空军工程大学博士研究生入学试题[001]

2013年空军工程大学博士生入学考试初试业务课考试大纲空军工程大学研究生招生办公室二0一二年七月目录目录 .................................................................... I 1001 英语.. (1)001 航空航天工程学院 (1)2001 随机过程 (1)2002 矩阵论 (1)2003 概率论与数理统计 (2)3001 信息与通信工程专业基础综合 (4)3002 线性系统理论 (1)3003 混凝土学与机场可靠性设计 (2)3004 混凝土学与机场道面设计 (1)3005 机场可靠性设计与机场道面设计 (1)3006 飞行力学与飞行器结构强度 (2)3007 飞行器飞行力学及其推进系统特性 (1)3008 飞行器结构强度及其推进系统特性 (1)3009 导弹飞行动力学与线性系统理论 (3)002 防空反导学院 (5)2031 矩阵论 (5)2032 数理统计 (6)2033 军事思想 (7)3031 信号检测与估计 (8)3032 高等电磁场理论 (9)3033 最优控制 (10)3034 高级操作系统 (11)3035 联合防空作战理论 (12)3036 可靠性维修性保障性理论 (13)3037 国防项目管理 (14)003 信息与导航学院 (15)2061 矩阵论 (15)2062 随机过程 (16)2063 组合数学 (17)3061 现代电路理论 (18)3062 高等电磁场 (19)3063 无线电导航与定位理论 (20)3064 通信理论 (22)—I—3065 随机信号处理与检测估计 (24)3066 高级操作系统 (26)3067 信息化作战理论 (27)3068 军事通信理论 (29)005 装备管理与安全工程学院 (31)2076 矩阵论 (31)2077 概率论与数理统计 (32)3076 信息系统与运筹学 (34)3077 综合保障工程 (36)3078 管理学与系统工程 (37)006 理学院 (39)2081 数理统计 (39)3081 电介质物理学 (40)3082 现代电路理论 (41)007 研究中心 (42)2091 随机过程 (42)—II—1001 英语科目代码：1001科目名称：英语博士生入学英语考试的性质是一种水平考试，主要考核实际掌握和运用英语的能力。

第 1 页 共 8 页空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 最优控制 （A 卷） 科目代码 3033 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、基础理论题（共20分）1．名词解释（1）多级决策过程（3分）（2）时间最优控制（3分）（3）角点（3分）2．简述题（1）变分法的优点及局限性（5分）（2）动态规划的局限性及重要性（6分）二．证明题（每小题15分，共30分）1．设系统运动方程为n 维向量函数0),,(=t x x f &，其中n R x ∈；泛函⎰=ft t dt t x x g x J 0),,()(&，其中)(t x 及),,(t x x g &在],[0f t t 上连续可微，0t 、f t 固定，00)(x t x =，f f x t x =)(。

证明：使)(x J 取极值的必要条件是轨线)(t x 满足欧拉方程0=∂∂⋅-∂∂xL dt d x L &，其中),,()(),,(),,,(t x x f t t x x g t xx L T &&&λλ+=，n R ∈λ为待定拉格朗日乘子向量。

2．某物体以运动速度),(Y X V 在直角坐标系XOY 平面中沿与OX 轴夹角为α的方向运动。

证明该物体以最短时间由点),(00Y X 运动到点),(11Y X 时，夹角α必须满足的条件是αααcos sin YV X V ∂∂-∂∂=&。

三．计算题（每小题10分，共50分）1.已知0)0(=x ，1)1(=x ，求使[]d t t x t x J ⎰+=1022)()(&尽可能小的位移函数)(t x 。

2.已知状态变量)(t x 在t 分别等于0和2π时的对应值为0和10，求使泛函⎰-=2022)]()([)(πdt t x t x x J &达到极值的轨线)(t x *。

