2013年空军工程大学3063无线电导航与定位理论考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题

2013年空军工程大学博士生入学考试初试业务课考试大纲空军工程大学研究生招生办公室二0一二年七月目录目录 .................................................................... I 1001 英语.. (1)001 航空航天工程学院 (1)2001 随机过程 (1)2002 矩阵论 (1)2003 概率论与数理统计 (2)3001 信息与通信工程专业基础综合 (4)3002 线性系统理论 (1)3003 混凝土学与机场可靠性设计 (2)3004 混凝土学与机场道面设计 (1)3005 机场可靠性设计与机场道面设计 (1)3006 飞行力学与飞行器结构强度 (2)3007 飞行器飞行力学及其推进系统特性 (1)3008 飞行器结构强度及其推进系统特性 (1)3009 导弹飞行动力学与线性系统理论 (3)002 防空反导学院 (5)2031 矩阵论 (5)2032 数理统计 (6)2033 军事思想 (7)3031 信号检测与估计 (8)3032 高等电磁场理论 (9)3033 最优控制 (10)3034 高级操作系统 (11)3035 联合防空作战理论 (12)3036 可靠性维修性保障性理论 (13)3037 国防项目管理 (14)003 信息与导航学院 (15)2061 矩阵论 (15)2062 随机过程 (16)2063 组合数学 (17)3061 现代电路理论 (18)3062 高等电磁场 (19)3063 无线电导航与定位理论 (20)3064 通信理论 (22)—I—3065 随机信号处理与检测估计 (24)3066 高级操作系统 (26)3067 信息化作战理论 (27)3068 军事通信理论 (29)005 装备管理与安全工程学院 (31)2076 矩阵论 (31)2077 概率论与数理统计 (32)3076 信息系统与运筹学 (34)3077 综合保障工程 (36)3078 管理学与系统工程 (37)006 理学院 (39)2081 数理统计 (39)3081 电介质物理学 (40)3082 现代电路理论 (41)007 研究中心 (42)2091 随机过程 (42)—II—1001 英语科目代码：1001科目名称：英语博士生入学英语考试的性质是一种水平考试，主要考核实际掌握和运用英语的能力。

第 1 页 共 8 页空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 最优控制 （A 卷） 科目代码 3033 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、基础理论题（共20分）1．名词解释（1）多级决策过程（3分）（2）时间最优控制（3分）（3）角点（3分）2．简述题（1）变分法的优点及局限性（5分）（2）动态规划的局限性及重要性（6分）二．证明题（每小题15分，共30分）1．设系统运动方程为n 维向量函数0),,(=t x x f &，其中n R x ∈；泛函⎰=ft t dt t x x g x J 0),,()(&，其中)(t x 及),,(t x x g &在],[0f t t 上连续可微，0t 、f t 固定，00)(x t x =，f f x t x =)(。

证明：使)(x J 取极值的必要条件是轨线)(t x 满足欧拉方程0=∂∂⋅-∂∂xL dt d x L &，其中),,()(),,(),,,(t x x f t t x x g t xx L T &&&λλ+=，n R ∈λ为待定拉格朗日乘子向量。

2．某物体以运动速度),(Y X V 在直角坐标系XOY 平面中沿与OX 轴夹角为α的方向运动。

证明该物体以最短时间由点),(00Y X 运动到点),(11Y X 时，夹角α必须满足的条件是αααcos sin YV X V ∂∂-∂∂=&。

三．计算题（每小题10分，共50分）1.已知0)0(=x ，1)1(=x ，求使[]d t t x t x J ⎰+=1022)()(&尽可能小的位移函数)(t x 。

2.已知状态变量)(t x 在t 分别等于0和2π时的对应值为0和10，求使泛函⎰-=2022)]()([)(πdt t x t x x J &达到极值的轨线)(t x *。

第 1 页 共 2 页空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 组合数学 （A 卷） 科目代码 2063 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、选择题（10分，每小题2分）1. 4个学生参加考试，评级分为 A, B, C 三个等级，共有（ ）种可能结果。

A 3！B 34C 4()3D 43 2. 掷骰子 3次，点数之和等于 14 的方案数为 （ ）A 3B 14C 15D 783. 有区别的球 12345678,,,,,,,b b b b b b b b ，分成 4 组，每组两个球，有（ ）种方案。

A 32B 105C 210D 164. 整数 11000:中不被 5，6，8 整除的数的个数为（ ）A 400B 600C 366D 5095. 对正四面体的 4 个面用 3 种颜色染色，有 （ ）种方案。

A 15B 43C 12D 7二、简答题（10分，每小题5分）1. Ramsy 数(3,3,3)R 是一个整数，设为k 。

k 个顶点的完全图k K 用 3 种颜色对k K 的边进行着色，必出现至少 1 个同色三角形。

k 的最小值就是Ramsy 数(3,3,3)R ，请说明：(3,3,3)17R2. 将任意正整数N 表为不同的不相邻的Fibanacci 数之和。

三、计算题（50分）1. （15分）用 Polya 定理和容斥定理求解：骰子的6个不同的面分别有 1，2，3，4，5，6个点，有多少种刻点的方案？2. （10分）n 个不同的元素：12,,....,n a a a ，将它分成 3 部分，要求任一部。

