新版广东工业大学行政管理考研经验考研参考书考研真题

广东工业大学2020年博士研究生招生考试参考书目学院考试科目名称参考书目机电工程学院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10.(3003)机电控制1.杨叔子,杨克冲,吴波等.机械工程控制基础(第6版).武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2011.2.李斌,李曦.数控技术[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2010. (3041)材料科学基础1.胡赓祥,蔡珣,戎咏华.材料科学基础（第三版），上海交通大学出版社，2010年.2.潘金生，仝健民，田民波，材料科学基础(修订版)，清华大学出版社，2011年.自动化学院(2006)矩阵分析1.史容昌.矩阵分析.北京理工大学出版社.2.陈祖明.矩阵分析引论.北京航空航天大学出版.(3008)自适应信号处理1.沈福民.自适应信号处理,西安电子科大出版社，2001.2.Bernard Widrow&Samuel D.Stearns.自适应信号处理(英文影印版)，机械工业出版社，2008年.(3011)线性系统理论1.郑大钟.线性系统理论(第二版)，清华大学出版社，2002年10月.轻工化工学院(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10. (3016)高等无机化学1.辛剑,王慧龙主编.高等无机化学.北京：高等教育出版社,20102.陈慧兰主编.高等无机化学．北京：高等教育出版社，2005 (3060)高等有机化学1.恽愧宏.高鸿滨等箸,高等有机化学,高等教育出版社,1988年8月第1版管理学院(2012)运筹学1.胡运权主编.运筹学教程(第四版)，清华大学出版社，2012.2.运筹学教材编写组.运筹学(第三版)，清华大学出版社，2005. (2013)管理统计学1.马庆国.管理统计—数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用研究，科学出版社，2012年.2.刘金兰.管理统计学，天津大学出版社，2007年.3.戴维R.安德森等，张建华等译.商务与经济统计，北京：机械工业出版社，2010年.(3020)管理学1.周三多主编.管理学——原理与方法(第六版)，复旦大学出版社，2014.2.(美)斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯著.管理学(第九版)，中国人民大学出版社，2009.材料与能源学院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(3058)材料物理与化学1.胡庚祥、蔡珣.材料科学基础(第三版),上海交通大学出版社2.傅献彩等编.物理化学(上、下册),高等教育出版社,第五版.2005.3.冯端,师昌绪,刘治国著.材料科学导论.化学工业出版社4.王富耻主编.材料现代分析测试方法.北京理工大学出版社(3059)现代测试技术 1.周玉.材料分析方法(第3版).机械工业出版社.2017.信息工程学院(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(3054)数字信号处理 1.张贤达.现代信号处理(第三版).清华大学出版社.2015.环境科学与工程学院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2006)矩阵分析1.史容昌.矩阵分析.北京理工大学出版社.2.陈祖明.矩阵分析引论.北京航空航天大学出版.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10. (3056)环境微生物学1.周德庆主编.微生物学教程(第三版).高等教育出版社,2011年.2.周群英主编.环境工程微生物学(第四版).高等教育出版社,2015年(3061)环境科学概论1.杨志峰编著.环境科学概论(第二版),高等教育出版社,2016年.2.曲向荣编著.环境学概论(第二版),科学出版社,2015年.物理与光电工程学院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2006)矩阵分析1.史容昌.矩阵分析.北京理工大学出版社.2.陈祖明.矩阵分析引论.北京航空航天大学出版.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10.(3063)材料物理1.张志杰主编.材料物理与化学.化学工业出版社，2006.2.田莳主编.材料物理性能.北京航空航天大学出版社,2001.8.土木与交通工程学院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(3042)工程热力学 1.谭羽飞.工程热力学.中国建筑工业出版社(第六版),2016 (3064)高等材料力学1.博雷西,赛德博坦.高等材料力学.科学出版社,1987.2.俞茂宏.材料力学.高等教育出版社(第2版)，2015.计算机学院(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2006)矩阵分析1.史容昌.矩阵分析.北京理工大学出版社.2.陈祖明.矩阵分析引论.北京航空航天大学出版.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10.(2032)智能信息技术教育应用1.蒋海峰,王宝华著.智能信息处理技术原理与应用.清华大学出版社,2019.2、格兰特·威金斯,杰伊·麦克泰格著,闫寒冰,宋雪莲,赖平译.追求理解的教学设计.华东师范大学出版社(3036)计算机网络1.谢希仁.计算机网络(第6版).电子工业出版社,2013年.er.D.E.著,林瑶等译.用TCP/IP进行网际互连第一卷——原理.协议与结构(第五版).电子工业出版社,2013.(3053)计算机算法设计与分析1.王晓东编著.计算机算法设计与分析(第4版).电子工业出版社，2012年2.原作者Thomas H.Cormen等,殷建平徐云等翻译.算法导论.机械工业出版社,第三版,2013年1月.艺术与设计学院(2005)空间设计与产品设计不提供参考书目(3007)设计历史与理论不提供参考书目生物医药学院(2033)高等药物有机化学1.邢其毅.基础有机化学.北京大学出版社,第4版,该书的其他版本也可以参考.2.迈克尔M.史密斯(Michael B.Smith),李艳梅，黄志平译. March高等有机化学——反应、机理与结构(原著第7版).化学工业出版社,2018年.(3017)生物化学张洪渊.生物化学教程.四川大学出版社,第四版.环境生态工程研究院(2001)数值分析1.李红.数值分析(第2版).华中科技大学大学出版社,2010.2.施妙根,顾丽珍编著.科学和工程计算基础.清华大学出版社,1999.3.李庆扬,王能超,易大义编著.数值分析(第4版).清华大学出版社,2001.4.冯康等编著.数值计算方法.国防工业出版社,1978.(2002)线性代数同济大学数学系编.工程数学.线性代数(第五版).高等数学出版社,2007.5.(2006)矩阵分析1.史容昌.矩阵分析.北京理工大学出版社.2.陈祖明.矩阵分析引论.北京航空航天大学出版.(2007)概率论与数理统计陈希孺编著.概率论与数理统计.科学出版社,2018.10.(3061)环境科学概论1.杨志峰编著.环境科学概论（第二版）.高等教育出版社,2016年.2.曲向荣编著.环境学概论(第二版).科学出版社,2015年.(3062)生态规划学1.郭怀成等主编.环境规划学(第二版).高等教育出版社,2009年.2.胡运权等主编.运筹学基础及应用.高等教育出版社,2008年.3.谢金星等主编.优化建模LINDO/LINGO软件.清华大学出版社,2005年.。