68- 12013年空军工程大学博士研究生入学考试——英语plete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (1’*20)1. He was ________ about the spring outing, but he came back quite depressed and said he should not have joined in it.A. enthusiasticB. fantasticC. courageousD. discouraged2. The wind _________ the clouds and the sun was again visible.A. dispersedB. distributedC. displacedD. displayed3. She admired the director to such an extent that she took his words as ______ oracles.A. divineB. rebelliousC. faithfulD. unbearable4. The wreckage of the exploded car _________ the traffic.A. interferedB. interpretedC. disruptedD. corrupted5. It was a close boxing game, but the box in blue was _____ to be the winner by three of the four referees.A. destinedB. deemedC. doomedD. adapted6. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of _________ grouping is advisable.A. instantaneousB. homogeneousC. spontaneousD. anonymous7. We couldn’t really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly__________.A. investmentsB. requirementsC. arrangementsD. installment8. To help students understand how we see, teachers often draw an _______ between an eye and a camera.A. imageB. imitationC. analogyD. axis9. Executives of the company enjoyed an ________ lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.A. exquisiteB. exoticC. extravagantD. eccentric10. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in ________ to others to enhance the food supply.A. referenceB. deferenceC. conferenceD. preference11. An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensive and complex institution than any other kind of higher education __________.A. establishmentB. settlementC. constructionD. structure12. Most importantly, such an experience helps _____ a heightened sensitivity to other cultures and will bring about a greater appreciation of one’s own culture as well.A. fosterB. forsakeC. censorD. coach13. Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into _________ ones.A. turbulentB. tragicC. vulnerableD. suspicious14. The first sentence in this paragraph is ________; it can be interpreted in many ways.A. intricateB. confusedC. duplicatedD. ambiguous15. The two countries will be obliged to _____ of these chemical weapons under the convention.A. imposeB. discloseC. disposeD. depose16. Japan’s auto market _______ for two-thirds of Tokyo’s massive $60 billion trade surplus with Washington.。

2013年空军工程大学3063无线电导航与定位理论考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题第 1 页共 5 页空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：无线电导航与定位理论（A卷）科目代码 3063 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分卫星导航（50分）一、填空题：（每空0.5分，共计10分）1.北斗二代是我国独立自主研制的新一代重大信息基础设施，最终将实现具有_____、_____、______的三维导航与定位、授时能力。

2.我国北斗二代导航系统采用了WALKER星座布局模式，具有较高的定位精度，其包括的3个轨道分别为_____、_____和______。

3.卫星导航中常用的坐标系有______、_______、_______。

4.GPS系统在前期发射两个L波段的导航信号，其频率具体为______和_______，后来又增加了L5频段信号。

5.为了提高GPS的定位精度，常采用差分定位技术，按照作用距离划分可以分为_____和______技术。

6.卫星导航的定位基础是高精度的时间信息和测量信息，普通的单点定位是基于____的测量基础上，而高精度定位是基于____的测量基础上。

7.卫星导航与惯性导航的组合技术是目前公认为最优的组合模式，安照其组合方式的不同可以划分为_____、______和______三种组合方式。

8.能能够对卫星导航信号产生干扰的信号是多样的，人为因素的角度可以分为具有敌意的干扰和无意的干扰。

前者来自于敌对方，主要的干扰手段有。

空军工程大学2015年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：混凝土学与机场规划设计原理（A卷）科目代码 3004 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分混凝土学部分一、简答题（共3题，每题5分）1、简述影响混凝土强度的主要因素。