68- 12013年空军工程大学博士研究生入学考试——英语plete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (1’*20)1. He was ________ about the spring outing, but he came back quite depressed and said he should not have joined in it.A. enthusiasticB. fantasticC. courageousD. discouraged2. The wind _________ the clouds and the sun was again visible.A. dispersedB. distributedC. displacedD. displayed3. She admired the director to such an extent that she took his words as ______ oracles.A. divineB. rebelliousC. faithfulD. unbearable4. The wreckage of the exploded car _________ the traffic.A. interferedB. interpretedC. disruptedD. corrupted5. It was a close boxing game, but the box in blue was _____ to be the winner by three of the four referees.A. destinedB. deemedC. doomedD. adapted6. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of _________ grouping is advisable.A. instantaneousB. homogeneousC. spontaneousD. anonymous7. We couldn’t really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly__________.A. investmentsB. requirementsC. arrangementsD. installment8. To help students understand how we see, teachers often draw an _______ between an eye and a camera.A. imageB. imitationC. analogyD. axis9. Executives of the company enjoyed an ________ lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.A. exquisiteB. exoticC. extravagantD. eccentric10. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in ________ to others to enhance the food supply.A. referenceB. deferenceC. conferenceD. preference11. An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensive and complex institution than any other kind of higher education __________.A. establishmentB. settlementC. constructionD. structure12. Most importantly, such an experience helps _____ a heightened sensitivity to other cultures and will bring about a greater appreciation of one’s own culture as well.A. fosterB. forsakeC. censorD. coach13. Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into _________ ones.A. turbulentB. tragicC. vulnerableD. suspicious14. The first sentence in this paragraph is ________; it can be interpreted in many ways.A. intricateB. confusedC. duplicatedD. ambiguous15. The two countries will be obliged to _____ of these chemical weapons under the convention.A. imposeB. discloseC. disposeD. depose16. Japan’s auto market _______ for two-thirds of Tokyo’s massive $60 billion trade surplus with Washington.。

空军工程大学研究生飞机推进系统原理试题1、C：UNIXD：Linux下列叙述中，正确的是______。

[单选题] *A：字长为16位表示这台计算机最大能计算一个16位的十进制数B：字长为16位表示这台计算机的CPU一次能处理16位二进制数(正确答案)2、当程序被最小化后，该程序（）。

[单选题] *A. 被转入后台运行(正确答案)B. 停止运行C. 不能打开3、下列说法错误的是______。

[单选题] *A：计算机可以直接执行机器语言编写的程序B：光盘是一种存储介质C：操作系统是应用软件(正确答案)D：计算机速度用MIPS表示4、75.电子商务的本质是（）[单选题] *A.计算机技术B.电子技术C.商务活动(正确答案)D.网络技术5、当一台计算机发送E-mail 给另外一台计算机时，下列的（）正确地描述了数据封装的过程。

中[单选题] *A.数据、报文段、数据报、数据帧、比特(正确答案)B.比特、数据帧、数据报、报文段、数据C.数据报、报文段、数据、比特、数据帧D. 报文段、数据报、数据帧、比特、数据6、下列描述正确的是______。

[单选题] *A：计算机不能直接执行高级语言源程序，但可以直接执行汇编语言源程序B：高级语言与CPU型号无关，但汇编语言与CPU型号相关(正确答案)C：高级语言源程序不如汇编语言源程序的可读性好D：高级语言程序不如汇编语言程序的移植性好7、C：处理器（CPU）管理、存储管理、文件管理、设备管理和作业管理(正确答案)D：启动、打印、显示、文件存取和关机下列各类计算机程序语言中，不属于高级程序设计语言的是______。

[单选题] *A：Visual Basic语言B：8、计算机网络最本质的活动是分布在不同地理位置的主机之间的（）。

中[单选题] *A.数据交换B.网络连接C.进程通信(正确答案)D.网络服务9、在Windows 中，"任务拦" 的作用是（）。

空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 概率论与数理统计 （A 卷） 科目代码 2003 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、填空题（20分，每小题2分）1、 设,A B 是任意两个随机事件，则()()()(){}______P A B A B A B A B ++++=。

2、 设随机变量X 的概率密度为1,(0,1)32(),(3,6)90,x f x x ⎧∈⎪⎪⎪=∈⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩其它，若k 使得2{}3P x k ≥=，则k 的取值范围是______。

3、 设平面区域D 由曲线1y x=及直线20,1,y x x e ===所围成，二维随机变量(,)X Y 在区域D 上服从均匀分布，则(,)X Y 关于X 的边缘概率密度在2x =处的值为______。

4、 随机变量X 服从参数为1的Poisson 分布，则2{}______P X EX ==5、 设12,,m X X X L 为来自二项分布总体(,)B n p 的简单随机样本，X 和2S 分别表示样本均值与样本方差，记统计量2T X S =-，则______ET =。

