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Boardroom Culture ClashAn Unpredictable AffairTry to put pressure on a Japanese in a negotiation and you will be met with stony silence. Hold an informal fact-finding meeting with a German and you can except a battery of searching questions. Disagree with the French on even a minor point and they will take great pressure in engaging in spirited verbal combat. Doing business across culture can be an unpredictable affair.Cultural AwarenessMost of us prefer to do business with people we like. And it should come as no surprise that the people we like tend to be like us. So whilst we may dispute the accuracy of cultural stereotypes, it is generally agreed that good business relationships are built on cultural awareness. Across national frontiers ‘nice guys’ do more business than nasty ones. But what constitutes nice-guy behavior in a boardroom in Miami is not necessary what they except in Madrid.The US perspectiveFor instance, most Americans will insist on the hard sell. It’s not enough that you want to buy their products, you must let them sell them to you. They have to respect back to report back to superiors who will be as interested in how the deal was struck as the result. Systems and procedures matter to Americans.The Spaniards Trust YouThe Spanish, on the other hand, are unimpressed by the most meticulously prepared meeting and pay much more attention to people. In this they are more like the Arabs or the Japanese. In the middle and Far East, business is built on trust over a long period of time. Spaniards may come to a decision about whether they trust you a little sooner.Animated ItaliansItalians, too, tend to feel that the main purpose of meetings is to assess the mood of those present and reinforce team-spirit. These may well be a lot of animated discussion at a meeting in Italy, but the majority of decisions will be made elsewhere and in secret.Scandinavians Want ResultsStrangely enough, Scandinavians are rather like Americans. They value efficiency, novelty, systems and technology. They are firmly profit-oriented. They want results yesterday.Succeed with the GermansDon’t be surprised if the Germans start a meeting with all the different questions. They want to be convinced you are as efficient and quality-conscious as they are. They will be cautious about giving you too much business until you have proved yourself. They will demand prompt delivery and expect you to keep your competitive edge in the most price-sensitive market in Europe. Succeed and you will enjoy a long-term business relationship.Adversarial MeetingsThe French will give you their business much more readily. But they will withdraw it just as fast if you fail to come up with the goods. Meetings in France tend to adversarial. Heated discussion is all part of the game. Germans will be shocked to hear you question their carefully prepared arguments. The Spanish will offer no opinion unless sure of themselves, for fear of losing face. But French executives prefer to meet disagreement head on, and the British tendency to diffuse tension with humour doesn’t go down too well.Prisoners of Our CultureAsk yourself whether meetings are opportunities to network or get result. Is it more important tostick to the agenda or generate new ideas? Is the main aim of a meeting to transmit or pool information? It all depends on where in the world you hold your meeting and whether you belong to an individualistic business culture like the French, Germans and Americans or to a collective one like the British, Japanese and Greeks. Indeed, who knows to what extent culturally conditioned? For in business, as in life, “All human beings are captives of their culture.”岩石一般的沉寂；一声不吭一系列激烈的争论硬卖，强行推销小心翼翼地活跃的，活泼的以赢利为目的保持你的竞争力敌手的，对手的整个会议过程中都充满了激烈的讨论迎面的，正面的所有人都是他们的文化俘虏。
Unit 9 Meaning of Culture文化的意义人类不仅拥有文字，通过长期积累，人类还形成了丰富多彩的文化。