施工过程中如何保证设计强度？2、简述影响混凝土徐变的因素有哪些？3、简述混凝土外加剂的类型与作用，减水剂的作用机理及主要技术经济效果。

二、论述题：（共3题，每题7分）1、试述水泥混凝土结构中除骨料和水化水泥浆之外存在的第三相是什么?论述其其形成原因、结构特征及其对混凝土性能的影响。

2、试述Powers关于非含气饱和水泥浆体受冻膨胀的假说以及对这一假说的修正。

为何加气能有效地减少因冰冻产生的膨胀？3、试述高性能混凝土发展趋势及在军事工程中的应用前景。

三、分析题（共2题，每题7分）1、新疆某地气候干燥，昼夜温差大，冬季寒冷且漫长。

在当地进行机场水泥混凝土施工中，发现施工完成后的道面混凝土会出现发生裂纹、裂缝、碎裂甚至断板等现象，严重影响道面施工的质量和使用要求。

试分析裂缝产生的主要原因并提出防治对策。

2、某机场修建的混凝土道面，数年道面出现了以下现象：混凝土表面有网状裂纹，一般呈较规则的同心圆状，裂缝中有灰黑色填充物，隐晶质，较坚硬，直径lmm左右；混凝土道面起皮，砂浆层剥落，可见少量白色粉末和黄褐色斑点，粗集料被白色粉末所包裹。

试分析其原因，可能发生哪种腐蚀现象，针对此类工程提出防治措施。

第二部分机场规划设计原理部分（一）简答题（共29分）1．机场为什么要分级?试述民用机场分级方法。

（5分）2．什么叫航空业务量预测的类比法？类比法对类比机场的选取有哪些要求？（5分）3．计算供运输机使用的跑道长度时，飞机最大计算起飞质量是怎么确定的？（4分）4．站坪平面尺寸的影响因素有哪些？（5分）5．民用机场飞行区中，滑行道分哪几类?各起什么作用?（5分）6．什么是仪表进近程序?它们的基本组成通常包括哪些航段?按起始进近航段的结构形式，仪表进近程序可分为哪几类?（5分）（二）论述题（共15分）1.专家判断法有哪三种？试述各有什么优缺点？（7分）2.试述民用机场位置选择时如何满足环保上的要求？（8分）（三）计算题（共6分）已知：某军用三级机场跑道长度3000m、宽50m，跑道方向90°-270°，纵坡为0，以跑道中线中点为原点建立机场坐标系，垂直跑道中线向北为X 方向、沿跑道中线向东为Y方向。

第 1 页共 23 页
空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：信息系统与运筹学（A卷）科目代码 3076
说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分信息系统（50分）
一、填空题（每题1分，共5分）
1.信息是关于的可通讯的。

2.诺兰模型把信息系统的发展过程归纳为六个阶段，分别为：、
、、、
和。

3.数据处理的方式可以分为两大类，一是处理方式，二是
处理方式。

4.为了检验程序的正确性，在测试时不仅需要数据和数据，还需要使用数据。

5.智能决策支持系统是将技术引入决策支持系统而形成的一种系统。

二、选择题（每题1分，共5分）
1.数据库的数据模型是指( )
A.数据项之间的联系形式
B.记录型之间的联系形式
C.文件之间的联系形式
D.数据之间的联系形式
2.关于不同级别信息属性的正确描述是（）
A.战略级信息最为抽象
B.作业级信息寿命最长
C.战术级信息精度要求最高
D.战略级信息主要来自内部
3.下列工作哪个不属于管理信息系统实施阶段的内容?( )
A.模块划分，程序设计，人员培训
B.选择计算机设备，输出设计，程序调试
C.可行性分析，系统评价，系统转换
D.程序设计，设备购买，数据准备与录入
4.对决策支持系统的正确描述之一是( )
A.能代替人进行决策的一类信息系统。

空军工程大学2016年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：飞行器结构强度及其推进系统特性（A卷）科目代码3009说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分飞机结构疲劳与断裂分析部分（50分）1.名词解释：（15分）条件疲劳极限应力疲劳高载迟滞效应循环应变硬化断裂韧性2.简述影响疲劳强度的主要因素和提高疲劳强度的措施。