经过一年的努力奋斗终于如愿以偿考到自己期望的学校，在这一年的时间内，我秉持着天将降大任于斯人也必先苦其心志劳其筋骨饿其体肤空乏其身的信念终于熬过了这段难熬却充满期待和自我怀疑的岁月。

可谓是痛并快乐着。

在这期间，我不止一次地怀疑自己有没有可能成功上岸，这样的想法，充斥在我的头脑中太多次，明知不可想这么多，但在休息时，思想放空的时候就会凭空冒出来，难以抵挡。

这对自己的心绪实在是太大的干扰，所以在此想跟大家讲，调整好心态，无论成功与否，付出自己全部的努力，到最后，总不会有那种没有努力过而与成功失之交臂的遗憾。

总之就是，付出过，就不会后悔。

在此，我终于可以将我这一年来的所有欣喜，汗水，期待，惶惑，不安全部写出来，一来是对这一重要的人生转折做一个回顾和告别，再有就是，希望我的这些经验，可以给大家以借鉴的作用。

无论是心态方面，考研选择方面，还是备考复习方面。

都希望可以跟大家做一个深入交流，否则这一年来的各种辛酸苦辣真是难吐难吞。

由于心情略微激动了些，所以开篇部分可能略显鸡汤，不过，认真负责的告诉大家，下面的内容将是满满的干货。

只是由于篇幅过长还望大家可以充满耐心的把它看完。

文章结尾会附赠我的学习资料供各位下载使用。

广东工业大学数学的初试科目为：(101)思想政治理论(201)英语一(602)数学分析和(846)高等代数参考书目为：1.华东师范大学数学系《数学分析》2.高等代数，北京大学出版社。

关于考研英语考研英语几乎就是考阅读，做了历年的试卷后我越发觉得如果不能真正的读懂文章，那么阅读题目是很难做对的，而想要读懂这篇文章，主要就是要读懂文章中的长难句，这是需要训练的，真题就是很好的训练素材。

做完阅读题后，可以先不要急着对答案，把文章中的长难句和一些难以理解的句子试着自己翻译出来（可以借助词典），翻译完后再看看你先前的答案，有没有什么新的理解让你想改答案的，此时再去看看书后面对整篇文章的解析（而不是题目的解析），主要看你翻译的和解析翻译的差别，有没有理解上的偏差，进而再次思考自己的答案，并确定自己最终的答案，再对后面的答案，此时应该仔细揣摩自己做错的原因，仔细理解出题人的思路和其对文章的理解方式，找出与自己的思路的不同之处，下次做题尽量向他们一样思考。