6、 设由来自正态总体2(,0.9)X N μ:容量为9的简单随机样本，得到样本均值为5X =，则未知参数μ的置信度为0.95的置信区间是______。

7、 设12,,n X X X L 是来自正态总体2(,)N μσ的简单随机样本，其中参数μ和2σ未知，记22111,()nni i i i X X Q X X n ====-∑∑，则假设0:0H μ=的t 检验使用统计量______t =。

8、 在单因子试验中，因子A 有4个水平，每个水平下各重复3次试验，现已求得每个水平下试验结果的样本标准差分别为1.5，2.0，1.6，1.2，则其误差的方差2σ的估计值为______。

第 1 页共 23 页
空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：信息系统与运筹学（A卷）科目代码 3076
说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分信息系统（50分）
一、填空题（每题1分，共5分）
1.信息是关于的可通讯的。

2.诺兰模型把信息系统的发展过程归纳为六个阶段，分别为：、
、、、
和。

3.数据处理的方式可以分为两大类，一是处理方式，二是
处理方式。

4.为了检验程序的正确性，在测试时不仅需要数据和数据，还需要使用数据。

5.智能决策支持系统是将技术引入决策支持系统而形成的一种系统。

二、选择题（每题1分，共5分）
1.数据库的数据模型是指( )
A.数据项之间的联系形式
B.记录型之间的联系形式
C.文件之间的联系形式
D.数据之间的联系形式
2.关于不同级别信息属性的正确描述是（）
A.战略级信息最为抽象
B.作业级信息寿命最长
C.战术级信息精度要求最高
D.战略级信息主要来自内部
3.下列工作哪个不属于管理信息系统实施阶段的内容?( )
A.模块划分，程序设计，人员培训
B.选择计算机设备，输出设计，程序调试
C.可行性分析，系统评价，系统转换
D.程序设计，设备购买，数据准备与录入
4.对决策支持系统的正确描述之一是( )
A.能代替人进行决策的一类信息系统。

