社会语言学 第八章作业
- 格式:docx
- 大小:16.65 KB
- 文档页数:3
语言学概论第八章疑难问题解析中央电大胡吉成安徽电大王德寿一、什么是借词?汉语借词常见的有哪些形式?借词也称外来词,指的是语音形式和意义都借自外民族语言的词,如“葡萄、石榴、狮子、玻璃、佛、菩萨、罗汉、和尚、巧克力、沙发、芭蕾、咖啡、卡片、卡车”等就都是借词。
借词是语言接触中产生的一种最常见的语言现象。
我们知道,人作为一种社会的动物,不同的民族、不同的群体之间,不可避免地要相互接触,不同民族的不同语言在相互接触之中,必然要从对方语言中吸收一些有用成分来丰富自己的语汇,满足交际的需要,这是各种语言发展的一个共同现象,因此,任何一种语言中,都有一定数量的借词。
如上举的汉语中的那些借词。
英语中更有大量的词语是从法语中借用的,如“state(国家)、enemy(敌人)、fine(好的)、honour(荣誉)、peace(和平)”等。
汉民族自古以来有着同其他民族交往的悠久历史,汉语中有不少是从其他民族语言中来的借词,但有些借词使用年代久远,人们已经觉察不到它们是借词了。
如“葡萄、石榴、狮子、玻璃、琵琶、箜篌”等就是汉代从西域各民族语言中吸收过来的,而“佛、菩萨、罗汉、和尚、塔、袈裟、涅槃”等就是汉代以后随佛教传入我国而从梵语中过来的。
汉语中借词较多的几个时期是汉代、魏晋南北朝时期以及近现代,特别是近现代时期,我国同西方各国在政治、经济、文化、科技等方面的交往日益频繁,许多反映西方新科技、新文化、新思想的词语随之大量汉语渗透到汉语词汇中,如“麦克风、德律风、赛因斯、德谟克拉西、三明治、咖啡、巧克力、沙发、高尔夫、可口可乐”等。
汉语中虽有许多借词,但借词在汉语词汇中的总比重是不大的,而且从现有材料来看,汉语中的借词主要是名词,只有少数来自日语的借词是动词、形容词。
汉语吸收外来词的方式多种多样,比较复杂,归纳起来,主要有以下几种:(1)音译:即用汉语近似音节转写外来词读音。
如“沙发(sofa)、芭蕾(ballet)、坦克(tank)、麦克风(microphone)、加拿大(canada)、高尔夫(golf)”等。
修订版《语言学纲要》第八章语言的接触答案本页仅作为文档封面,使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March第八章语言的接触一、名词解释借词——借词也叫音义外来词,它指的是音与义都借自外语的词。
如英语中的telephone借子到汉语中是“德律风”,其音义都来自英语。
借词是民族关系的一种见证,是研究民族发展史的一项重要材料。
借词在语言历史的研究中也有非常重要的作用。
语言联盟——语言联盟即“语言的区域分类”。
是指一片地理区域内的不同语言不仅在词汇上相互有大量的借贷,而且在语音、语法系统的结构格局、结构规则方面也十分相似,但各语言仍有相当数量的核心词跟彼此不同。
语言替换——语言换用也称“语言替代”或“语言融合”,是不同民族在长期接触或融合过程中产生的一种语言现象。
指的是一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言而转用另一民族语言的现象。
语言底层——在语言替换的过程中,换用的强势语言会留下被替换语言的痕迹,这类痕迹通常称为语言底层。
共同语——共同语是社会打破地域隔阂、走向统一时出现的一种语言形式,是在一种方言基础上建立起来的一个民族或一个国家通用的语言。
洋泾浜——“洋泾浜”是当地人在和外来的商人、水手、传教士等打交道的过程中学来的一种变了形的外语。
“洋泾浜”的共同特点是:语音经过当地语言音系的适当改造,语法规则减少到最低限度,词汇的项目比较少,往往要借助于迂回曲折的说法指称事物。
克里奥耳语——混合语是由洋泾浜发展而来的一种有声交际工具,是一种建立在两种或两种以上语言系统基础上形成的并被特定的言语社团作为母语学习使用一种语言。
洋泾浜的特点之一在于它是一定场合下使用的特殊语言,没有人把它当作母语来学习使用。
但是在一定条件下,它也可能被社会采用为主要的交际工具,由孩子们作为母语来学习。
在这种情况下,洋泾浜就变成了混合语,又叫克里奥耳语(Creole,是混血儿的意思)二、填空1、语言发生接触的前提条件是(社会的接触)2、语言接触从根本上说是(使用语言的人之间)接触。
第八章社会语言学1.语言变异语言的使用属于社会现象,语言的使用会因言语社区、地域、社会团体、甚至个人的不同而不同。
社会语言学(sociolinguistics)是把语言置于社会环境中来研究语言,从而揭示在不同的社会语境中语言变化的本质特征和社会意义。
1.1言语社区(speech community)言语社区可以定义为构成一个社团的一群人,他们具有相同的语言或具有同一语言中某一特定的变体。
言语社区的一个重要特点是同一言语社区的人使用同一语言或同一语言中的不同的变体进行交际,而且他们对他们所使用的语言的规范具有类似的态度。
社会地位、经济地位、受教育程度、职业、年龄等因素不同的人所使用的语言往往带有他们各自言语社区的烙印。
1.2言语变体(speech variety)言语变体(speech variety),有称之为语言变体,是语言使用者所使用的具有一定区别性特征的变体。
这些不同的特征主要反映在发音、句法规则或词汇上。
言语变体作为一种中性词语可以指标准语(standard language)、方言(dialect)、洋径浜语(pidgin)、克里奥尔语(creole)等,可以指同一语言的地域性或民族性变体,如英语中的澳大利亚英语、黑人英语等,也可以指同属一种语言的功能性言语变体,如法律语体等。
社会语言学家尤其是对地域变体(又称地域方言)、社会变体(又称社会方言)和功能变体(又称语域)感兴趣。
言语变体无论其具有何种社会属性,在社会语言学家看来它们之间没有高低之分、优劣之别,因为它们都是体系的。
1.3地域变异(regional variation)地理障碍如高山,海洋,空间的距离等是造成语言地域变异的主要原因,除此之外,对自己地方语的“忠诚”以及对语言变化的抵触情绪也是形成地域方言的原因。