而动物没有语言，其知识局限于本能或直接观察现实所学到的东西……Man differs from animal species in many ways. Biologically the difference is minor but in mind there are many differences. Man lives in the world of ideas, and acts and reacts in terms of concepts about objects and organizations. The animals live only in the present, they are not possessed of language, and their knowledge is limited to instinct or what they learn by direct and present observations. Their learning does not accumulate except for what they can presently use. Man on the other hand can simultaneously look into the past, present and future. He possesses the capacity to talk, to respond, to represent, to accumulate knowledge and to learn from the stimulus response relationships(刺激反应关系). These peculiar elements in the make-up of man provide a long history and tradition of wisdom, accumulated in various forms of civilization from which culture grows and continues flowing. The fundamentals of culture developed by past generations serve as the foundation stone to the next generation. The new generation further adds to the pastaccumulation of civilization and culture and enables man to continually assimilate in the stream of culture. Thus man continues to live as a civilized and cultured member of society. Scientific inventions and discoveries greatly influence cultural variability(变化性，易变性). They affect tradition, customs, beliefs and faiths. They not only affect the present and future ideology(意识形态) of society but also practically bring about changes in artistic products and cultural environment. They quite often undermine the spiritual aspect of cultural life and provide material patterns. Inventions and discoveries bring about changes in the mode of production, art, morals, customs, laws, literature, etc. the changing mode of production affects the culture. Karl Marx held that the culture of capitalist countries differed from that of socialist countries because of the differences in the modes of production.What does culture do? The first function of culture is to make man a human being. It is culture that regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It teaches him the art of living as per the cultural traits of the group. He takes the food, wears the clothes, goes to school, speaks the language and does so many other little things of day-to-day life which are a partof the conventional norms, mores(风俗), laws, customs and morals of the group. The culture of a group plays a major part in the heightening human qualities of its individuals and save them from avoiding participation in the cultural stream.The culture of the group must give to its individual the capacity to lead a social life as an effective member of society. With the induction of the individual as an effective participant in the social life of the group, one can greatly gain by the utilization of energy of the individual in different constructive activities, which not only provides satisfaction on to the individual but also benefits the group.The second important role of culture is to keep social relationship intact so that the group as a whole can maintain and develop the value s and ideals of the group through the regulation of behaviors of its members and by satisfying their primary needs and objectives in respect of the necessities and luxuries of life. People learn to behave socially in a group because their behavior is subject to approval or disapproval. The culture of a group provides a number of controls on the irrational conducts for its members. It organizes many cultural aids like schooling, provision of work, outlet to talent, etc. these outlets go to provide rationality and responsibility tothe members and integrate them mentally, morally and sentimentally in the group. A culturally advanced group is also capable of providing a coordinated set-up to take the best out of each member and in return give the necessary comfort for personal development, recreation and emotional living. It must also provide other facilities for broadening the vision of the individual members so as to provide necessary motivations for creation in different fields of social activity including production of pieces of art, handicrafts and scientific implements and equipments which the group may need for the satisfaction of its different cultural and material requirements.The next important function of culture is to instantly provide new interpretation to different situations arising from the traditional cultural elements