2013年中央党校博士研究生入学考试英语试题Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Reaching a deal on tax reform would be a huge undertaking, with potential politicalpitfalls that could doom it.A. triteB. rifereveling D.triflingC.2. Much as officials still say that China cannot carry the burden of international governance, theyare the idea that it should sign up as a stakeholder in a set of rules made in Washington.of B.todisincentivedismissiveA.D.dissipatingdisturbingC.3. David Cameron put Britain’s future , in an audacious gamble that united his Conservative Party but which could have profound implications for the party and the country.A. in lineB. in the lineC. on lineD. on the line4. The Malaysian government announced in a written statement last week that the policy to restructure society in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the year.A. to formulateB. to be formulatedC. as formulatedD. so as to formulate5. Development programs initiated in the tribal-dominated areas often adversely affected the tribalway of life and economy, which was frequently followed by the on traditional tribalareas or land by non-tribals.expansionencroachment B.A.C. enormityD. elevation6. Nye argues that the interests of the international community are not illusory, that they are of our national interests, which can not be achieved without help from other nations.A. particleB. part and parcelandpartsparcelsC.particles D.7. Ethnicity should not be the sole criteria in the restructuring process because it has the powerto lull consciousness of the implementers and make them those who are from different groups.A. dominant … bear the sight ofB. disproportionate … set their sights onC. uncanny … lose sight ofD. inherent … catch sight of8. Americans have a profound longing for heroes—now perhaps more than ever. On some level,we still the myth of the man in the white hat.subscribetoB.A.tosucceedD.intosubsideC.succeedagainst9. A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art and technology. He must also be at dealing with politicians, public interest groups and government agencies.reluctantA.enthusiastic B.C. adaptD. adept10. The nutrition of a common-wealth the plenty, and distribution of materials conducing to life.inconsistsB.consistsofA.C. is consistent withD. is composed of11. She is a living proof that a TV celebrity with the highest aspirations can survive in a medium that too often seem to be racing .atbottom B.thebottomofA.outthebottomontoC.thebottom D.12. Ms. Turkle can sound primly , complaining that the sight at a local café of people focusing on their computers as they drink their coffee bothers her.sanctityB.sanctimonyA.sanctuaryC.sanctimonious D.13. We are in the midst of a great investigation of those environmental questions. We do the Earth and ourselves the greatest in imaging that addressing them lies outside our lives and choices.A. gratitudeB. benefitsC. disserviceD. favor14. A man who becomes conscious of the responsibility he bears toward a human being who affectionately waits for him won’t be able to throw away his life. He knows the “ “ for his existence, and will be able to bear any “ “.A. how … whyB. why … howC. when … whatD. where … how15. Hope helps. It keeps us going in bleak times and amid news. But hope has more credibility when we can point to the reason for it.disheartened B.dishearteningA.enlightenedenlightening D.C.16. Their solution was to enroll their children in private schools, which, because they received no tax money, were free to operate without being subject to racial .A.segregationdiscrimination B.apportionmentD.C.controversy17. If no acquisition was organized as rightful even in a provisional way entering the civil condition, the civil condition itself would be impossible.A. anterior beforeB. posterior topriorbefore D.toC.prior18. He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassical playwright. His characters were used to real people, and he was interested in showing the reality of human weakness as much as possible.A. depictB. ridiculeC. amuseD. imitate19. Examine the data over time, and you’ll find irrefutable evidence of progress: the decline of war, the increase in life span; of literacy, democracy, and equal rights, of privilege based on race, gender, heredity and beliefs.A. the spread … the waningB. the spreading … the waneC. the spreads … the wanesD. the spreading … the waning20. The audience cheered as Number three had rowed himself out and was slumped over his oar at the .line B.linefinisheddeadA.C. finishing lineD. finish lineⅡ Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each of the blanks, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fits the blank and mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Broadly speaking, I 21 the experience of would-be public intellectuals into two forms. In the period of the 1960s and 1970s, those working for social justice 22 intellectual work against the background of a “world under construction”—thought and action remained allied and the link to policy remained 23 for intellectuals to move beyond mere word games.In the 1980s and early 1990s, those intellectuals working for social justice in education faced a “world under deconstruction”—many of 24 projects were dismantled or came under sustained attack. In this later period, detached from action and divorced from policy, the public intellectual was force into an increasingly abstract position of arguing though words for policies and activities that 25 discourses of disavowal, displacement and derision. This is a harsh terrain to occupy and yet there are many examples of people who continued to 26 social justice in race, gender and class terms.I am reminded of a film I watch on the American Civil War. As the South was progressively defeated, 27 land was occupied—just a few towns and strips of land. In the end, the commentator said all that was left was a “confederacy of the mind”—a collective memory of an aspiration.28 , that has been the fate of movements for social justice and of associated intellectual work 29 the past two decades. But we should not underestimate the confederacy of mind”. For one 30 I will make with great force is that the largest problem the attempted reconstruction of the past two decades 31 --the attempt to demolish the welfare state—is people’s “collective memory” of good public service, of commitments to provision for all, 32 it be schools or hospitals. The vital task now is to 33 , reenergize and reinvent new projects and programs for social justice, for memories and predispositions in Britain remain 34 resilient. We should now be 35 define a new role for the educational researcher in 36 Britain, and do so in ways informed by collective memories of social justice initiatives. This should, hopefully, presage a new investigation of the role of educational researcher as public intellectual, moving us 37 a new phase after the hopeful years of the 1960s and early 1970s and the reversal in the two decades that followed. Now we can hope again there are postmodern prospects 38 . I should note that I am not 39 re-establishing some old master narrative of social justice—more 40 voices and visions, a moving mosaic of intentions and plans.divided B.haddivided21.A.havebeendividing D.dividingC.hadbeenC.acceptundertakeaccepted D.undertook22.A.B.23. A. far enough B. enough far C. close enough D. enough closemostdearlyB.theA.the24.dearlyC. dearlyD. the more dearly25. A. were subject B. were subjected toareto D.tosubjectedsubjectareC.26. A. argue against B. argue for C. argue with D. argue to27. A. more and more B. more C. less D. less and less28. A. In some way B. In some ways C. In a way D. In ways29. A. of B. for C. in D. by30. A. assertion B. announcement C. allege D. assessmentD.hasfacedfacedA.31.face C.willface B.32. A. rather B. whether C. either D. evenreinforce D.reeducate33. A. Reentrant B. reinvigorate C.remarkableremarked D.34. A. remarkably B. remarking C.35. A. looking into B. looking