter. Our smart SensoFlow System heats the water to just the right temperature, for a full-bodied espresso aroma from the first to the last cup.Your choice of coffee at the touch of a button.With the MyCoffee function, save your 8 favourite beverages with individual names. Innovative technology regulates the release of coffee, hot milk and foam to deliver the beverage of your choice at the touch of a button.Automatic cleaning of the milk system.Now you can clean your coffee maker as easily as you prepare your morning pick-me-up. Each time you make a coffee drink with milk, the milk system is automatically rinsed out with a blast of steam. The coffee machine takes total charge of the milk system’s dailymaintenance.Washing Machine Range.Cooktop Range.Dryer Range.Dishwasher Range.Vented Cooktop Range.Rangehood Range.Refrigeration Range.Freestanding Cooker。