广东工业大学考研历年真题【第一部分:单项填空】1. However, some actors _____ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. [单选题] *A.astonishedB. astonishingC. astonish(正确答案)D. is astonished2. He was a _____ figure in the French film industry. [单选题] *A. dominantlyB. dominant(正确答案)C. dominanceD. dominants3. The morning after your arrival, you meet with the _____ physician for a private consultation. [单选题] *A. residentsB. resident(正确答案)C. residenceD. residences4._____a reply, he decided to write again. [单选题] *A. Not receivingB. ReceivingC. Not having received(正确答案)D. Having not received5.With lots of trees and flowers _____here and there, the city looks very beautiful. [单选题] *A. having plantedB. planted(正确答案)C. have been plantedD. to be planted6. I have bought two ball-pens, _______ writes well. [单选题] *A. none of themB. neither of themC. neither of which(正确答案)D. none of which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. [单选题] *A.where(正确答案)B.hatC.whichD.there8.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. [单选题] *A. to whomB. on whomC. with whichD. with whom(正确答案)9.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill. [单选题] *A. why; that(正确答案)B.that;whyC. for that;thatD.for which;what10. Is _______ some German friends visited last week? [单选题] *A. this schoolB. this the schoolC. this school oneD. this school where(正确答案)11. They are not very good, but we like_______. [单选题] *A. anyway to play basketball with themB. to play basketball with them anyway(正确答案)C. to play with them basketball anywayD. with them to play basketball anyway12. He sent me an e-mail, _______to get further information. [单选题] *A. hopedB hoping(正确答案)C. to hopeD. hope13._____in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. [单选题] *A. Being roundedB it was foundedC. Founded(正确答案)D. Founding14.The ____boy was last seen ______near the East Lake. [单选题] *A. Missing, playing(正确答案)B. missing, playC missed, playedD missed, to play15. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party. [单选题] *A. having not been invitedB. not having invitedC. having not invitedD not having been invited(正确答案)【第二部分:完形填空】A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green spacegained about 13% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and fewer trees. Such __62__ tell a powerful story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many people __63__ it to increased portion sizes and inactivity, but that can't be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been __64__ us for a long time. "Most experts agree that the changes were __65__ to something in the environment," says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. That something could be a __66__ of the green.The new research, __67__ in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn't the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer __68__ identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green neighborhood __69__ means more places for kids to play – which is __70__ since time spent outdoors is one of the strongest correlates of children's activity levels. But green space is good for the mind__71__: research by environmental psychologists has shown that it has cognitive __72__ for children with attention-deficit disorder. In one study, just reading __73__ in a green setting improved kids' symptoms.__74__ to grassy areas has also been linked to __75__ stress and a lower body mass index (体重指数) among adults. And an __76__ of 3,000 Tokyo residents associated walkable green spaces with greater longevity (长寿) among senior citizens.Glass cautions that most studies don't __77__ prove a causal link between greenness and health, but they're nonetheless helping spur action. In September the U. S. House of Representatives __78__ the delightfully named No Child Left Inside Act to encourage public initiatives aimed at exposing kids to the outdoors.Finding green space is not __79__ easy, and you may have to work a bit to get your family a little grass and trees. If you live in a suburb or a city with good parks, take__80__ of what's there. Your children in particular will love it – and their bodies and minds will be __81__ to you.16. [单选题] *A) findings(正确答案)B) thesesC) hypothesesD) abstracts17. [单选题] *A) adaptB) attribute(正确答案)C) allocateD) alternate18. [单选题] *A) amongstB) alongC) besideD) with(正确答案)19. [单选题] *A) gluedB) related(正确答案)C) trackedD) appointed20. [单选题] *A) scrapingB) denyingC) depressingD) shrinking(正确答案)21. [单选题] *A) published(正确答案)B) simulatedC) illuminatedD) circulated22. [单选题] *A)atB)to(正确答案)C)forD)over23. [单选题] *A) fullyB) simply(正确答案)C) seriouslyD) uniquely24. [单选题] *A)vital(正确答案)B)casualC)fatalD)subtle25. [单选题] *A) stillB) alreadyC) too(正确答案)D) yet26. [单选题] *A) benefits(正确答案)B) profitsC) revenuesD) awards27. [单选题] *A) outwardB) apartC) asideD) outside(正确答案)28. [单选题] *A) ImmunityB) ReactionC) Exposure(正确答案)D) Addiction29. [单选题] *A)muchB)less(正确答案)C)moreD)little30. [单选题] *A) installmentB) expeditionC) analysis(正确答案)D) option31. [单选题] *A) curiouslyB) negativelyC) necessarily(正确答案)D) comfortably32. [单选题] *A) relievedB) delegatedC) approved(正确答案)D) performed33. [单选题] *A)merelyB)always(正确答案)C)mainlyD)almost34. [单选题] *A) advantage(正确答案)B) exceptionC) measureD) charge35. [单选题] *A) elevatedB) mercifulC) contentedD) grateful(正确答案)【第三部分:阅读理解】Passage 1Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton.Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn’t been born yet, or is a baby now. That’s because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einsteinemerging anytime soon.For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein’s day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasn’t long before he became a philosopher himself.“The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan (工匠) or specialist and a real seeker after truth,”Einstein wrote in 1944.And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren’t many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.