第八章社会语言学

社会语言学在现代社会中，语言作为人类交流的重要工具，不仅仅是简单地传递信息，更是反映和塑造人们的社会关系、身份和文化认同的重要载体。

社会语言学作为研究语言与社会互动关系的跨学科领域，涉及了语言的多层次结构以及语言使用背后的社会规范、文化认知等因素。

语言与社会互动人们在日常生活中的语言使用往往受到社会因素的影响。

比如，不同社会群体、不同社会地位的人群，往往会在词汇、语法、语音等方面表现出明显的差异。

这种差异不仅仅是表面现象，更是背后反映了不同社会群体之间的文化差异和社会关系。

比如，某些特定的社会群体可能会在语言使用中体现出对权威的尊重，或者对某种特定价值观念的认同，这些都可以通过语言研究来反映出来。

社会规范与语言准则在社会语言学的研究中，研究者通常会关注在特定社会背景下，语言的使用规范和准则。

比如，在某些社会环境中，使用某些特定的词汇或者语法结构可能被视为不得体或不礼貌的行为，而在另一些社会环境中可能是被鼓励和认可的。

这种社会规范不仅仅是由语言本身决定的，更多地来自于社会文化对语言的规定和期望。

因此，研究者在探讨社会语言学时，往往会关注语言使用者是如何在特定社会环境中适应和反映这种社会准则的。

社会语言学在跨文化交流中的应用随着全球化的发展，不同文化背景的人们之间的交流和互动变得越来越频繁。

在这种跨文化交流中，语言差异可能会成为一种障碍，造成误解和沟通困难。

因此，社会语言学的研究也开始着眼于如何帮助人们更好地应对跨文化交流中的语言障碍。

通过对不同文化背景下的语言使用规范和准则进行研究，可以帮助人们更好地理解和尊重他人的语言习惯，从而促进跨文化交流的顺畅进行。

结语社会语言学作为一门研究语言与社会关系的学科，涉及了丰富而复杂的内容。

通过对语言使用背后的社会规范、文化认知等方面进行研究，可以帮助人们更好地理解语言与社会的互动关系，促进不同文化背景的人们更好地相互理解和沟通。

因此，社会语言学的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义，将持续引领着语言学研究的发展方向。

英语语言学概论第八章笔记Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1.What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究社会环境中的语言。

nguage variation 语言变异a)S peech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.社会语言学研究中，说话者被当作是社会群体的成员。

名词解释l、社会语言学;「社会语言学」是语言学同其他社会科学相交的边缘学科，建立于20世纪60年代。

是运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。

主要研究言语社区各语言变体、各变体的功能和各变体的使用者及其特点。

2、语言变项与语言变式;语言变项，社会语言学常用术语之一，英文为Linguistic variable，指语言变异的项目。

语音、句法、词汇都可能成为语言变项。

社会语言学奠基人拉波夫所做的纽约语言调查，其中的（r）就是语言变项。

一个语言变项一般包含几个“变式”，比如（r）变项包括两个变式，一个是（r）变式，第二个是零变式。

又如北京话中零声母(w)，是一个变项，它有两个变式，一个是（w）,第二个是（v）。

语言变体的种类称为“语言变项”3、年龄级差;不同年龄群表现出不同的语言特征，较大的有孩子和成年人的语言差别。

2) 不同年龄的语言习惯和接受外来语言影响的态度都不一样，容易产生语言的年龄变异。

3) 如北京不同年龄阶层w/v的选择差异。

4、语境化提示;是会话策略中的重要组成部分，交际的成败很大程度上取决于双方对语境化提示的利用。

它提示的是过去的交际经验以及根据这些经验而总结出来的知识。

8、语言接触;语言是文化的代码，语言的背后是文化，不同的语言代表不同的文化。

当不同的语言互相接触的时候，不同的文化也就随之产生交流。

所以语言接触就成了非常重要的手段。

语言接触大致的四种结果：一是语言的同化；二是语言的借用；三是语言的融合；四是双语现象的产生。

9、语言（语码）转用,一个言语社区或该社区的一部分人放弃使用母语而转用另一种语言或方言的现象称为语码转用。

10、语码转换; 语码转换是指在同一次对话或交谈中使用两种甚至更多的语言或语言变体的现象。

美国语言学家佐伊基（Zwicky）解释为“在同一会话中，说双语或多语的人可能时而用这种语言或变体，时而使用另一种语言或变体，不断地换来换去……我们称这种现象为语码转换。

Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1.What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究社会环境中的语言。

nguage variation 语言变异a)Speech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.社会语言学研究中，说话者被当作是社会群体的成员。

社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间相互影响关系的学科领域，旨在探究语言如何反映和塑造社会实践、文化认知以及个体身份的。

本文将从语言习得、语言变体、社会语言变迁以及语言政治等方面阐述社会语言学的重要性和研究内容。

语言习得社会语言学关注语言习得在社会文化背景下的影响。

语言习得不仅是个体学习语言的过程，也是对社会文化的认知和适应过程。

社会语言学研究了不同社会文化背景下语言习得的差异，以及社会因素如家庭、学校、媒体等对语言习得的影响。

语言变体语言变体指的是由不同社会群体使用的语言形式或说话方式。

社会语言学研究了不同社会群体之间的语言差异，包括社会阶层、地区、年龄、性别等因素导致的语言变体。

这些语言变体反映了社会文化的特征，也影响着个体在社会交流中的地位和角色。

社会语言变迁社会语言学关注社会语言的变迁和演变。

随着社会文化的不断发展，语言也会随之改变，包括词汇的加入、语法结构的变化以及语音语调的演变。

社会语言学研究了这些变迁的原因和影响，揭示了语言与社会之间的密切关联。

语言政治语言政治是指政府、组织或个人通过语言运用来实现政治目标或控制社会。

社会语言学研究了语言政治在社会生活中的作用，包括语言政策对多语使用、官方语言地位以及民族认同的影响。

语言政治不仅是政治领域的重要议题，也反映了不同群体之间的社会关系和权力结构。

综上所述，社会语言学作为语言学的一个重要分支，深入探讨了语言与社会之间复杂的相互作用关系。

通过研究语言在社会文化背景下的使用和变化，社会语言学为我们理解语言的本质以及社会现象提供了新的视角和方法。

在日益全球化和多元文化的背景下，社会语言学的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义，有助于促进不同社会群体之间的交流和理解。

Language and Society13073080 刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speech variety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society. The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the realtraditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the line…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language mayplay the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low”variety. In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and United States. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout the world. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.Welcome !!! 欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

Language and Society刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speech variety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, . regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society.The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the real traditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the areaof operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the li ne…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speechcommunity, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language may play the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low” variety. In some speech communities, t wo languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and United States. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout theworld. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.。

社会语言学社会语言学是语言学中的重要研究领域或之一，它是一门研究语言与社会的关系的学问。

语言社会相互影响。

首先社会对语言的影响，具体指语言的变异、变体和语言使用习惯上的差异。

其次是语言对社会的影响，具体指语言的社会功能。

而社会对语言的影响是社会语言学的研究重点。

语言是一种社会现象，在社会生活中起着极其重要的作用，而社会对语言产生巨大的影响。

人们的阶级出身、社会地位、接受的教育、从事的职业、再加上各自年龄、性别、民族等各方面有很大的不同，所以使用的语言就会有差异，这就形成了语言的变异和变体。

语言的变异和变体反映在语音、语调、语法和语汇的差别上，也反映道语言使用习惯的差别上。

正是因为这一点，有的语言学家用下面一句话来概括社会语言学：社会语言学的任务在于描述“语言和社会结构的共变”。

(William Bright,1964) 后来，美国的另一位社会语言学家Nessa Wolson (1983)用一句话来概括社会语言学的范围：Who says what to whom, when and how.这句话概括了社会语言学的要素：what 代表语言部分，how代表说话的方式方法，who、whom和when代表社会变量，即说话人和听话人在什么时候或什么场合讲的话。