onto C. looking to D. looking forward toD.millenarymillennial36. A. millenarian B. millennium C.37. A forward to B. away to C. into D. onto38. A. for exploring B. to explore C. with exploration D. for exploration39. A. talking with B. talking about C. talking over D. talking to40. A. a lot of B. a bit of C. a number of D. a set ofⅢ Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer sheet.Passage 1Why pick up what literary history so resolutely discards? Any study of bestsellers confronts the same question as does the decaf, no-fat latte drinker in Starbucks: “Why bother?” One justification, and the easiest demonstrated, is their interesting peculiarity. Like other ephemera of past times, bestsellers offer the charm of antiquarian quaintness. And, so short is their lifespan, that today’s bestsellers become yesterday’s fiction almost as soon as one had read them.Looking back through the lists is to uncover delightful cultural oddities. Consider, for example, the top-selling novel of 1923 in the United States, Black Oxen, by Gertrude Atherton. Recall too that the discriminating reader of that year had James Joyce’s Ulysses, T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land.The allusion signals grand literary pretension; pretension absurdly unmerited. None the less, the novel’s theme was, for the first time, both topical and sensational—rejuvenation. For humans, that is, not cattle.The narrative opens in a New York theatre. A brilliant young newspaperman, Lee Clavering, is struck by a beautiful woman in the audience. Investigation reveals that she is facially identical with a young “belle” of thirty years before, Mary Ogden. Miss Ogden married a Hungarian diplomat, Count Zattiany, and has never been heard of since. Speculations rages, but eventuallythe truth comes out: Ogden/Zattiany has been rejuvenated in Vienna by Dr Steinach’s new X-ray technique. By bombarding a woman’s ovaries at the period of menopause, the ageing process is reversible.When news of the wonderful process hits the newspapers, “civil war threatens”. And luckless Clavering finds himself in love with a woman old enough to be his mother. On the other side, he himself is obsessively loved by a flapper, Janet Oglethorpe, young enough to be his daughter, who drinks illegal hooch and attends “petting parties”. The plot thickens, madly, thereafter. It is nonsense—just as, medically, Steinanch’s X-ray miracles was nonsense. In 1922 Atherton herself had received the Viennese doctor’s rejuvenation treatment. It seems, from publicity pictures, to have done little for her beauty. But tosh fiction and quack science as it may be, Black Oxen fits, hand-in-glove, with its period. And no other period.However absurd it seems to the modern reader, Atherton’s novel reflects, and dramatizes, contemporary anxiety about women’s freedoms. The 1920s was the era of the “flappers”—the perpetually young girl-woman. British women in this decade had, after long struggle, the vote—but only if they were over 30, after which the heyday in the female blood was conceived to have been sufficiently cooled to make rational political decisions.Black Oxen, the top novel in the US in 1923, is inextricably “of” its period. It could have been published 15 years later. But out of its immediate time-and-place frame, Black Oxen would have no more “worked” than a fish out of water. Nor would it, in other days, have been what is was, “the book of the day”. The day made the book, as much as events of the day made newspaper headlines in1923. This hand-in-glove quality is inextricably linked with the ephemerality of bestsellerism.41. Why does the author mention Ulysses and The Waste Land in paragraph 2?A. They were bestsellers just second to Black Oxen in 1923.B. They were more popular than Black Oxen in 1923C. As contemporary novels of Black Oxen, they were not popular in 1923.D. As bestsellers of 1923, they were not as popular as Black Oxen.42. According to the passage, all of the following art true about Black Oxen EXCEPT.A. Though the writer of Black Oxen did get a treatment for keeping young, but it lookedunsuccessful.B. Black Oxen implied that the X-ray technique was welcomed by women who were inmenopause.C. Black Oxen was very popular in 1923 when people believed in pseudo science about arenewal of youthfulness.D. Count Zattiany appeared in Black Oxen as a minor-character.43. The word “rage” in the passage is closest in meaning to .prevailuncontrollablygreatly B.angerA.presumeup D.daringlyrakeC.44. Which of the following sentence can best express the meaning of the highlighted sentence in the last paragraph?A. The ethos of 1923 for Black Oxen is just like water for fish.B. Without its time-and-space, Black Oxen would have enjoyed its popularity for a longertime.C. Without water, Black Oxen would lose its popularity.D. Black Oxen would not have been produced if it wasn’t treated like a fish.45. According to the passage, which of the following is true about a bestseller?A. A bestseller only caters for its own time.B. A bestseller is liable to tell a love triangle story.C. A bestseller cannot be written by an old female writer.D. A bestsellers is a great literary work, though it is strange.Passage 2Classics is a subject that exists in that gap between us and the world of the Greeks and Romans. The questions raised by Classics are the questions raised by our distance from ‘their’ world, and at the same time by our closeness to it, and by its familiarity to us in our museums, in our literature, languages, culture, and ways of thinking. The aim of Classics is not only to discover or uncover the ancient world (though that is part of it, as the rediscovery of Bassae). Its aim is also to define and debate our relationship to that world. This book will explore that relationship, and its history, starting from a spectacle that is familiar, but, at the same time, as we shall see, can become puzzling and strange: dismembered fragments of an ancient Greek temple put on show in the heart of modern London. In Latin the word “museum” once indicated “a temple of the Muses”; in what respects is the modern museum the right place to preserve treasures from a classical temple? Does it only look the part?The issues raised by Bassae provide a model for understanding Classics in its widest sense. Of course, Classics is about more than the physical remains, the architecture, sculpture, pottery, and painting, of ancient Greece and Rome. It is also about the poetry, drama, philosophy, science, and history written in the ancient world, and still read and debated as part of our culture. But here too, essentially similar issues are at stake, questions about how we are to reed literature which has a history of more than 2,000 years, written in a society very distant and different from our own.To read Plato’s writings on philosophical topics, for example, involves facing that difference, and trying to understand a society, the ancient Greece, in which writing came not in printed books but on papyrus rolls, each one copied by the hand of a slave; and in which “philosophy” as still thought of as an activity that went on in the open air life of the city, and was part of a social world of drinking and dinner. Even when philosophy became a subject for study in lecture and classroom, in its own right, it remained a very different business from our own academic tradition—for all that Plato’s school was the original “Academy” named after a suburb of Athens.On the other hand, remote or not, to read Plato is also to read philosophy that belongs to us, not just to them. Plato is still the most commonly read philosopher in the world; and as we read him now, we inevitably read his as part of “our” philosophical tradition, in the light of all those philosophers who have come since, who themselves had read Plato.Every survival form the classical world is, of course, unique. At the same time, as this book will show, there are some problems, stories, question, significances that all those survivals hold in common; there is a place in “our” cultural story that they (and only they) share. That, and reflection on that, amounts to Classics.46. