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Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
Chapter One Greek CultureI。
Fill in the blanks：1.1。
European culture is made up of many elements，two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的) element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2.2。
Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3. 3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C.，all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander，king of Macedon。
4. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. 5.Revived in 1896，the Olympic Games have become the world's foremost amateur sports competition.6. 6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics。
7.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey。
8.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy。
Chapter 1 Greek Culture（希腊文化）古希腊是用来描述在古代讲希腊语世界的术语。
它不仅指目前希腊国家的领土,还包括那些希腊人定居的地区: 塞浦路斯、土耳其爱琴海海岸(当时称为lonia),西西里和意大利南部(被称为大希腊),希腊定居点分散在海岸上，即现在的阿尔巴尼亚,保加利亚、埃及、利比亚、罗马尼亚、西班牙、法国和乌克兰。
传统意义上,古希腊时期被认为以西元前776年第一次奥运会为开端,但大多数历史学家现在把开端扩展到西元前1000年左右。
传统的古希腊时期以西元前323年亚历山大大帝的去世为结束。
接下来的时期被称为希腊化，一直持续到西元前146年——希腊半岛和岛屿被罗马兼并。
希腊的民族，在分割的地理环境和各种各样族群的影响下，发展为城邦——小定居点成长为小王国。
这些城市分别独立发展。
然而，存在一种普遍的发展模式，即情况在每个特定阶段多多少少会有所不同。
君主制屈从于贵族制，贵族制接着被僭政取代。
在希腊大陆的僭政很快屈从于寡头政体或政体，并通过有限的公和奴隶主予以缓和；在希腊的政治的理念便应运而生。
梭伦在雅典创立制。
军事化的斯巴达有独特的宪制和社会发展。
交战的城邦有一种团结的意识；他们所有的公民认为他们自己都是古希腊人。
特别是雅典戏剧性地成长。
戏剧，诗歌，雕塑，建筑学和哲学繁荣起来，并且这里有蓬勃的智识生活。
一些西方文化名鼎鼎的和在雅典思想史上享誉盛名的人在这一时期诞生：剧作家埃斯库罗斯，阿里斯多芬尼斯，欧里庇得斯和索福克里斯，哲学家亚里士多德，柏拉图和格拉底，历史学家希罗多德，修西得底斯和色诺芬，诗人西蒙尼戴斯和雕刻家菲迪亚斯。
这座城市成为如伯里克里所说“希腊人的学校”。
古希腊被大多数历史学家视作西方文明的奠基文化。
希腊文化对罗马帝国有强大的影响，他把这种版本带到欧洲的许多地方。
古希腊文明已经极影响了现代世界的语言、政治、教育体制、哲学、艺术和建筑学，尤其是在西欧文艺复兴期间，并在18、19世纪各种新古典主义的复兴时期再次影响了欧洲和美洲。
Chapter 1. Culture in Ancient GreeceReference Answers to the Questions1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”. Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” whi ch was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument onmetaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examplesGreek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of whichgive sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to modern era in the West.3. Say something about the significance of Greek culture in terms of its contributions to the west by referring to other cultures like that of China.Greek culture has made great contributions to the establishment and development of Western Civilization. The achievements of ancient Greek culture, which covered myth, philosophy, literature, science and architecture, were of great significance to Westerners. It was produced in a relatively peaceful and encouraging environment, which provided some resemblance to the emerging period of Chinese culture in the same era.As we all know, Greek cultural prosperity in the ancient time was inseparable from its socially open and democratic system and custom, in spite of its popular employment of slavery labor. Such political and social tendencies were passed down and accepted by later civilizations and societies either via cultural heritage or the intentional imitation by thesuccessors during the changes of political regimes.Chinese culture had a period similar to Greek culture, when its vigorous development culminated during the Spring-Autumn Period. The ordinary Chinese people and intellectuals of the time were comparatively free to express and exchange their ideas, since the country was not yet unified into a centralized empire and most of the kings of the numerous states were busy with their domestic cares to secure their own power over their states. Some of the important ideas of the time were passed to neighbouring countries like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. These included Confucianism and Buddhism, which were popularly accepted and worshipped as important ideologies or religions and shaped social structure and intellectual development within a pretty long period. They emphasized the superiority of monarch, male and written knowledge, while ignoring ordinary people, women and the uneducated. The limited freedom allowed to Chinese scholars was precious for Chinese intellectual development which produced some important ideological schools and created a solid foundation for later development of Chinese culture. So it was the case with Greek culture. In this sense, one could say the two cultures served as the basis for the beginning of the two ancient civilizations which exerted immense influence upon other countries, and both cultures worked as stimulants to the regional or even worldwide development of human civilization.。
王佐良《欧洲⽂化⼊门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】第1章希腊罗马⽂化Greek CultureQuestions for Revision:1. What are the major elements in European culture?Key: There are two main elements—the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?Key: In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? Key: He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peak of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Key: Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of himin the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?Key: (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word“Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?Key: (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was themost famous Greek temple? Is it still there?Key: (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity.(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Key: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which havethemselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?Key:(1) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in theNorth and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers.(2) Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give an example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.Key: An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).。
Chapter 1 Greek Culture古希腊是用来描述在古代讲希腊语世界的术语。
它不仅指目前希腊国家的领土,还包括那些希腊人定居的地区: 塞浦路斯、土耳其爱琴海海岸(当时称为lonia),西西里和意大利南部(被称为大希腊),希腊定居点分散在海岸上，即现在的阿尔巴尼亚,保加利亚、埃及、利比亚、罗马尼亚、西班牙、法国和乌克兰。
传统意义上,古希腊时期被认为以西元前776年第一次奥运会为开端,但大多数历史学家现在把开端扩展到西元前1000年左右。
传统的古希腊时期以西元前323年亚历山大大帝的去世为结束。
接下来的时期被称为希腊化，一直持续到西元前146年——希腊半岛和岛屿被罗马兼并。
希腊的民族，在分割的地理环境和各种各样族群的影响下，发展为城邦——小定居点成长为小王国。
这些城市分别独立发展。
然而，存在一种普遍的发展模式，即情况在每个特定阶段多多少少会有所不同。
君主制屈从于贵族制，贵族制接着被僭政取代。
在希腊大陆的僭政很快屈从于寡头政体或民主政体，并通过有限的公民权和奴隶主予以缓和；在希腊的政治民主的理念便应运而生。
梭伦在雅典创立民主制。
军事化的斯巴达有独特的宪制和社会发展。
交战的城邦有一种团结的意识；他们所有的公民认为他们自己都是古希腊人。
特别是雅典戏剧性地成长。
戏剧，诗歌，雕塑，建筑学和哲学繁荣起来，并且这里有蓬勃的智识生活。
一些西方文化中大名鼎鼎的和在雅典思想史上享誉盛名的人在这一时期诞生：剧作家埃斯库罗斯，阿里斯多芬尼斯，欧里庇得斯和索福克里斯，哲学家亚里士多德，柏拉图和苏格拉底，历史学家希罗多德，修西得底斯和色诺芬，诗人西蒙尼戴斯和雕刻家菲迪亚斯。
这座城市成为如伯里克里所说“希腊人的学校”。
古希腊被大多数历史学家视作西方文明的奠基文化。
希腊文化对罗马帝国有强大的影响，他把这种版本带到欧洲的许多地方。
古希腊文明已经极大地影响了现代世界的语言、政治、教育体制、哲学、艺术和建筑学，尤其是在西欧文艺复兴期间，并在18、19世纪各种新古典主义的复兴时期再次影响了欧洲和美洲。