（10分）3.简要叙述名义应力法估算飞机结构疲劳寿命主要步骤以及该方法的局限性。

（10分）4.某飞机构件在100飞行小时内所承受的疲劳载荷谱及有关数据如表所示。

现在试验中以100飞行小时作为一个加载程序，将其简化成两级加载。

试用线性累积损伤理论（miner理论）确定其简化试验谱。

（15分）第二部分发动机特性与使用特性部分（50分）一、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1、压气机雷诺数2、发动机风车状态3、发动机各部件共同工作点4、燃烧室熄火特性5、发动机调节规律二、分析简答（每题4分，共20分）1、燃气涡轮发动机的使用条件有哪些？2、对发动机加速性的要求一般有哪些？3、涡轮导向器面积调节对发动机状态和性能有很大影响，试以双转子混排涡扇发动机为例，分析低压涡轮导向器面积nbLA减小时，发动机状态和性能的变化情况（发动机调节规律为1=n const、8=A const）。

4、湿度是影响发动机性能的最常见因素之一，试阐述其对发动机性能的影响机理及规律。

发动机验收时如何考虑湿度的影响？ 三、计算题（第1题8分，第2题7分）1、某双转子发动机的燃气涡轮，已知设计状态下=TL π 2.05，=TH π 3.04，=TL η 0.884, =TH η0.88，*4T =1760K 。

试求（燃气比热比'=1.30γ，气体常数'=287.4/.R J kg K ）： (1)涡轮的总落压比； (2)涡轮出口燃气总温*5T ； (3)低压、高压涡轮单位功； (4)涡轮总效率。

部队博士考试题库及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 部队博士考试的主要目的是（）。

A. 选拔优秀人才B. 考核个人能力C. 提升部队整体素质D. 促进军事科研发展答案：D2. 部队博士考试的报考条件中，不包括以下哪一项？（）A. 具有硕士及以上学位B. 年龄不超过40周岁C. 有两年以上部队工作经验D. 必须是现役军人答案：C3. 部队博士考试的考试科目包括（）。

A. 政治理论B. 军事理论C. 专业课程D. 以上都是答案：D4. 部队博士考试的面试环节主要考察考生的哪些能力？（）A. 专业知识B. 综合素质C. 应变能力D. 以上都是答案：D5. 部队博士考试的录取比例通常为（）。

A. 1:2B. 1:3C. 1:4D. 1:5答案：B6. 部队博士考试的报名时间通常在每年的（）。

A. 1月B. 3月C. 6月D. 9月答案：B7. 部队博士考试的考试时间通常在每年的（）。

A. 4月B. 6月C. 9月D. 12月答案：A8. 部队博士考试的考试地点通常设在（）。

A. 报考单位所在地B. 考生所在地C. 指定的考试中心D. 以上都是答案：C9. 部队博士考试的考试形式包括（）。

A. 笔试B. 面试C. 实践操作D. 以上都是答案：D10. 部队博士考试的合格标准是（）。

A. 笔试成绩合格B. 面试成绩合格C. 综合成绩合格D. 以上都是答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 部队博士考试的报考条件包括（）。

A. 具有硕士及以上学位B. 年龄不超过40周岁C. 有两年以上部队工作经验D. 必须是现役军人答案：A、B、D12. 部队博士考试的考试科目中，政治理论包括哪些内容？（）A. 马克思主义基本原理B. 毛泽东思想C. 邓小平理论D. 三个代表重要思想答案：A、B、C、D13. 部队博士考试的面试环节中，考官可能会问到的问题包括（）。

A. 个人基本情况B. 专业知识掌握情况C. 对部队的认识和理解D. 未来发展规划答案：A、B、C、D14. 部队博士考试的录取过程中，以下哪些因素会影响最终结果？（）A. 笔试成绩B. 面试成绩C. 个人背景D. 导师意见答案：A、B、D15. 部队博士考试的考试形式中，实践操作可能包括哪些内容？（）A. 军事技能测试B. 专业技能测试C. 团队协作能力测试D. 应急处理能力测试答案：A、B、C、D三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）16. 部队博士考试的报考条件中，不包括具有硕士及以上学位。

空军工程大学2012年博士研究生入学试题考试科目： 随机过程 （A 卷） 科目代码 2001 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