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Classics?A. Classics can only be understood from the treasure in the modern museums.B. Classics may just be snapshots of the ancient world.C. Classics are not only for one age but also for all the time.D. Only those appearing in ancient Greece can be call Classics.47. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of Plato?A. Plato lived in a time when paper was made from the papyrus plant.B. Plato lived in a time when philosophy is part of people’s daily life.C. Plato’s writings were found in the TEMPLE OF Bassae.D. Plato’s writings are read by all people both in ancient times and at present.48. The word them in paragraph 4 refers to .A. the ancient peopleB. Plato’s studentsD.philosophersslavesGreektheC.49. The passage is more likely a part of .A. conclusionB. afterwordreviewbookpreface D.C.50. The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is .PhilosophyClassics B.andPlato andThem:A.UsD.ClassicsClassicsMuseumC.andPassage 3In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated—with the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries”—a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolution in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911), and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885).In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing themselves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to “adjust” to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the “Bandung project” (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene.I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1915 period exclusively as “the 30 years” war for the succession to “British hegemony.” I see this period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South).This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialism’s success in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction).Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began in the 1970s, exactly onehundred years after the first one. The reaction of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization (“liberal”), and financialization. But the moment of triumph—the second “belle époque” from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first “belle époque”, from 1890 to 1914—of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominate positions, other than through the military control of the planet.51. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?A. The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905B. The British hegemonyC. The Egyptian Revolution of 1919ParisCommuneTheD.52. The word “Kondratieff cycles” in the third paragraph most probably refers to .A. a term in politicsB. a term in economicsC. a term in ecologyD. a term in sociology53. How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to“adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?A. through socialismB. through national liberationC. through industrializationD. through financial globalization54. Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passage?A. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started,which now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions. In this situation, the imperialism had to resort to the military control of the planet.B. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had alreadystarted) now couldn’t accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions and they had to resort to the military control of the planet in this situation.C. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery hadalready started, which now couldn’t accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions through the military control of the planet.D. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (whichhad already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, let alone to allow it to achieve this aim through the military control of the planet.55. Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?A. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery now refused to allowthe collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions.B. People in the periphery have no alternative than to opt for a different development path.C. The initiative of the historical development spontaneously passes to the peoples andnations of the periphery.D. The twentieth century inaugurated—with the “awakening of the peoples of theperipheries”—a new chapter in history.Passage 4Davos 2012 is shaping up to be the year when the forum’s bank participants try to fade into the background and finally put the financial crisis behind them. Public panels include only two or three devoted to financial services. At the more productive private meetings around the fringes, bankers say discussion is more upbeat than it has been since the crisis began half a decade ago. Improving euro-zone sentiment and a slowly brightening mood among banks’ corporate clients is heartening for bankers. All the same, no one can let go of the topic that has most vexed them for years: ever-increasing regulation.On the core euro-zone discussion, the tone is of cautious optimism. “The system is slowly coming back to life,” said one investment bank boss, pointing to steady signs of euro-zone recovery, most recently evident in this week’s Spanish sovereign debt auction. “There’s definitely a change of tone,” added the board member of a US bank. “Our clients are definitely more upbeat.” Around that average sentiment views ranged widely, stretching from the complacent to the doom-laden. “It’s hard to see what could go wrong,” said one investment bank boss. This was in stark contrast with a warning from Axel Weber, chairman of UBS and ex-president of Germany’s Bundesbank, who said that patchwork fixes by central banks were just disguising problems that will return. “We’re living a better life now at the expense of future generations,” Mr. Weber said.As at recent Davos forums, the regulatory agenda has provided a focus. Bankers this year have bemoaned the breakdown in an international regulatory framework. Mr Weber said: “You need a global standard. But this is not happening.” He warned that, without a harmonized rule book, the dangers in the global banking system would increase. He contrasted the “Alpine” capital requirements in Switzerland with the diverse structural reforms under way in the US, the UK and potentially the EU.Worse still was the failure of policy makers to look across the financial services industry and join up the thinking on how banks and insurers should be regulated, critics said. One chief executive of a large US financial group said the regulatory situation was “really horrific”. “If you take a nice business like the insurance business,” the chief executive said. “Here’s an industry that went through the crisis and had almost no problems. They’ve put in a whole new regulatory regime to make sure they can’t make money. It’s astonishing.” Another bank boss said privately he was “extremely worried” about the inability of European insurance companies to finance banks, under the prospective Solvency II rules. Tijuana Thiam, chief executive of UK insurer Prudential, said: “There is a lack of joined-up thinking. The insurance industry is [traditionally] the biggest investor in the banking industry but Solvency II says we can’t invest in banks.”Friction was also evident between investors and companies – particularly financial groups. Paul Singer, head of Elliott Capital Management, slammed banks for “completely opaque” disclosures that made it impossible to know whether they were “risky or sound”. Most pernicious of all among the regulatory initiatives, several bankers said, was the ongoing – and arguably worsening – sense of uncertainty over what regulators and politicians have in mind next,。