transmitted to the group. Provision of interpretation to traditional culture helps the reorientation (重新定位)of present and future cultural trends, putting them on the right track. For instance, in the modern era it is the duty of the school and other institution of a group to tell its members that if a cat crosses his way he needs not consider it unfortunate and give up the new projects, which is needed in the modern norms of society.However, these interpretations based on tradition may differ from culture to culture. Among some cultures the owl may still be regarded as a symbol of bad luck while in others it may be symbol of wisdom.The principle of cultural diffusion has been advocated by three German scholars. Cultural diffusion is the process by which the cultural trades of one group of society are spread directly or indirectly to other societies. It is historically established that some societies have served as centers of cultural unification. After the birth of Christ was born a cultural center, from where many cultural trades in the field of art and political organization got diffused to the northwestern Europe and to the east up to India. Subsequently Rome(罗马)became a great cultural center from where Roman law spread in most countries of Europe. In ancient time India was the cultural center from where many cultural trade spread eastward up to Indonesia(印度尼西亚) and passed through the fourteenth century. European culture became the dominant element in Asia and Africa and even America. At present the United States and Russia are exporting their respective cultures to different countries.Several factors influence the diffusion of culture. Theforemost is the capacity of the cultural center to inspire other countries to import the culture. The most important vehicle of cultural diffusion is mass communication, tourism, and exchange of educational and cultural delegations and teams, literature, films, etc. Obstruction to cultural diffusion may sometimes arise from the refusal of a group to borrow or import from the other group. Such a group tends to become an island of local culture untouched by the culturally developed countries. Sometimes a cultural island may exist within a larger cultural island. For example, in India the caste(印度的世袭等级)system that has separated Brahmins(印度的婆罗门阶级)from the other social groups for many generations on supposed biological superiority may reject a foreign cultural form, as they fear its impact on the prevail moral norms and social value s. It is for this reason that cultural centers of new value s find it more expeditious to invade foreign cultures through such means as the mass media. This process, although indirect and slow, has in due course a lasting impact as it appeals to the coming generations of the foreign countries which are still not fully socialized to the local cultures. For example, the young age groups in India were subjected to cultural influence of the Beatles(披头士乐队，甲壳虫乐队) forquite a long time.。
参考译文1)It is a long-standing traditional virtue to value education and respect teachers in China. Thefirst monograph (专著) about education in China, The Record of Learning, brought up the idea of “education is the top priority”. Three thousand years ago, in the Zhou Dynasty, the government set up schools of different scales and levels with officers as teachers. In the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时期), Confucius even ran private schools with a slogan (口号) that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to receive education. Respect for education determines the status of teachers. There are a lot of sayings that show respect towards teachers, such as “A teacher for a day is a father for a lifetime”. Nowadays, September the tenth is designated (指定) to be the Teachers’ Day in China.2)Filial piety is considered a key virtue in Chinese culture, which is about the respect for one’sparents and ancestors. The Confucian classic (经典作品), Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety, has historically been the authoritative source on this virtue. The book is about how to set up a good society using the filial piety. In more general terms, filial piety means to be good to and to take care of one's parents, to show respect, support and courtesy (礼貌) to one’s parents. It also means to engage in good conduct (行为) not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a good n ame to one’s parents. Although the Chinese have had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them.。