1、（12分）设{(),0}W t t ≥是参数为2σ的维纳过程，求下列过程的协方差函数：（1）(),()W t At A +为常数；（2）()(),()~(0,1)()W t X t X t N W t +且与相互独立.2、（10分）证明：X {X(t),t T}t=0C ()=0.ττ∈在处均方连续与其协方差函数在处连续等价3、（10分）设有随机过程()sin cos Z t X t Y t =+，其中X 和Y 是相互独立的随机变量，它们分别以2/3和1/3的概率取值1-和2，求()Z t 的均值函数与自相关函数，并讨论()Z t 的平稳性。

4、（10分）设E=R, {(),1}Y n n ≥是独立随机序列，令1(1)(1),()()nk X Y X n Y k ===∑，证明：{(),1}X n n ≥是一马尔可夫过程。

5、（10分）设二阶矩过程()X t 在[,]a b 上可积，证明：(1)(())()(());b ba a D X s dsb a D X s ds ≤-⎰⎰6、（10分） 证明：当且仅当U 与V 是不相关的随机变量，并且均值都为零、方差相等时，随机过程()cos()sin()X t U t V t ωω=+是宽平稳过程。

7、（10分）设线性时不变系统的频率响应()j H j j ωαωωβ-=+，输入平稳过程()X t 的相关函数||()a X R e ττ-=，求互相关函数()YX R τ。

8、（12分）设进入中国上空流星的个数是一泊松过程，平均每年为10000个，每个流星能以陨石落于地面的概率为0.0001，求一个月内落于中国地面陨石数W 的(),var()E W W 和(2)P W ≥。

第 1 页共 10 页
空军工程大学2014年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：机场规划设计原理与机场道面设计（A卷）科目代码3006
说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分机场规划设计原理部分（50分）
一、简答题（共29分）
1．民航运输机场飞行区的组成有哪些？各部分的主要作用是什么?（5分）2．什么是计量经济法？用计量经济法对航空业务量预测的基本步骤有哪些？（5分）
3．计算供运输机使用的跑道长度时，飞机最大计算起飞质量是怎么确定的？（4分）
4．航站楼位置设置有哪些要求?（5分）
5．什么是运输机飞行程序？运输机飞行程序有哪几类？机场设置进近程序需要考虑哪些主要因素？（5分）
6．机场内部环境保护措施有哪些?（5分）
二、论述题（共15分）
1.影响跑道长度的主要因素有哪些?它们是怎么影响跑道长度的?（8分）
2.试述民用机场位置选择时如何满足使用上的要求？民用机场位置选择与军用机场位置选择的主要区别是什么？（7分）
三、计算题（共6分）
已知：某军用二级机场跑道长度2200m、宽45m，东西方向、纵坡为0，以跑道中线中点为原点建立机场坐标系，向北为X方向、向东为Y方向。

现有4个障碍物，主要障碍物机场坐标和障碍物高度如下表所示。

请根据军用二级机场端净空剖面图和侧净空剖面图，判断4个障碍物在机场净空区中的位置，并计算其许可高度及超高情况（“＋”值表示超高，“－”值表示不超高），完成下表并写出判断和计算过程。

空军工程大学2011年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：国防项目管理（B卷）科目代码 3039 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

共 2 页第 1 页一、简答题（共40分，每小题4分）1．项目的定义及其属性。

2．有效管理幅度原则。

3．什么是项目团队文化？具体包括哪几个方面。

4．项目经理的能力要求。

5．项目范围定义的作用。

6．项目质量控制方法主要有哪几种？7．非正式沟通的渠道有哪几种？并画出简图。

8．画出因果图的基本形式，并写出其构建步骤。

9．解决项目冲突的基本策略。

10．识别风险的方法有哪几种?二、分析题（共40分，每小题8分）1．某公司是一家手提计算机生产企业，现在的任务是:设计、生产和销售一种多任务的便携式个人电脑，配置包括2.0G处理器、240M内存、40G以上硬盘，重量不超过1.5千克以及点阵式彩色显示器，电池正常操作20小时以上，零科目代码 3039共 2 页第 2 页售价不超过2万元。