综上所述，不管语言学家如何界说社会语言学，作为一门重要的学科领域，它主要研究语言的变异、变体、语言使用习惯上的差异，以及造成这些变异、变体及差异的社会文化因素。

本系社会语言学方向开设的课程有“社会语言学导论”、“语言与社会”、“跨文化交际”、“文体学”、“统计学”等，系统地介绍社会语言学中的各种概念及理论，为学生打下坚实的理论基础，使学生对社会语言学有系统的认识，并培养学生初步进行实地调查的能力。

Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication. Coulmas (1997) says that sociolinguistics (micro-sociolinguistics) investigates how social structure influences the way people talk and how language varieties and patterns of use correlate with social attributes such as class, sex, and age.Language is closely intertwined with society, and it is impossible to understand one without the knowledge of the other. Therefore, we must look into various aspects of the possible relationships between language and society. There is no human society that does not depend upon, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language. The relationship between language and society can be interestingly reflected in the ways people use language in social interaction, actually in the whole stuff of everyday life; how you talk to your friends, family, and teachers, as well as to storekeepers and strangers——everyone you meet in the course of a day——and why you talk as you do and they talk as they do. Almost all of our contact with family and friends, and much of our contact with strangers, involves speaking. Much of such speaking is strongly governed by rules, rules that dictate others with language, and they manipulate us, often without either party being at all aware of the manipulation. A communicatively competent person must know when it is appropriate to open a conversation and how, what topics are appropriate to particular speech events, whichforms of address are to be used to whom and in which situations, and how such speech acts as greetings, complements, apologies, invitations and complaints are to be given, interpreted and responded to.Relevantly concerned with both language and society are also apparently trivial matters, with the talk on street corners as well as in the classroom, the things that people do when they want to talk and the ways they signal that they are listening. Even matters like where you choose to sit in a cafeteria or at a meeting, or the amount of space you want between you and someone else when you are talking, concern the sociolinguist.语言、文化与翻译当代翻译研究已不单纯限于语言方面，越来越多的翻译工作者开始把目光投向文化与翻译之间的关系；因此，翻译不仅需要进行不同语言之间的转换工作，而且还要关注文化因素在翻译中起的作用。

第八章社会语言学1．语言变异语言的使用属于社会现象,语言的使用会因言语社区、地域、社会团体、甚至个人的不同而不同。

社会语言学(sociolinguistics)是把语言置于社会环境中来研究语言,从而揭示在不同的社会语境中语言变化的本质特征和社会意义。

1．1言语社区(speech community)言语社区可以定义为构成一个社团的一群人，他们具有相同的语言或具有同一语言中某一特定的变体。

言语社区的一个重要特点是同一言语社区的人使用同一语言或同一语言中的不同的变体进行交际，而且他们对他们所使用的语言的规范具有类似的态度。

社会地位、经济地位、受教育程度、职业、年龄等因素不同的人所使用的语言往往带有他们各自言语社区的烙印。

1．2言语变体(speech variety)言语变体（speech variety），有称之为语言变体，是语言使用者所使用的具有一定区别性特征的变体。

这些不同的特征主要反映在发音、句法规则或词汇上。

言语变体作为一种中性词语可以指标准语(standard language)、方言(dialect)、洋径浜语(pidgin)、克里奥尔语(creole)等，可以指同一语言的地域性或民族性变体，如英语中的澳大利亚英语、黑人英语等，也可以指同属一种语言的功能性言语变体，如法律语体等。