“Maybe there is an Einstein out there today,” said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, “but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard.”Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.“The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea!” Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. “It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you’ll find the solution.”Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his “miracle year” of 1905. These “thought experiments” were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.What might happen to such a submission today?“We all get papers like those in the mail,” Greene said. “We put them in the junk file.”36. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs? [单选题] *[A] Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.[B] It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.[C] No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.[D] It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.(正确答案)37. What was critical to Einstein’s success? [单选题] *[A] His talent as an accomplished musician.[B] His independent and abstract thinking.(正确答案)[C] His untiring effort to fulfill his potential.[D] His solid foundation in math theory.38. What does the author tell us about physicists today? [单选题] *[A] They tend to neglect training in analytical skills.[B] They are very good at solving practical problems.[C] They attach great importance to publishing academic papers.[D] They often go into fields yielding greater financial benefits.(正确答案)39. What does Brian Greene imply by saying “... it would be a lot harder for him to be heard” (Lines 1-2, Para. 9)? [单选题] *[A] People have to compete in order to get their papers published.[B] It is hard for a scientist to have his papers published today.[C] Papers like Einstein’s would unlikely get published today.[D] Nobody will read papers on apparently ridiculous theories.(正确答案)40. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _______. [单选题] *[A] forgot to make footnotes and citations[B] was little known in academic circles(正确答案)[C] was known as a young genius in math calculations[D] knew nothing about the format of academic papersPassage 2The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards ofliving.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts - a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discoveredthat illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? Wehave to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they could in tum afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be ableto escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity forthe foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.41. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor [单选题] * countries[A] is subject to groundless doubts.[B] has fallen victim of bias.[C] is conventionally downgraded.[D] has been overestimated.(正确答案)42. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system [单选题] *[A] challenges economists and politicians.[B] takes efforts of generations.(正确答案)[C] demands priority from the government.[D] requires sufficient labor force.43. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that [单选题] *[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.(正确答案)[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.44. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged [单选题] *[A] when people had enough time.[B] prior to better ways of finding food.[C] when people no longer went hungry.(正确答案)[D] as a result of pressure on government.45. According to the last paragraph, development of education [单选题] *[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.(正确答案)[D] cannot afford political changes.Passage 3A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations oforganisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plantsand their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.46.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? [单选题] *[A]It excludes interactions between more than two species.[B]It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.[C]Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.(正确答案)[D]Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.47.According to paragraph 2. which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites? [单选题] *[A]Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.[B]Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.(正确答案)[C]The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.[D]Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.48.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about theAustralian rabbit population? [单选题] *[A]Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.(正确答案)[B]The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.[C]Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.[D]Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.49.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selectionstabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT: [单选题] *[A]The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.[B]The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.[C]The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.(正确答案)[D]Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.50.According to paragraph 5. which of the following is NOT true of the relationshipbetween the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants? [单选题] *[A]Ants defend the host trees against the predatory actions of insects and animals.[B]The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.[C]The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.(正确答案)[D]The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.。

