社会语言学第十一章 作业上课讲义
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《社会语言学》课程教学大纲课程名称:社会语言学课程类别:专业选修课适用专业:汉语言学文学考核方式:考查总学时、学分: 32学时 2 学分一、课程目标通过本课程的学习,使学生掌握以下社会语言学知识:1.了解《社会语言学》课程的性质内容、目的要求以及学习方法。
2.了解社会语言学的理论、范式和方法学。
3.理解语言的变异和演变,熟悉定量和定性方法。
4.能够结合语言实际理解双语现象和语言接触。
5.熟悉语言与文化、民族、职业、年龄等的关系语言与认同。
6.把握语言规划的重要性。
二、本课程基本要求:在理论和知识方面,本课程的学习要求包括:1.什么是社会语言学2.社会语言学发展成为一门独立的学科的背景。
3.社会语言学的基本概念。
4.定量研究方法。
5.语言变异。
6.语言与文化、民族、职业、年龄等的关系。
7.语言接触。
要求学生通过本课程的学习,进一步了解语言与社会的关系。
社会语言学主要研究的是语言的变异、变体、语言使用习惯上的差异,七、课程教学内容第一章什么是社会语言学(4学时)(支撑课程目标1)1.教学内容(1)社会语言学的产生;(2)社会语言学的研究对象和研究任务;(3)社会语言学的研究意义和研究价值;(4)我国社会语言学研究概况;(5)社会语言学的定量研究方法。
2.重、难点提示认识社会语言学的现实意义及应用价值,认识到作为外部语言学的社会语言学和作为内部语言学的古代汉语、现代汉语、语言学概论等课程的区别,认识到语言学与社会学、文化学、人类学及其他学科的交叉关系。
第二章语言与文化(8学时)(支撑课程目标2)1.教学内容(1)语言与文化的关系;(2)亲属称谓与亲属制度;(3)颜色词的象征意义;(4)人、店、商标、文题命名体现的文化内涵及其命名规则;(5)语言对文化的制约和影响。
2.重、难点提示语言与文化的关系;现代社会人命带来的社会问题及其解决对策;颜色词象征意义的民族性。
第三章语言与民族(6学时)(支撑课程目标4)1.教学内容(1)语言与民族的关系;(2)语言与民族感情;(3)民族语言与文化生态;(4)民族语言所反映的民族文化。
社会语言学讲义张林林编二0 0五年八月目录第一章绪论-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4)第一节社会语言学的兴起-----------------------------------------------------------(4)第二节社会语言学的对象和任务--------------------------------------------------(5)第三节社会语言学的内部分支-----------------------------------------------------(6)第四节社会语言学和其他学科的关系--------------------------------------------(7)第二章社会语言学的语言观--------------------------------------------------------------(8)第一节社会心理学派的语言观-----------------------------------------------------(8)第二节斯大林如何看待语言和社会的关系--------------------------------------(8)第三节社会语言学如何看待语言是一种社会现象-----------------------------(9)第三章语言和文化--------------------------------------------------------------------------(13)第一节语言间的差异和一致--------------------------------------------------------(13)第二节语言如何反映文化的内容--------------------------------------------------(14)第四章语言和民族--------------------------------------------------------------------------(16)第一节语言和民族的关系-----------------------------------------------------------(16)第二节双语现象-----------------------------------------------------------------------(17)第三节双语现象对语言结构的影响-----------------------------------------------(18)第四节我国政府的少数民族语言的政策-----------------------------------------(19)第五章社会变迁与汉语的发展-----------------------------------------------------------(20)第一节社会变迁与语言变化的关系-----------------------------------------------(20)第二节社会文化接触与汉语的发展-----------------------------------------------(21)第三节现代中国社会分化与当代汉语的发展-----------------------------------(23)第四节从“文革”语言看社会政治运动对语言的影响-----------------------(26)第五节社会人口的变动对语言的影响--------------------------------------------(28)第六章汉语和中国社会结构--------------------------------------------------------------(30)第一节语言对社会结构的反映-----------------------------------------------------(30)第二节语言对家庭的反映-----------------------------------------------------------(35)第三节人名-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(37)第四节地名-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(39)第七章当代语言变异理论-----------------------------------------------------------------(41)第一节变异和变素--------------------------------------------------------------------(41)第二节变体及其分类-----------------------------------------------------------------(45)第三节语言变异研究的方法论-----------------------------------------------------(50)第四节语言变异的研究方法--------------------------------------------------------(54)第八章语言变异材料的分析---------------