英语新课标九年级课文翻译Unit9-14Unit9 I like music that I can dance to.SectionA 2d吉尔:斯科特,周末你打算干什么呢?斯科特:没什么事,我估计就是听听我新买的激光唱片吧.吉尔:哦?是什么激光唱片?斯科特:嗯,全是音乐的,没有歌曲。
我喜欢听舒缓的音乐来放松自己,尤其是在工作了漫长的一周以后。
吉尔:听起来不错啊。
嗯,如果你有空,愿意和我一起去看部电影吗?(电影的)导演很有名。
斯科特:嗯,那要看什么电影。
我只喜欢有趣的电影,我只想笑一笑不想费脑筋,你懂我的意思吧?吉尔:哦,那样的话,我还是去邀请喜欢看严肃电影的人吧.斯科特:(你说的)电影是关于什么的?吉尔:是关于第二次世界大战的。
我喜欢能让我思考的电影。
section A, 3a今天你想看什么(电影)呢?虽然一些人坚持只看一种电影,但是我喜欢看不同种类的电影,(具体)由当时盼心情决定。
当我情绪低落或感到疲惫的时候,我更喜欢能让我开心的影片。
比如,像《黑衣人》那样的喜剧片或像《功夫熊猫》这类的动画片,通常都有滑稽的对话和一个愉快的结局。
影片中的人物不一定完美,但是他们都会尽力去解决问题,看了这样的电影,我所面对的许多问题突然间会显得不那么严重,我也会感觉好多了。
两个小时的欢笑是一种很好的放松方式。
当我伤心或劳累的时候,我不看剧情片或纪录片。
像《泰坦尼克号》这样的剧情片只会让我更伤心。
像《帝企鹅日记》这样的纪录片,(通常)会针对某个特定话题提供丰富的信息,(内容)也很有趣,但是当我累的时候,我不想思考太多。
当我太累不想思考时,我不介意看像《蜘蛛侠》这样的动作电影。
我只想屏蔽我的大脑,坐在那里观看一个令人兴奋的超级英雄,他总是能在关键时刻挽救世界。
偶尔我会喜欢看恐怖片。
虽然它们很有意思,但是我会因为太害怕而不敢独自一人看,我总会带上一位不怕这些类型的电影的朋友(一起看),这样就觉得没那么可怕了。
Secton B 2b凄美昨晚我的一个中国朋友带我去听了一场中国民间音乐会。
中国古代十大名曲有先秦的琴师伯牙的《高山流水》；汉魏时期嵇康的《广陵散琴曲》；明朝的《平沙落雁》；古曲《梅花三弄》楚汉战争时期的《十面埋伏》；古乐曲《夕阳萧鼓》后编成丝竹乐曲《春江花月夜》；历代传谱的《渔樵问答》汉末汉文姬的《胡笳十八拍》；汉代的《汉宫秋月》；春秋时期晋国师旷的《阳春白雪》。
补充概括：1、高山流水传说先秦的琴师伯牙一次在荒山野地弹琴，樵夫钟子期竟能领会这是描绘“巍巍乎志在高山”和“洋洋乎志在流水”。
伯牙惊曰：“善哉，子之心与吾同。
”子期死后，伯牙痛失知音，摔琴断弦，故有高山流水之曲。
《高山流水》一曲被录入金唱片上，于1977年8月22日发射到太空，向宇宙星球的高级生物传道中华民族的智慧和文明信息。
2、广陵散据《琴操》记载：战国聂政的父亲，为韩王铸剑，因延误日期，而惨遭杀害，聂政立志为父亲报仇，入山学琴十年，身成绝技，名扬韩国。
韩王召他进宫演奏，聂政终于实现了刺杀韩王的报仇夙愿，自己也毁容而死。
后人根据这个故事，谱成琴曲，慷慨激昂，气势宏伟，为古琴著名大曲之一。
据《琴议》记载：嵇康非常喜爱《广陵散》，经常弹奏它，以致招来许多人前来求教，但嵇康概不传授。
死前索琴弹奏此曲，并慨然长叹：“《广陵散》如今绝矣”。
南京西善桥南朝墓出土模制嵇康画像砖，描绘了嵇康席坐抚琴，气宇昂轩的形象。
3、平沙落雁明朝此曲称《落雁平沙》。
曲调悠扬流畅，通过时隐时现的雁鸣，描写雁群降落前在天空盘旋顾盼的情景。
对于曲情的理解，有“取清秋寥落之意，鸿雁飞鸣”来描写秋天景物的；有“取秋高气爽，风静沙平，云程万里，天际飞鸣，借鸿鹄之远志，写逸士之心胸”的；也有从鸿雁“回翔瞻顾之情，上下颉颃之态，翔而后集之象，惊而复起之神”。
“既落则沙平水远，意适心闲，朋侣无猜，雌雄有叙”，发出世事险恶，不如雁性的感慨的。
现在流传的多树是七段，主要的音调和音乐形象大致相同，旋律起而又伏，绵延不段，优美动听；基调静美，但静中有动。
4、梅花三弄曲中泛音曲调在不同徽位上重复了三次，故称“三弄”。
Unit 9 What does he look like?Section B Reading教学设计一、教学目标(1)语言知识词汇:名词: hair, height，build形容词:short, tall, medium, thin, heavy, curly, straight, long2 短语: straight / curly / short / long / + hair ,be of medium height, look like3 句型:What does he/she look like?He/She is tall.He/She has curly hair.He is of medium height.（2）语言技能1.能熟练的用英语进行对人外表特点的描述，并根据描述画出人像。
2.能替自己和别人进行新形象设计，能和合作伙伴互相交流，充分交换信息。
3.能掌握本单元出现的表示人外观的词组及句型，并能结合实际生活进行灵活运用这些词组及句型描述别人的外表,提高写作水平。
（3）情感态度1.通过描述同学、教师或自己的偶像的外貌，简单地表达自己的观点或好恶，学会交换不同的看法，使学生在人际交往中学会尊重和理解别人。
2.教育学生要多发现别人的优点，学会赞美别人，友好地描述别人的形象。
3.学会赏识，懂得心灵美比外表美更重要。
4.能在小组活动中积极与他人合作，相互帮助，共同完成学习任务, 尽情享受学习的乐趣。
（4）、文化意识了解不同人的外貌和同一人的不同外貌，了解中西方文化中在表达自己的观点时存在很大的差异——我们比较委婉，而西方人则更直接些，对学生进行不同文化意识的渗透。
同时让学生在给自己或别人画像时提高绘画水平和审美意识；让学生了解不同外貌作用的背景知识，实现跨学科交流的目的。
二、教学重难点教学重点：1. The vocabulary．2.--What does he/she look like? --He/She is tall．--What do you look like? --I’m thin．I have short straight hair.教学难点：Use the language to talk about sb’s appearance.三、教学过程Step1. Play a guessing gameI will show three pictures and the description. The students can guess what he is.（猜测游戏，调动学生的积极性，能熟练的用英语进行对人外表特点的描述）Step2. 师徒互查—师傅提问学友n. 艺术家v. 描述n. 犯罪活动adv. 不同地n. 罪犯adj.&pron. 另一的v. 放n. 结尾；尽头adj.&pron. 每个；各自adj. 真正的；真实的n. 方式；路线以相同的方式，反过来，学友挑战师傅。
某某省某某市第四中学八年级英语上册 Unit 9《When was he born》教学设计人教新目标版新颁布的《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》的战略主题是坚持以人为本、全面实施素质教育是教育改革发展的战略主题，其核心是解决好培养什么人、怎样培养人的重大问题，明确指出了要着力提高学生的学习能力、实践能力、创新能力。
本课设计以此为理念，基于课程标准，教材解读，基于学习起点，以学生为主体，学习是课堂的主线，学得是评价的主尺，开展教学，旨在培养学生的学习能力、实践能力、创新能力。
创意解说：本课本课教学内容来源于英语（Go For It）八年级上册Unit 9 When was he born？Section B3a-4。
本节课的教学目标定位于用以读促写的形式，融合词汇教学、训练学生阅读技能以达到写作指导并培养学生的综合运用英语的能力。
英语教学的最终目标是让学生通过运用英语进行交际和思考。
尤其是这节课中要让学生通过英语阅读和写作体会到如何了解和欣赏他人。
本节课就是基于这个目的进行以下几方面的创意设计：创意设计之一：在与学生的交流过程中引导学生思考通过摄取基本信息去了解一个人。
此设计帮助学生了解所学的英语确有交际运用功能，能帮助他们与初识者交流。
创意设计之二：将英语阅读理解教材处理为X本而不是单纯的阅读理解文章。
阅读教学要达到多种教学目的，本科采用以读促写的形式，实实在在让学生体会文章的立意、框架以及如何搭好这个框架的过程。
创意设计之三：将阅读所学进行分层递进训练，训练学生从规定内容的写作到其自由发挥。
在写作过程中给出及时、具体、恰当的写作指导，让学生有写作的思路和依据，在写作过程中遇到的困难和疑惑能及时得到解决，最后能在与同学的交流中得到肯定与欣赏，并学会如何欣赏和肯定他人。
教学设计：【教材分析】《新目标英语》教材的语言教育理念是：知识用于行动，强调“语言应用”，培养“创新、实践能力”，发展“学习策略”，培养学生使用英语获取信息、进行交流，并培养学生运用英语解决实际问题的能力。