广东工业大学广工大835材料科学基础2020考研真题答案2020年835真题答案一、填空题1、常见的滑移面是(1,1,0)面；在(1,1,0)面上，一个常见的滑移方向是[1,1,0]；在面心立方结构中，由于晶胞的对称性，存在多个等效的滑移面。

具体来说，有12个{1,1,0}滑移面；在每个{1,1,0}滑移面上，存在4个等效的滑移方向，即[1,1,0]、[-1,1,0]、[1,-1,0]和[-1,-1,0]；密排面是{1,1,1}面2、2；8；a=4R；Π/83、三4、略5、化学势梯度二、判断题1、错非晶态材料虽然不具有晶体的长程有序结构，但其内部原子排列在某种程度上仍然具有一定的稳定性，使得非晶态材料能够保持其固态形态。

而液态金属则完全不同，其内部的原子排列随着温度的升高和原子的热运动而不断发生变化，呈现出高度的流动性和可塑性。

因此，虽然非晶态材料和液态金属在原子排列上都表现出“长程无序、短程有序”的结构特征，但两者在物理性质和行为上存在着显著的差异。

所以，题目中的说法“两者是完全相同的”是不正确的。

2、错在再结晶退火过程中，晶粒确实会经历形核和长大的过程。

然而，这个过程并不涉及晶体结构的改变，也就是说，再结晶前后的晶体结构（如面心立方、体心立方等）并未发生变化。

因此，再结晶并不属于相变过程。

3、对4、对5、对6、错后半部分是不正确的。

正确的表述应该是液态金属的变质处理主要是为了通过提供非均匀形核的质点来细化晶粒和改善组织性能。

7、错菲克第二定律讨论的是非稳态扩散的情况，而不是稳态扩散。

错在三相平衡时，各相的成分是固定的，不能随意变化。

这是因为三相平衡是在特定的温度和压力下达到的，此时系统中各相的成分和相对含量都达到了一个稳定的状态。

如果尝试改变某一相的成分，就会打破这种平衡状态，导致系统向新的平衡状态转变。

8、对9、错在亚共析碳钢中，铁素体并非全部来源于共析转变（即奥氏体在共析温度下的转变）。

管理学试卷一、选择题1二、填空题7四、简答题8五、问答题8一、选择题1、。

早期的决策主要是以（a ）。

A。

定性分析为特征B。

定量分析为特征C。

定性分析和定量分析相结合为特征D。

模型分析为特征2、。

奠定管理行为科学基础的是（d）.A.马斯洛的需求层次论B。

赫茨伯格的双因素理论C.麦格雷戈的X理论一Y理论D。

梅奥的人际关系学说3、韦伯认为,现代行政体系所有社会组织和活动必须遵循的基本原则是( d）。

A.公平原则B.理性化原则C。

效率原则D。

权变原则4、。

从广义上讲，决策就是（ b ）。

A.人们为实现一定的目标所实施的行动计划B.人们为实现一定的目标所作的行为设计及其抉择C。

人们为实现一定的目标而形成的思维模式D。

人们为实现一定的目标所完成的工作任务5、根据决策是否有例行性进行分类，决策可以分为（ b ）。

A。

高层决策、中层决策和基层决策B.程序性决策和非程序性决策C。

长期决策、中期决策和短期决策D。

单项决策和序贯决策6、采用匿名通信和反复征求意见的预测方法称为（ c ）。

A。

哥顿法B。

纵摄法 C.德尔菲法 D.头脑风暴法7、既想达到某个目标又不想付出某种代价，而两者又不能同时实现,称为（ d ).A。

双避冲突 B.双趋冲突C。

心理冲突D。

趋避冲突8、管理幅度较大、管理层次较少的组织，其结构形态是（ b ）.A.锥形结构B.扁平结构C.层级结构D.职能结构9、组织设计的任务主要有(a ）。

A.确定与划分组织的不同部门，规定这些部门之间的相互关系B。

分析和确定组织的职能与分类C。

分解组织职能的具体任务和职责D.对组织的各项职能按照一定的联系方式进行配置10、大多数高等院校采用的组织结构模式是（c )A.直线制B。

职能制C。

直线职能制 D.矩阵制11、路径一一目标理论提出的假设认为（ d )。

A。

下属成熟度越高，领导者越应采取指导型领导风格B.当群体中存在冲突时，授权型领导会带来更高的效益C.相信自己可以掌握自己命运的下属对参与型领导更为满意D.下属既有能力又愿意做他们的工作,应采用支持型领导风格12、公司召集中层以上管理人员开会,传达上级指示，并要求与会人员向各自部门传达。

学校综合介绍广东工业大学招生基本信息解读广东工业大学招生基本信息解读广东工业大学，简称"广工大"，位于广州市，是广东省人民政府重点建设的省属重点大学、广东省“211工程”、广东省高水平大学、广东省高水平理工科大学，是以工为主，多学科协调发展的综合性研究型大学。

入选国家“111计划”、新工科研究与实践项目、卓越工程师教育培养计划、“中国制造2025”国家试点示范基地。

广东工业大学本年度录取分数线与国家线对比图再看2020年考研国家线总体趋势图考研一共13大学科门类，总体走向参差不齐，但依旧有规律可循。

2020考研的国家线走势分为三种：1.本学科分数线与去年相比持平。

2.本学科分数线与去年相比上升。

3.本学科分数线与去年相比下降。

除此之外，我们还要计算出国家线的两个极限值，也就是上涨分数最多的学科和下降分数最多的学科。

本学科分数线与去年相比持平有3个：文学、管理学、享受少数民族照顾的考生.本学科分数线与去年相比上升的有5个：哲学（+5分）、法学（+5分）、教育学（+6分）、艺术学（+7分）、体育学（+7分）。

本学科分数线与去年相比下降的有9个：经济学（-2）、历史学（-1）、理学（-2）、工学（-6）、农学（-2）、医学（-5）、军事学（-5）、工学照顾专业（-6）、中医照顾专业（-5）。

国家线的两个极限值出现在如下两个专业：1.上涨极限值（+7分）,艺术学和体育学。

2.下降极限值工学（-6）和工学照顾专业（-6）。

一般而言，本学科国家线和去年相比持平，意味着去年和今年的报名人数和考试难度总体无大变化。

本学科国家线和去年相比上涨，意味着去年和今年的报名人数和考试难度有所增长（具体原因要视本学科特点而言，请关注high研网发布的2020年分类学科报告综述。

）本学科国家线和去年相比下降，意味着去年和今年的报名人数和考试难度同样有所下降。

另外还有一个现象值得注意，即今年分数上涨的学科全都是文科专业（不考数学的专业），这反映出几个信号：1.文科专业报考人数增多。

名校真题汇编目录及说明说明由于许多院校官方是不提供真题试卷或者有些科目是新设科目，很多同学刷题练习不知道从何着手，市面上许多模拟试卷又不是特别贴合目标院校的题型考点。