虽然语言的地域变异反映在发音、词汇和句法上,但是语言地域性变异的最显著的特征是地域口音(accent)。
由于地域变体的存在给跨地区的交际造成障碍,语言规划(language planning)应运而生。
语言学概论第八章语言的发展和演变习题、真题集锦一、单选题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)1.下面各项中,属于汉语北方方言的是( C )p258A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话2.与北京话同属于一个方言区的是( A )P258A.昆明话B.上海话C.长沙话D.客家话3.与兰州话同属于一个地区的是( A )P258A.长沙话B.昆明话C.厦门话D.梅县话4.与武汉话同属一个方言区的是( B )p258A.长沙话B.成都话C.南昌话D.广州话5.方言之间的差异主要体现在( D )(P258)A.语法方面B.语义方面C.语汇方面D.语音方面6.人们感觉到方言的不同首先是体现在( B )A.语法方面B.语音方面C.语汇方面D.语义方面7.彝族、羌族都来自于( B )P259-260A.古梵语B.原始汉藏语C.古粤语D.古斯拉夫语8.汉语、彝语、苗语、纳西语都来自于( B )p259A.古梵语B.原始汉藏语C.古日耳曼语D.古斯拉夫语9.不同行业有自己的“行话”,“行话”属于( B ) p260A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言10.一种语言的共同语是在某—个方言的基础上形成的,这种方言叫( C )p262 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言12.吉普、狮子、琵琶”等词都是汉语里的( D )p131/263A.方言词B.常用词C.基本词D.外来词13.下面各词中属于仿译词的是( B )(P263)A.吉普B.热狗C.高尔夫D.尼龙14.用本族语言的语素逐个対译外语原词的语素而产生的词是( B )P263A.音译词B.仿译词C.意译词D.借词16.一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫( B )p265A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象17.语言的替换必然要经历( D )P266A.洋泾滨语阶段B.融合语阶段C.失语阶段D.双语阶段18.语言替换又被视为( B )P265A.语言混用B.语言转用C.语音混合D.语言渗透19.下列关于语言转用的表述,不正确的一项是( C )P265A.语言转用是语言统一的重要形式B.双语现象并非一定导致语言转用C.语言转用以民族融合为必要条件D.语言间的密切接触是语言转用的重要条件20.方言和亲属语言之间具有( A )P259A.语音对应关系B.语汇对应关系C.语义对应关系D.语音对应关系22.亲属语言产生的必要社会条件是(A)P259A.社会的完全地域分化B.社会的不完全地域分化C.社会的完全社群分化D.社会的不完全是社群分化23.语言间亲属关系的重要标志是( D ) P259A.语义对应B.词汇对应关系C.语法对应关系D.语音对应关系24.通常被看作语言亲属关系重要证据的是( B )P259A.语言类型相同 B.语音对应关系 C.地理位置相近 D.语言借用成25.克里奥耳语又叫做( C )P266-268A.皮琴语B.复综语C.混合语D.语言联盟26.洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语属于( C ) P266A.语言的借用B.语言的转用C.语言的混合D.双语现象。
第八章语言的发展名词解释。
1共同语:一个社会的全体成员或大多数人日常生活中使用的语言叫做共同语。
在没有方言分歧的社会里,全体社会成员所使用的语言都是共同语。
2.方言:3.地域方言:地域方言也叫“地区方言”,是全民语言在不同地域的变体,是统一的全民语言的分支。
它是最为常见的语言分化现象。
4.社会方言:由于社会中的人们所处社会地位、职业、年龄、性别、文化高低等方面存在着许多差异,这些差异必然使人们在运用语言方面形成某些个性化或类型化的特点,从而形成了社会方言,各种行业语、阶级方言、黑话等,都属于社会方言。
社会方言也是全民语言的社会变体,是语言分化的结果。
5.亲属语言:凡是从同一种语言分化出来的若干种独立的语言,它们就是亲属语言,亲属语言也是语言分化的结果。
6.标准语:7.克里奥尔语:克里奥尔语是指在各种语言频繁接触的地区出现的一种包含不同语言成分混合自然语言。
8.底层:在语言融合的过程中,胜利的语言也必将从失败的语言中吸收一些成分来丰富自己。
或者说,被同化的语言不会马上彻底消失,还会有一些成分遗留在同化的语言中,这种现象就是底层现象。
复习思考题。
1.谈一谈语言发展的原因和特点。
(1)语言发展的原因:外因:社会的发展是语言发展的基本条件语言是人类最重要的交际工具,它随着社会的产生而产生,随着社会的发展而发展,社会的发展是语言发展的基本条件。
①社会进步推动语言的发展:随着社会生产力的发展,生产关系的改变,以及社会生活的变化,新事物、新概念不断出现,这就要求语言要不断地产生各种各样的词语以适应交际的需要。
②社会的分化和统一推动语言的发展:语言是全社会的交际工具,当社会走向分化的时候,这个社会的各个部分之间交际就会逐渐减少,各个部分成员使用的语言就会产生差异,逐渐形成不同的方言或语言。
另外,由于社会分工的存在,使社会上形成了不同的社会集团,各个集团在语言使用上会形成不同的特点,从而形成社会方言。
反之,如果已经分化的社会各个部分或不同社会之间逐渐走向统一,语言或方言之间的影响加强,促使语言逐渐趋向统一。
Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1.What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学?Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.社会语言学是语言学的一个分支,它研究社会环境中的语言。
nguage variation 语言变异a)Speech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.社会语言学研究中,说话者被当作是社会群体的成员。
Language and Society13073080 刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speech variety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society. The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the realtraditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the line…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language mayplay the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low”variety. In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and United States. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout the world. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.Welcome !!! 欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考!。
18秋《社会语言学》作业_1一、单选题( 每题5分, 共11道小题, 总分值55分)1.“懂得什么样的话适合什么样的场合”是海姆斯“言语交际能力”()的要求。
A. 形式上的可能性B. 实施手段上的可行性C. 语境适应性D. 现实中的实施情况答案:C 答案可以联系屏幕左上的“文档贡献者”2.对语言转用的认识有误的是()。
A. 语言转用只能是整体转用型B. 语言转用也是由语言接触引起的C. 语言转用又称“语言替换”、“语言替代”D. 语言转用是指一个民族或一个民族的部分人放弃使用自己的母语而转用另一语言的现象答案:A3.制定、实施语言规划,要充分考虑政策所依赖的群众因素,尊重人民的意愿,满足群众的需要,并依靠群众去贯彻、执行,这符合语言规划的()原则。
A. 政治性B. 理论性C. 群众性D. 可行性答案:C4.语言存在着的()差异是所有差异中最直观、最常见的。
A. 性别B. 年龄C. 职业D. 阶层答案:B5.从语言规划角度去看,语言的人文性主要表现不包括()。
A. 语言所反映的文化性质、文化价值和文化功能B. 语言应用中折射出的各种文化现象,如经济形态、思想观念等C. 语言交际中所反映的各个国家的政治制度、经济发展等社会因素D. 语言交际中所反映的语言使用者的思维、情感、态度及其他文化背景等答案:C6.有关阶级差别与语言代码、语言威望的理解,不正确的是()。
A. 掌握代码系统多少以及复杂程度是语言能力的体现B. 伯恩斯坦通过实验认为出身上等阶级的人比下等阶级的人在语言能力上更有优势C. 最下层阶级的男性发音往往是远离社会标准发音的,形成“显威望”标准D. 中产阶级的地位、生活方式连同他们的语言特点都成为较低等级的人们模仿学习的对象7.对以社会交际为导向的教学标准的认识有误的是()。
A. Munby的大纲,开启了以交际功能为导向的第二语言教学路径B. 产生了交际法、任务型教学等教学模式C. 《交际大纲设计》使言语交际微观交际功能项目体系得到完善D. 中国也编制了一些用于对外汉语教学的交际功能的大纲8.同语言变异有关的社会变量多种多样,()是诸多变量中最重要的参数。
Language and Society13073080 刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live.There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speechvariety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society. The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the real traditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the line…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language may play the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low” variety. In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and UnitedStates. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout the world. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.。