------------------------------------------------(61)第一节引起语言变异的原因---------------------------------------------------------(61)第二节语体和语域——语言变异和社会因素的结合---------------------------(65)第三节语言接触所引起的语言使用上的变异------------------------------------(66)第四节语言接触所引起的语言结构上的变异------------------------------------(69)第九章语言变异研究成果的应用---------------------------------------------------------(72)第一节在共时变异中去寻找进行中的语言变化---------------------------------(72)第二节进行中的变化和年龄级差---------------------------------------------------(73)第三节从共时的变异中寻找进行中变化的方法---------------------------------(74)第四节语言变化的原因以及语言发展的趋势------------------------------------(74)第十章语言迷信------------------------------------------------------------------------------(75)第一节语言的功能与语言的神秘化------------------------------------------------(75)第二节禁忌语、委婉语和詈语------------------------------------------------------(78)第十一章社会语言学的研究程序和调查方法------------------------------------------(81)第一节社会语言学的研究程序------------------------------------------------------(81)第二节定性、定量研究以及抽样的方法------------------------------------------(83)第三节社会语言学研究人员的素养------------------------------------------------(85)第十二章社会语言学的应用---------------------------------------------------------------(87)第一节社会语言学和商业------------------------------------------------------------(87)第二节社会语言学和法律实践------------------------------------------------------(88)第三节社会语言学和医学------------------------------------------------------------(88)第一章绪论一、社会语言学的兴起社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)是上个世纪六十年代才兴起的一门新的学科。
绪论1、社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会的关系的一门学科。
它从不同的社会科学去考察语言,进而研究在不同的社会条件下产生的语言变异。
变素不同的社会条件和语言变异因此社会语言学是研究社会与语言的共变的一门学科。
2、语言语言是一个特定的社会的成员所说的话。
这一定义简明扼要;缺点是:不好界定。
因为:1)语言具有不同的形式;2)人们可能使用不同的语言。
3、语言和社会之间可能存在的关系1)社会结构影响或决定语言结构(行为);2)语言结构(行为)影响或决定社会结构;3)语言和社会相互影响;4)语言结构和社会结构没有关系1)分支说: ①人物:英国郝德森。
②观点:社会语言学就是“社会+语言学”。
2)“两属”说: ①人物:前苏联德舍里耶夫。
②观点:“社会语言学不仅仅属于语言科学的范围,它诞生于其他学科之间,是一门学科际的学科”。
3)“语用”说: ①人物:美国佐伊基。
②观点:社会语言学主要研究who says what to whom on which occasion(什么人在什么场合对什么人说什么)。
4)“应用”说: ①人物:陈建民、陈章太。
②观点:社会语言学是研究语言与社会共变、语言与文化共存的一门应用学科。
5)“边缘”说: ①人物:陈原②观点:“社会语言学是一门多学科性交叉学科;从它发展的趋向看来,它不只是社会科学若干学科的交叉,而且是社会科学和自然科学的接合部之一。
……边缘学科是富有生命力的,社会语言学也不例外”。
4、社会语言学和语言社会学●有学者将“社会语言学”分为“宏观社会语言学”和“微观社会语言学”,“宏观社会语言学”相当于“语言社会学”。
●一方面这种区分是必要的,前者侧重于联系社会研究语言,后者侧重于联系语言联系社会。
但两方面的研究需要互补,不可画地为牢,这样才构成完整的“社会—语言”学。
●微观社会语言学——研究小群体的言语特征及其与社会环境的相互关系的●宏观社会语言学——研究国家或地区的语言状况及其与社会变迁的相互关系的三、研究对象●社会语言学要研究语言和客观的社会诸因素(如社会结构的各种不同成分)之间的关系,而且还要研究主观的社会诸因素(如社会态度、社会价值等)在语言活动中的反映。
第十一章语言与民族文化教学目的与要求了解语言就是一种文化,了解语言与文化的共性和差异、语言与文化的相互作用、了解怎么从语言现象透视民族文化第一节语言就是一种文化一、语言与文化的共性和差异1、语言和文化的含义(1)语言:从社会功能上看,语言是人类最重要的交际工具,思维工具,文化载体。
有广义与狭义之分,广义可以包括诉诸听觉的音乐语言和其他声音,狭义的“语言”就是语音符号系统(2)文化:广义文化指精神现象和物质的总和,也就是说人类所创造的物质成果和精神成果都是文化;狭义文化是指主要限于精神方面或非物质的现象2、语言和文化的异同共同点:(1)广义文化指人类的一切创造物,甚至包括由生物本能和生存需要而产生的自然行为都是人类有别于动物的文化表现,广义的语言也有别于其他动物的交际(2)各种文化都不是先天遗传的,而是后天得到的。
(3)各种文化,尤其是制度层面和心理层面的文化,在一个民族或社会内部都具有共享性,并不属于个人。
(4)所有的文化现象都具有符号作用和象征意义,有广义与狭义的区分(5)文化现象在某个社会中往往具有约定性和权威性差异性:(1)并非所有的文化现象都与语言直接相关(2)有些文化现象实际上又必须通过广义语言形式来表现(3)狭义语言和狭义文化这种相互联系的情况二、语言与文化的相互作用二者在发展中相互促进,互相作用1、语言是重要的民族标志,可以体现民族的精神2、语言有鲜明的民族特点,可以反映民族的文化3、民族文化有一定的推动力量,可能影响语言的形式语言在整体性质上具有文化的全部属性,语言就是一种文化;但同时语言和文化的作用范围不同,语言是文化的重要组成部分。
第二节从语言现象透视民族文化一、语言文字保存古代文化的遗迹1、文字中的文化线索语言的书写符号“文字”在民族文化的产生和发展过程中有着无可取代的重要作用。