空军工程大学2016年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：线性系统理论（A 卷） 科目代码 3003 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、填空题（每空2分，共20分）（1）状态变量组数学上表征为一个 极大变量组。

（2）线性系统时域运动分析的核心在于揭示系统状态相对于 和 的演化规律。

（3）系统完全能控和系统完全 互为等价关系。

（4）系统的稳定性可分为 稳定性和 稳定性，其中，前者又被称为“BIBO 稳定性”。

（5）对连续时间线性时不变系统，系统 则必定为BIBO 稳定，反之则未必。

（6）控制系统的综合归结为 。

（7）一般来说，反馈的类型可分为 和 。

二、计算题（每小题5分，共15分）（1）确定微分方程 3523y y y y u +-+=的一个状态空间描述。

（2）计算下列状态空间描述的传递函数G(s)140321[10]x x u y x⎡⎤⎡⎤=+⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦=（3）化以下线性系统为约当标准型010341[20]x x u y x⎡⎤⎡⎤=+⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦= 三、（15分）假设系统状态方程如下112201230x x u x x ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦1 [20]y x =请：（1）计算状态转移矩阵（2）求解状态方程的解（3）判断系统的能控能观性四、（15分）利用Lyapunov 稳定性判据，分析如下系统的稳定性。

（1）22121122221212()()x x cx x x x x cx x x =++=-++（2）12221t x x x x e x -==--（3）1221sin x x x k x ==-五、（15分）证明：给定一个时不变矩阵微分方程0,(0)T X AX XA X P =+=，其中，X 为n n ⨯维矩阵。

空军工程大学2015年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：信息融合技术与应用（A 卷） 科目代码 3033 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一. 简述题（共25分，每小题5分）1．关于信息融合系统的功能模型，美国国防部成立的联合指挥实验室下属的数据融合小组首先提出了JDL 模型。

随着信息融合定义的完善，JDL 模型也几经改进和演化，请画出Bowman 于2004年提出的推荐修正信息融合模型，并简述该模型的主要特点。

2．航迹关联处理的主要任务是什么？常用的航迹关联处理算法有哪些？3．跟踪门的形成是多目标跟踪时首先要解决的问题，跟踪门的含义指什么？其大小和形状取决于那些因素？根据Kalman 滤波算法，若1k +时刻的量测向量为(1)z k +，新息向量为(1)k γ+，新息协方差阵为(1)S k +，若跟踪门限为λ，请写出相应的椭球跟踪门规则表达式。

4．在一阶时间相关模型（Singer 模型）中，假定机动加速度()a t 服从一阶时间相关过程，请给出机动加速度的时间相关函数表达式，并简要说明其中各参量的意义。

该模型有哪些局限性？5．试简要给出应用Bayes 推理进行融合识别的处理过程。

二． 分析题（共18分）1．若雷达在空间坐标系下的距离、方位和俯仰角测量数据分别为ρ、θ和ε，则:z d ρρρ=+，z d θθθ=+，z d εεε=+其中：z ρ、z θ、z ε分别为目标的真实距离、方位角和俯仰角数据，d ρ、d θ、d ε为相应的测量误差，其测量的协方差分别为2ρσ、2θσ、2εσ。

假设（d ρ，d θ，d ε）小于目标真实坐标（ρ，θ，ε）。

对该测量进行极-直坐标变换，试分析其在直角坐标系下的测量误差，给出测量误差矩阵的表达式，并根据分析结果说明直角坐标系的缺陷。

（本题12分）2．如下图1所示为带反馈层次结构的信息融合图，试分析这种融合结构的特点。

第 1 页 共 13 页
空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：飞行力学与飞行器结构强度（A 卷） 科目代码 3006 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分 飞行力学（50分）
一、名词解释（15分，每题3分）
1.气动布局
2.主动控制
3.飞机的偏离
4.飞行任务剖面
5.飞机的操纵品质
二、分析简答（20分，每题4分）
1.说明飞机非线性动力学定性研究中的平衡点、平衡面、分叉点、分叉面的概念。

2.什么是飞机的跨音速平飞反操纵现象？并分析其原因？
3.在飞机以等机械能飞行的情况下，飞机的飞行速度越大，则损失同样的速度可以增加更多的飞行高度，该说法是否正确，并说明原因。

4.常用的大气湍流的一维频谱主要有哪几种？各自的特点是什么。

5.为什么现代超音速飞机横航向操纵系统中广泛采用自动器？常用的横航向自动器有哪几种类型？
三、计算（15分，第1题7分，第2题8分）
1.某飞机原以H=5km ，M=0.9作定常直线平飞，此时升降舵的偏角-2度。

若该飞机在同样的高度及M 数下，以3y n =作拉升运动。

问升降舵的偏角应为多少？已知：
4.002()A b m = 2283(/)G kgf m s = 0.08y C z m =- 2.68z z m ω
=- 0.007(1/)z z m δ=-︒ (提。