为此精都考研特别整理了名校真题汇编，提供给那些找不到目标院校真题或者已经有真题希望拓展练习的考生。

名校真题汇编有几方面的意义：1、择校阶段可作为考前了解专业题型的必备资料以此判断本门专业大体考哪些题型；2、学习阶段可作为考点的归纳，通过名校真题常现的考点来归纳本门科目的重难点；3、刷题阶段可作为拓展练习，比大部分模拟试卷要来的跟贴近考研的出题风格4、冲刺阶段避免无题可刷的窘境，通过练习名校真题可预防考场题型的变化及考点的变化，大量题型的联系就是专业课高分的保障。

目录（2020年总共10套各校管理学真题试卷）2020年西华大学831管理学2020年考研专业真题试卷宁波大学812管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷南京审计大学912管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷宁波大学936管理学原理2020年考研专业课真题试卷安徽师范大学952管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷浙江财经大学822管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷广东工业大学826管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷长沙理工大学831管理学2020年考研专业课真题试卷浙江工业大学838管理学原理2020年考研专业课真题试卷浙江工商大学832管理学原理2020年考研专业课真题试卷南京审计大学2020年硕士研究生招生考试初试（笔试）试题（A卷）科目代码:912满分:150 分科目名称:管理学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、问答题（共5小题，每题10分，共50分）1．泰罗所创立的科学管理理论有哪些主要观点？根据这些观点，泰罗又提出了哪些管理制度？2．计划的内容“5W1H”具体是什么？3．什么是管理幅度？它的影响因素有哪些？4．管理人员外部招聘有什么优点与局限性？5．领导者应具备一定的思想素质、业务素质、身体素质。

一、单项选择题1.公司内部的群体冲突现象是（）。

A.人性的表现B.结构性的矛盾C.信息化程度的不同D.变动的历史进程2.美国古老的诉讼制度影响了美国公司的（）。

A.组织结构B.经营决策C.人际关系D.全球化战略3.在下列人力资源发展阶段中，容易出现策划型的特点是（）。

A.初创阶段B.成长期C.稳定期D.成熟期4.如果理论讲解部分占据了课程时间的60%以上，则学员参加该课程后，最有可能的结果是（）。

A.对知识的掌握掌握较为牢固，但能力提升程度较低B.对技能的掌握程度较高，但理论支持较薄弱C.理论和实践相得益彰，知识和能力同步提升D.主要是听课听讲，但真正学到的东西非常有限5.如果一个客户不断催促你的工作进度，最理想的回应方式是（）。

A.保持冷静，表达自己的困难和疲惫B.简短回应，安排后续见面沟通C.回复邮件，解释进度和限制，以博得对方认同和尊重D.婉转委婉地表达自己的独立性，拒绝不合理的要求6.两个小组分别进行不同的创新运动，小组A认为，员工的主观能动性是推动创新的关键，小组B则认为，必须建立一套完整的流程和机制来统筹协调，使创新可以系统化和可持续。

从创新管理的角度来看，两个小组哪一个更为合理？（）A.小组AB.小组BC.区别不大7.压力包括以下哪些因素？（）A.生物学B.心理学C.环境D.全部都是二、多项选择题1.公司组织设计的基本原则包括（）。

A.合理性B.简洁性C.灵活性D.公正性2.优秀的员工绩效管理绝不仅仅是制度与工具的完备，还需要兼顾以下因素（）。

A.市场因素B.人性因素C.管理因素D.战略因素3.企业管理实践中，能够真正产生激励作用、协动作用和鞭策作用的薪酬制度，一般具备以下特征:A.薪酬与绩效挂钩，明确激励目标B.薪酬离散分布，职级分明C.薪酬传统稳定，老员工优先D.薪酬水平高，导向强烈4.在计算杠杆作用时，会对以下哪些因素进行评估？（）A.财务杠杆B.运营杠杆C.风险杠杆D.全部都是5.制度的好坏直接影响到员工行为的激励程度，而激励程度的高低则通过奖罚手段来实现。

大家最开始的时候可能也会有迷茫期，我刚刚决定考研的时候也没有任何思路和方向，后来在high研和大家的交流中逐渐掌握了考验的技巧和复习方法，在这里先谢谢大家了。

MTI考研共考四门：政治、翻译硕士英语、英语翻译基础、汉语百科知识与写作。

非常建议大家买真题来看，了解出题风格与套路，也可以更直观地看出出题风格是不是真的适合你考。

政治推荐书籍：肖秀荣精讲精练，肖秀荣1000题，肖秀荣讲真题，风中劲草，肖秀荣八套卷，肖秀荣四套卷，肖秀荣押题班讲义拔高用书：市面上可以买到的各种老师的选择题，徐涛蒋中挺任燕翔腿姐等等经验：说实话我对政治这一科的分数相当失望，因为我政治真的下了很大的功夫，也可能是高中学理科的先天不足吧。