(1)汉字可以看出古代生产方式的沿革甲骨文(2)汉字反映了古代风俗制度的变化(3)汉字反映了古代审美意识的发展2、词语中的文化信息词语负载了语言中表达意义的主要功能(1)词语的来源往往可以发现民族文化的踪迹(2)词语的构造可以看出民族文化的特征(3)词语的意义引申可以看出民族文化的发展3、特殊语言成分的文化含义(1)“数字”:数字词语各种语言都有,而且数量封闭(2)“人名、地名”:姓氏、从地名可以看出历史痕迹二、语言文字反映当代文化的变迁1、“吉祥话”的文化心里:从正面说一般就是靠“词语谐音”来“讨口彩”;从反面说就是“词语避讳”,不说不尊敬或不吉利的词语2、“称谓语”的时代特征:是一种人际关系的文化符号,可以分为亲属称谓、社会称谓、或者自称、谦称等,与亲属与相比表现更为复杂3、“广告语”的人文色彩:广义广告语包括商业广告,也包括公益广告和宣传警示标语,广告语逐渐称成为一种综合性艺术创作广告语的特点:(1)充分利用词语双关多义的特点,表达多层含义(2)利用了汉语的语义双关、谐音双关和比喻、比拟等修辞三、语言文字表现民族文化的互动1、文字的兴替与民族文化的影响一种文字可以记载一个民族古代文化的内容,文字的产生和消亡2、方言的分化与民族文化的扩散一种语言内部的分化可能形成不同的方言,方言分化记录了不同地域和社群文化的物质和心理特点;方言分化也反映了民族的文化变迁和历史状况3、词语的借用与民族文化的交流词语的借用可以发现不同民族文化交流的内容并且可以观察到不同民族文化交流的历史。
社会语言学第十一章作业Second Language Acquisition刘颖 13073080Second language acquisition is a general term which refers to the acquisition of a second language, in contrast with first language acquisition. SLA is also used as a general term to refer to the acquisition of a foreign or subsequent language. Thus, SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquire or learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language. According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined by Krashen as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.But there are some differences between acquisition and learning. According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. A second language, Krashen argues, is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the second language learner. A rule can be learned before it is internalized, but having learned a rule does not necessarily prevent having to acquire it later. For example, an English language learnermay have learned a rule like the third person singular "-s", but is unable to articulate the correct form in casual and spontaneous conversation because the rule has not yet been acquired. This shows that conscious knowledge of rules does not ensure an immediate guidance for actual performance. Contrastive Analysis was developed in order to identify and predict the areas of learning difficulty. Given this approach, it was hypothesized that second language errors were predominantly the result of negative transfer, or mother tongue interference and second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between first language and second language systems. According to this view, the major task of second language teaching should predominantly be: first, contrast the native and the target language systems and make predictions about the language items that would cause difficulty and the errors that learners were likely to make; then use these predictions in deciding on the type of language items that needed special treatment in teaching and in material development and the type of intensive techniques that would be employed to overcome learning difficulties created by the interference. In practice, the Contrastive Analysis is not effective because a large proportion of grammatical errors could not be explained by mother tongue interference. Errors predicted by contrastive analysis have often not occurred, whereas many actual errors come from overgeneralization instead of negative transfer. Errors, according to the contrastive analysis approach, are negative and had to be overcome or givenup. In fact, errors produced in a learner’s second language utterance may very well be developmental errors and