试对其任务进行分解并选择合适的组织结构。

2．项目目标的具体表达通常有几个层次，相互之间的联系。

3．分析项目不确定成本存在的原因。

4．分析确定项目资源方案时应考虑哪些问题。

5．分析在项目沟通中的主要障碍及产生的原因。

三、计算题（20分）某新产品投产前全部准备工作如表1所示：表1 某新产品的数据资料试求：1．试画出新产品投产前全部准备工作的箭线式网络图2．利用图上计算法或表上计算法计算活动的最早开工时间、最早完工时间、最迟开工时间、最迟完工时间、总时差和单时差。

3．确定其关键路线。

解放军信息工程大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with great agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered bythe prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhaps onlyto the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal forfood production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates. 71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economicmachine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitratorsmove in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "h opefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer from alack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war c ry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" . Slogans operate i n society as social “symbols" and, as such, their intended o r perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.。

空军工程大学2015年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：信息融合技术与应用（A 卷） 科目代码 3033 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一. 简述题（共25分，每小题5分）1．关于信息融合系统的功能模型，美国国防部成立的联合指挥实验室下属的数据融合小组首先提出了JDL 模型。

随着信息融合定义的完善，JDL 模型也几经改进和演化，请画出Bowman 于2004年提出的推荐修正信息融合模型，并简述该模型的主要特点。

2．航迹关联处理的主要任务是什么？常用的航迹关联处理算法有哪些？3．跟踪门的形成是多目标跟踪时首先要解决的问题，跟踪门的含义指什么？其大小和形状取决于那些因素？根据Kalman 滤波算法，若1k +时刻的量测向量为(1)z k +，新息向量为(1)k γ+，新息协方差阵为(1)S k +，若跟踪门限为λ，请写出相应的椭球跟踪门规则表达式。

4．在一阶时间相关模型（Singer 模型）中，假定机动加速度()a t 服从一阶时间相关过程，请给出机动加速度的时间相关函数表达式，并简要说明其中各参量的意义。

该模型有哪些局限性？5．试简要给出应用Bayes 推理进行融合识别的处理过程。

二． 分析题（共18分）1．若雷达在空间坐标系下的距离、方位和俯仰角测量数据分别为ρ、θ和ε，则:z d ρρρ=+，z d θθθ=+，z d εεε=+其中：z ρ、z θ、z ε分别为目标的真实距离、方位角和俯仰角数据，d ρ、d θ、d ε为相应的测量误差，其测量的协方差分别为2ρσ、2θσ、2εσ。

假设（d ρ，d θ，d ε）小于目标真实坐标（ρ，θ，ε）。

对该测量进行极-直坐标变换，试分析其在直角坐标系下的测量误差，给出测量误差矩阵的表达式，并根据分析结果说明直角坐标系的缺陷。

（本题12分）2．如下图1所示为带反馈层次结构的信息融合图，试分析这种融合结构的特点。

第 1 页 共 13 页
空军工程大学2013年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：飞行力学与飞行器结构强度（A 卷） 科目代码 3006 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分 飞行力学（50分）
一、名词解释（15分，每题3分）
1.气动布局
2.主动控制
3.飞机的偏离
4.飞行任务剖面
5.飞机的操纵品质
二、分析简答（20分，每题4分）
1.说明飞机非线性动力学定性研究中的平衡点、平衡面、分叉点、分叉面的概念。

2.什么是飞机的跨音速平飞反操纵现象？并分析其原因？
3.在飞机以等机械能飞行的情况下，飞机的飞行速度越大，则损失同样的速度可以增加更多的飞行高度，该说法是否正确，并说明原因。