【选择题】在这里需要提醒学弟学妹们，一定要好好重视选择题！选择题！选择题！重要的事情说三遍！我今年之所以政治奇低就是因为选择题错的一塌糊涂，要记住，选择题是拉分的重灾区，得选择题者得政治！做好选择题的方法就是，先看肖秀荣精讲精练夯实基础，同时搭配1000题，这个过程要反复进行，之后可以再做市面上能见得到的各种选择题用来强化。

毛中特、史纲、思修就不再赘述，在理解的基础上记忆，不必死记硬背，只要选择题能选出答案即可。

形势与政策部分不用着急，大约十月份左右肖秀荣老师会出形势与政策的书，到时候再看即可，但是我建议这一部分的选择题还是要多多关注时事，因为它很可能会考到书上没有的内容。

【分析题】大题大家完全不用担心，记得我考研的时候，学长跟我说背肖四和肖秀荣点题班讲义完全可以我还不信，觉得就背那么一点就能压中全部？在这里学姐可以负责的告诉大家，搭配肖四＋点题班讲义完全可以，我的很多同学这样做都是65＋甚至70＋，如果大家不放心，顶多再背肖八，足矣。

其实大题拉不开分，这一块大家可以放心。

时间轴：4-6月稍微看一看马原，理解就可以→7-10月肖秀荣精讲精练搭配1000题反复进行，至少三遍→11-12月背大题，看时政，强化选择题翻译硕士英语这一门课可以说是考的就是你的英语底子，我认为这门课没有什么时间规划，你可以在3、4月份就开始做题，一直到考前都要做题，做的越多越好，同时要总结词汇辨析。

s=“Hello!”；sp=“Hello!”；8、下列程序是否正确？（）main(){int i,a[10]；for(i=0；i<10；i++；)a[i]=i；printf(“%d\n”,a[i])；}9、在C语言中，共用体变量中的所有成员占有同一个存储空间。

（）10、下列语句是否正确？（）#define PI 3.1415926；area=PI*r*r；对于试题的一些补充说明：1、试题每年我都会进行整理分析（收录当年的试题），给出严格严谨的答案；2、试题的答案除特别简单的题目，一般都会上机测试，保证答案的正确性（当然，我的答案不一定都对，青出于蓝而胜于蓝，我相信后继者会更加优秀，欢迎批评指正）；3、本套试题的原始试卷中存在出错的题目，没有正确答案，我一并进行了修改，但仍保留了原题目；4、该套试题已经经过两代考研人（2014年）的验证和修改修订，以下是部分使用者的评价：广东工业大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：C语言程序设计招生专业：机械电子工程（注：试卷封面需填写自己的准考证号，答完后连同试题一并交回）一、判断题（对的打√，错的打×）（每问2分，共20分）1、一个C语言程序可以包含任意多个不同名的函数，C程序总是从第一个出现的函数开始执行。

（）2、putchar 函数可以向终端输出一个字符或者字符型变量值。

（）3、表达式‘A’<=ch<=‘Z’可以判断char型变量ch是否为大写字母。

（）4、C语言中，do-while循环和while循环的主要区别是do-while循环至少无条件执行一次。

（）5、对于某个具体的结构体类型，成员的数量必须固定，各个成员的类型必须相同。

（）6、下列语句都是合法的赋值语句。

（）k=int(a+b)；a=b=58--i；7、下列运算符的优先级从高到低依次排列为：! && + <=8、下面程序的运行结果为8，-1 （）#include<stdio.h>main(){int i,b,k=0；for(i=1；i<=5；i++){b=i%2；while(b-->=0) k++；}printf(“%d，%d”，k,b)；}9、下列语句均为C语言控制语句：（）if()…else…；for()……；continue；goto；return；）或“假”？4、请分别从变量的作用域和变量的存在时间两个方面来对变量的数据存储类别进行分析和说明。