therefore, should not be looked upon simply as a failure to learn the correct form, but as an indication of the actual acquisition process in action. Developmental errors often result from the effort on the part of the learner to construct and test general rules of communication in the target language.Interlanguage consists of a series of interlocking and approximate linguistic systems in-between and yet distinct from the learner’s native and target languages. It represents the learner’s transitional competence moving along a learning continuum stretching from one’s first language competence to the target language competence. As a type of linguistic system in its own right, interlanguage is a product of second language training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and communicative strategies of the learner. In principle, no human brain can store all the words and expressions of a language. What happens is that when processing the language they hear, children construct the grammar and make sense of the expressions according to the grammar. When producing utterances, they follow the internalized grammatical rules. Without the knowledge of the productive rules, it would be impossible for language users to produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences which they have never heard before. Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all humans possess. Although the development of acommunicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisitionof language as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication distinguishes humans from all other animal species. In this sense, humans can be said to be predisposed, that is, biologically programmed, to acquire at least one language. Language development can thus be regarded as analogous to other biological developments in human growth and maturation, such as the growth and maturation of one’s limbs and organs. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use, just as birds are biologically “prewired” to learn the songs oftheir species.At one time, it was widely believed that children learned language by simply imitating the speech of those around them. We now know that this cannot be true, since many utterance types produced by children do not closelyresemble structures found in adult speech. . If children learn their nativetongue by imitating their parents, how can we account for the utterances that are typical of children’s language, such as the plural form "my foots," the past tense forms of” I eated," and the negative construction of “No the sun shining”? It is impossible that children imitate these structures from adults because they are never heard in adult conversations. In addition, Children with speech impairment for neurological or physiological reasons learn the language spoken to them and understand what is said. A more reasonable explanationis that children are attempting to construct and generalize their own grammatical rules.Some young language learners do seem to make selective use of imitation, but they do not blindly mimic adult speech in a parrot fashion, but rather exploit it in very restricted ways to improve their linguistic skills. The point is that imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of langua ge.。