4.常用的大气湍流的一维频谱主要有哪几种？各自的特点是什么。

5.为什么现代超音速飞机横航向操纵系统中广泛采用自动器？常用的横航向自动器有哪几种类型？
三、计算（15分，第1题7分，第2题8分）
1.某飞机原以H=5km ，M=0.9作定常直线平飞，此时升降舵的偏角-2度。

若该飞机在同样的高度及M 数下，以3y n =作拉升运动。

问升降舵的偏角应为多少？已知：
4.002()A b m = 2283(/)G kgf m s = 0.08y C z m =- 2.68z z m ω
=- 0.007(1/)z z m δ=-︒ (提。

空军工程大学2015年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：机场规划设计原理与机场道面设计（A卷）科目代码 3006说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

第一部分机场规划设计原理部分（一）简答题（共29分）1．机场为什么要分级?试述民用机场分级方法。

（5分）2．什么叫航空业务量预测的类比法？类比法对类比机场的选取有哪些要求？（5分）3．计算供运输机使用的跑道长度时，飞机最大计算起飞质量是怎么确定的？（4分）4．站坪平面尺寸的影响因素有哪些？（5分）5．民用机场飞行区中，滑行道分哪几类?各起什么作用?（5分）6．什么是仪表进近程序?它们的基本组成通常包括哪些航段?按起始进近航段的结构形式，仪表进近程序可分为哪几类?（5分）（二）论述题（共15分）1.专家判断法有哪三种？试述各有什么优缺点？（7分）2.试述民用机场位置选择时如何满足环保上的要求？（8分）（三）计算题（共6分）已知：某军用三级机场跑道长度3000m、宽50m，跑道方向90°-270°，纵坡为0，以跑道中线中点为原点建立机场坐标系，垂直跑道中线向北为X 方向、沿跑道中线向东为Y方向。

现有4个障碍物，主要障碍物机场坐标和障碍物高度如下表所示。

请根据军用三级机场端净空剖面图和侧净空剖面图，判断4个障碍物在机场净空区中的位置，并计算其许可高度及超高情况（“＋”值表示超高，“－”值表示不超高），完成下表并写出判断和计算过程。

三级机场端净空剖面图（单位：m）三级机场侧净空剖面图（单位：m）第二部分道面设计原理部分一、简要回答下列问题（每小题3分，共24分）1、柔性道面2、加州承载比CBR3、胀缝4、飞机等级号（ACN）5、车辙6、稳定类基、垫层7、水泥混凝土道面上加铺沥青面层反射裂缝8、道面超载二、分析军用机场水泥混凝土道面各地段受载条件（10分）三、叙述水泥混凝土道面结构中基层的作用。

空军工程大学2017年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：材料物理（A卷）科目代码 3081说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。

一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1. 应变2. 比热容3. 热稳定性3. 费米能级5. 饱和磁化强度6. 光吸收7. 压电效应8. 热电效应二、简答题（每题6分，共30分）1. 用能带理论分析碱金属元素Li的导电性优于金属Mg导电性的原因。

2. 什么是霍尔效应？霍尔效应用于判断半导体类型的基本原理是什么？3. 简述BaTiO3电介质在居里温度点以下存在的四种极化机制。

4. 用能量的观点说明铁磁体内形成磁畴的原因。

5. 产生超声波的材料主要有哪几类？三、计算题（每题10分，共30分）1. 一试样长40cm，宽10cm，厚1cm，其杨氏模量为3.5×109 N·m-2，当受到应力为1000N拉力时，能伸长多少?2. 某硅酸铝玻璃的性能为k t=2.1J·m-1·s-1·K-1，α=4.6×10-6K-1，σf=7.0×107N·m-2，E=4.7×107N·m-2，μ=0.25。

求第一及第二热冲击断裂抵抗因子。

3.下图为某一光学材料的透光率曲线，请分析曲线峰谷（位于0.4μm处）形成的原因，并计算该材料的禁带宽度。

（普朗克常数h=4.13×10-15eV·s=6.63×10-34J·s; 光速c=3×108m/s）。