广工建环考研真题答案解析广工建环专业是广东工业大学建筑与城市规划学院下属的一个研究方向，它是一门综合性较强的学科，涉及建筑、城市规划、环境保护等方面的知识。

考研是每年广大硕士研究生的选择之一，而对于选择报考广工建环专业的考生来说，了解往年广工建环考研真题的答案解析将会对他们备考有所帮助。

首先，我们来看看广工建环考研真题中的选择题部分。

这部分通常占据广工建环考研试卷的一大部分，因此解答这部分题目是非常关键的。

广工建环专业的考研试题一般涵盖了建筑学、城市规划和环境科学等多个学科的知识点，考察的内容也非常广泛。

因此，在解答选择题时，考生需要具备涉及多个学科的基础知识。

其次，我们来探讨广工建环考研真题中的填空题和简答题部分。

在广工建环专业的考研试题中，常常会出现填空题和简答题，这部分试题对考生的思考能力和理解能力要求相对较高。

填空题需要考生掌握相关概念和专业术语，并能够在实际应用场景中灵活运用。

简答题则需要考生对知识点进行全面的分析和解释。

针对，考生应从多个方面入手。

首先，对于选择题部分，考生需要认真审题，并依据自己掌握的知识进行选择。

在答题过程中，可以通过排除法来提高答题准确性。

其次，在填空题和简答题部分，考生需要运用自己的知识体系，对题目进行深入思考和分析，给出准确和全面的答案。

对于，考生还可以通过参考往年的复习资料和练习题来提高自己的解题能力。

进行系统有针对性的复习，可以帮助考生巩固知识点，提高应试水平。

此外，考生还可以参加专业培训班或请教专业老师，获取更多的解题技巧和方法。

总之，是考生备考过程中的重要环节。

考生除了具备扎实的基础知识外，还应注重对知识点的灵活运用和实际应用。

通过不断的复习、练习和思考，考生必定能够在广工建环考研中取得优异的成绩。

希望本文的介绍能够对考生的备考有所启发和指导。

【关键字】管理一、单项选择1．曹雪芹虽食不果腹，仍然坚持《红楼梦》的创作是出于其（ D ）A 安全的需求B 社交的需求C 自尊与受人尊敬的需求D 自我实现的需求2．某企业生产某产品，固定成本为160000元，单位变动成本为10000元，每台售价为12000元，该产品的盈亏平衡点是（ D ）A 14台B 20台C 70台D 80台3.在管理学中，定义为“影响力”的权力除“专长权”和“个人影响权”外，还包括( B )A.随机处置权B.制度权C.奖惩权D.任免权4.所谓授权，是指( C )A.在组织设计时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限B.在组织调整时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限C.领导者将部分处理问题的权力委派给某些下属D.委托代理关系5.霍桑试验表明( D )A.非正式组织对组织目目标达成是有害的B.非正式组织对组织目目标达成是有益的C.企业应采取一切措施来取缔非正式组织D.企业应该正视非正式组织的存在6.( B )面对未能可能呈现的多种状态，决策者虽无法事先确定究竟呈现何种状态，但可判断各种状态出现的概率。

A.确定型决策法B.风险型决策法C.非确定型决策法D.追踪决策法7.中层管理者比低层管理者更多地依靠( D )A.正式权力与沟通技巧B.个人权力与技术技能C.人际关系技能与技术技能D.沟通技能与人际关系技能8．提出管理具有计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制五个要素的管理学家是( D )A.泰罗B.巴纳德C.孔茨D.法约尔9．直线型组织结构一般只适用于( D )A.大型组织B.小型组织C.需要职能专业化管理的组织D.有必要按职能实行专业化管理的小型组织10．职能型组织结构的最大缺点是( B )A.横向协调差B.多头领导C.不利于培养上层领导D.适用性差11．下行沟通是指( A )A.组织中的上层领导按指挥系统从上而下的情报沟通B.下级的意见、信息向上级反映C.下级之间的意见交流D.通过上级组织明文规定的渠道进行信息传递12．木桶原理是下列哪一原理的形象说法（ A ）A.限定因素原理B.许诺原理C.灵活性原理D.改变航道原理13.目标管理最突出的特点就是强调（ C ）A.计划与执行相分离B.过程管理与全面管理C.成果管理和自我控制D.自我考评和全面控制14．权变领导理论关注的是（ A ）A.领导者与被领导者及环境之间的相互影响B.领导者的个人特性对领导有效性的影响C.领导者的行为对领导有效性的影响D.领导方式的易变性15．俗话说“一山难容二虎”，从管理角度看，对这句话的解释你认为哪种最适当？（B ）A.在领导班子中如果有多个固执己见的人物最终会降低管理效率B.对于需要高度集权管理的组织不能允许有多个直线领导核心C.一个组织中的能人太多必然会造成内耗增加，从而导致效率下降D.组织中不能允许存在两种以上的观点，否则容易造成管理混乱16．管理指导思想上的一个重大变化，是出现了强调灵活应变的（ C ）A.系统调整观点B.整合的观点C.权变观点D.信息反馈的观点17．高层管理的培训重点是（ C ）A.技术培训和管理基本理论的学习B.领导艺术的提高C.战略分析能力D.态度的转变18．一般来说，IT企业所处的组织环境是（ D ）A.简单和稳定的B.简单和动态的C.复杂和稳定的D.复杂和动态的19．康佳集团“康乐人生，佳品纷呈”的口号，着重体现出康佳的（ C ）A.卓越的广告才能B.对社会的责任感C.企业的使命感D.追求利润的方式20．（ B ）的定义是影响力，也就是影响群体或组织成员，为实现组织目标而做出努力和贡献的过程与艺术。