军事医学科学院博士入学考试分子生物学试题1995请任选以下5题进行讨论（每题20分）1 Apoptosis的生物学意义及其调控基因。

2 基因转移的概念及基因转移载体应具备的条件。

3 原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基因的机理。

4 人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。

5 染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。

6 噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。

19961 什么是原癌基因？（4）它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？（16分）2 什么是tumor supperssor gene？（4分）举例说明它的调控功能。

（16分）3 细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？（20分）4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (5分)(2) molecular hybridization (5分)(3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (5分)(4) human genome project (5分)5 G蛋白的结构特点信其功能（20分）6 apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义（10分）已知它的调控基因有哪些？（10分）以上6题任选5题回答。

20071、简述基因表达的多级调控。

（20分）2、简述原癌基因结构的改变与其表达激活的关系。

（20分）3、真核生物的基因发生突变可能产生哪些效应？（20分）4、简述顺式作用元件与反式作用因子对基因表达调控的影响。

（20分）5、简述真核细胞与原核细胞在DNA空间结构、基因转录及翻译方面存在的差异。

（20分）6、什么是基因的表型克隆策略？代表性的技术有哪些（请列出至少2种）？该策略有哪些优缺点？（20分）7、简述RNA干涉。

（20分）（以上试题选答五题）20081. 简述DNA损伤的原因以及生物学后果，几种修复途径。

2. 举几个例子说明原癌基因和抑癌基因在细胞增殖和凋亡中的作用。

3.基因定点诱变的概念，方法，意义和运用。

第 1 页 共 17 页空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 随机过程 （A 卷） 科目代码 2001 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、（16分）设{(),}T X X t t T =∈是正态过程，且()2()0E X t ≠，证明：T X 是马尔可夫过程的充要条件是其规范化相关函数满足：(,)(,)(,),,r s u r s t r t u s t u =≤≤ 其中规范化相关函数(,)r s t =二、(10分)设{}(),[,]X t t a b ∈是一正态过程，若()X t 在[,]a b 上均方可积，令()()ta Y t X s ds =⎰，证明{}(),[,]Y t t ab ∈是正态随机过程。

三、(12分)设{}(),0X t t ≥是状态空间为{}0,1I =的马尔可夫过程，转移概率矩阵{}()(),,ij P t p t i j I =∈为标准阵，且()()0001110011lim 1(),lim 1()t t p t q p t q t tλμ++→→-==-== 求：（1）()P t ，在()00(0)0,01P P X P ==<<时；（2）()()(),()E X t D X t .四、（12分）已知一个独立随机变量序列12,,,,n X X X L L ，有()()n X n f x f x =，令1121212,,,n n Y X Y X X Y X X X ==+=+++L L ，若()0n E X =，n X 与1n Y -独立，证明：1211(|,,,)n n n n E Y Y Y Y Y ---=L .。

历年军考真题系列之2013年军队院校招生士兵高中军考物理真题关键词：军考真题，德方军考，军考试题，军考资料，士兵高中，军考物理本试卷分政治、物理、化学三部分，考试时间150分钟，满分为200分。

第二部分 物 理注意： 1．物理试题共四大题，满分为60分。

2．在有关计算中，取重力加速度g=10m/s 2。

一、选择题。

本题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。

对于有多个正确选项的题，全选对的得4分，选不全的得2分，有选错的得0分。

1. 如图1所示，质量为M 的楔形木块放在水平桌面上，它的顶角为90°，两底角分别为 α和β。

a 、b 为两个位于斜面上的质量均为m 的小木块，已知两个斜面都是光滑的，现发现a 、b 沿斜面下滑，而楔形木块不动，这时楔形木块对水平桌面的压力等于 。

A .Mg +mg B. Mg +2mg C. Mg +mg (sin α+simβ) D. Mg +mg (cos α+cosβ)2. 某电容器连接到电压是40V 的电源上时，所带电量是0.2；若将其连接到电压是20V 的电源上，则 。

A. 电容器的电容减少一半 B. 电容器的电容不变C. 电容器的带电量减少一半D. 电容器内部的电场强度不变3. 如图2甲所示，两个闭合圆形线圈a 、b 的圆心重合，放在同一个水平面内，线圈b 中通以如图2乙所示的电流，设t =0时b 中的电流沿逆时针方向（如图甲中箭头所示），则项圈a 在0~t 2时间内 。

A. 一直有顺时针方向的电流M 图1 β α ba iB. 一直有逆时针方向的电流C. 先有逆时针方向的电流，后有顺时针方向的电流D. 先有顺时针方向的电流，后有逆时针方向的电流4. 关于电子的说法，正确的是 。

A. 组成阴极射线的带点粒子是电子衰变B. β 衰变说明原子核里有电子C. 发生光电效应时，有电子从金属表面逸出D. 波尔理论认为，氢原子中电子的轨道半径是连续的二、填空题。

本题共4小题，每空3分，共21分。

北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2013年(总分80, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage 1Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawedparallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith"s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure-being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Massproduction of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the passage mainly discuss?A The origins of textile decorationB The characteristics of good-quality printsC Two types\of printmakingD Types of paper used in printmaking该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为主旨题。