社会语言学家尤其是对地域变体（又称地域方言）、社会变体（又称社会方言）和功能变体（又称语域）感兴趣。

言语变体无论其具有何种社会属性，在社会语言学家看来它们之间没有高低之分、优劣之别,因为它们都是体系的。

1．3地域变异（regional variation）地理障碍如高山，海洋，空间的距离等是造成语言地域变异的主要原因，除此之外，对自己地方语的“忠诚”以及对语言变化的抵触情绪也是形成地域方言的原因。

虽然语言的地域变异反映在发音、词汇和句法上，但是语言地域性变异的最显著的特征是地域口音(accent)。

由于地域变体的存在给跨地区的交际造成障碍，语言规划(language planning)应运而生。

社会语言学社会语言学是一种重要的社会学科，其研究重点在于语言使用与社会环境之间的关系。

通过对语言使用者的社会背景、语境、语言交际目的等方面的研究，社会语言学可以揭示出语言在社会交往中起到的作用以及社会文化背景对语言的影响。

本文将从社会语言学的定义、研究范围以及社会语言学的实践等方面进行阐述。

一、社会语言学的定义社会语言学是指研究语言使用与社会环境之间的关系，揭示语言在社会交往中起到的作用以及社会文化背景对语言的影响的学科。

其中，语言使用者的社会背景、语境、语言交际目的等因素都是社会语言学关注的重点。

二、社会语言学的研究范围社会语言学的研究范围非常广泛，涉及了社会语言学的多个领域，如语言学、社会学、人类学、心理学等。

社会语言学的具体研究领域包括：1、语言变异与社会因素语言变异是指同一语言系统中语音、语法、词汇等方面的不同表现。

社会语言学的研究显示，语言变异与社会因素密切相关，不同社会背景的人们在语音、词汇使用等方面会存在差异。

如同一词汇的不同语音发音，可以反映出不同地区、不同社会群体之间的差异。

2、社会语言学与文化文化是一个不可或缺的元素，它决定了人们的价值观、信仰、生活方式等方面。

语言与文化密不可分，通过语言，人们传递着文化信息。

社会语言学和文化密切相关，通过对语言的潜在意义、语言交际中的歧义等方面的研究，可以深入探究语言与文化之间的关系。

3、语言与社会身份语言是人们社会身份的重要标志。

社会语言学的研究表明，人们在语音、衣着、身体语言等方面的使用，往往会受到社会身份的影响。

不同的社会身份，不同的群体，会在语言上体现出不同的特点，从而反映出其所处的社会位置。

4、语言与社会互动语言在人际交往中起着非常重要的作用。

在语言交际中，人们不仅表达信息，还通过语言来建立社会关系。

社会语言学的研究表明，语言在社会互动中具有巨大的力量，可以促进社会合作、数据交流、实现社会目标等。

三、社会语言学的实践社会语言学的研究成果可以应用于多个领域，如语言教学、语言规划、语音识别等。

社会语言学
社会语言学是在20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的一门边缘科学。

它主要是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。

对这个定义，有一些不同的理解。

有的学者认为，此研究应以语言为重点，联系社会因素的作用研究语言的变异；有的学者认为是语言的社会学，研究语言和社会的各种关系，使用语言学的材料来描写和解释社会行为，并将语言当做社会现象考察。

社会语言学将从以下两个领域进行探索：
第一，是社会生活的变化将引起语言（诸因素）的变化，其中包括社会语境的变化对语言要素的影响。

第二，从语言（诸因素）的变化探究社会（诸因素）的变化。

在第一个领域中，社会是第一性，社会有了变化，才引起语言的变化。

在第二个领域中社会仍是第一性，但未会有像语言相对论者所认为，有什么模式的语言就会产生什么样的社会模式或者社会文化。

社会语言学的任务是在于描述“语言和社会结构的共变”。

“共变”是现代语言学常用的新术语。

该命题说的“共变”是现代语言学常用的新术语。

该命题说的“共变”似乎指语言是一个变数。

这两个变数互相影响，互相作用，互相制约，互相接触而引起的互相变化。