微生物英文词汇

微生物专业英语2020.2.241、微生物：microorganism [ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm]释：微生物小的鲜活生物，只有使用显微镜才能看到。

A microorganism is a very small living thing which can only be seen by a microscope.2、固体废弃物：(solid waste)[ˈsɑːlɪd]释：一般所说的垃圾，是人类新陈代谢排泄物和消费品消费后的废弃物品。

Generally speaking, soild waste is the waste products of human metabolism and consumer products after consumption.3、浸出：leach [liːtʃ]释：浸出是通过溶剂从固体中提取可溶性成分的过程。

Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent.4、油污泥：oily sludges[slʌdʒ]5、市政污泥civil sludge/ municipal sludge释：主要指来自污水厂的污泥Mainly refers to sludge from sewage plants6、土壤改良：soil improvement释：针对土壤的不良质地和结构，采取相应的物理、生物或化学措施，改善土壤性状，提高土壤肥力，增加作物产量，以及改善人类生存土壤环境的过程。

Soil improvement is the process of taking appropriate physical, biological, or chemical measures to improve soil properties, soil fertility, crop yields, and improving the soil environment of human existence in response to the poor texture and structure of the soil.句子：一、目的研究微生物-植物联合对稠油污染土壤的修复效果，为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供依据。

细菌 bacteria细菌学 bacteriology衣原体 mycoplasma立克次体 rickettsia衣原体 chalmydiae螺旋体 spirochete真菌 fungi真菌学 mycology酵母菌 yeast霉菌 molds菌丝 hyphae菌丝体 mycelium丝状菌 filamentous fungus孢子 spore厚膜孢子 chlamdospore病毒 viruses病毒学 virology噬菌体 bacteriophage毒性噬菌体 virulent phage温和噬菌体 temperate phage前噬菌体 prophage溶原性细菌 lesogenic bacteria溶原性转换 lesogenic conversion原核细胞型微生物 prokaryotes真核细胞型微生物 eukaryote非细胞型微生物 noncellular organisms 微生物 microorganism球菌 coccus cocci杆菌 bacilli螺形菌 spiral bacteria螺菌 spirillum弧菌 vibrio荚膜 capsule鞭毛 flagellum菌毛 pilus芽孢 endospore外膜 outer membrame抗酸染色 acid-fast stain格兰染色 gram stain肽聚糖 peptidoglycans脂多糖 lipopolysaccharide磷脂 phosphatide细胞质 cytoplasm质粒 plasmid细菌L型 bacterial L form消毒 disinfection灭菌 sterilization抑菌 bacteriostasis防腐 antisepsis无菌 asepsis巴氏消毒 pasteurization高压蒸汽灭菌器 autoclave高压蒸汽灭菌法 autoclaving热原质 pyrogen抗生素 antibiotics细菌素 bacteriocins毒素 toxins类毒素 toxoid抗毒素 antitoxin侵袭性酶 invasive enzymes色素 pigments生长曲线 growth curve迟缓期 lag phase对数期 log phase稳定期 stationary phase衰亡期 death phase二分裂法 binary fission培养基 culture media菌落 colony专性厌氧菌 obligate anaerobes 兼性厌氧菌 facultative anaerobe 专性需氧菌 obligate aerobes遗传 heredity变异 variation突变 mutation、转化 transformation转导 transduction转位因子 transposable element致育质粒 fertility plasmid耐药质粒 resistance plasmid毒力质粒 virulence plasmid卡介苗 BCG外毒素 exotoxin细胞毒素 cytotoxin肠毒素 enterotoxin神经毒素 neurotoxin内毒素 endotoxin菌血症 bacteremia毒血症 toxemia败血症 septicemia脓毒血症 pyemia内毒素血症 endotoxemia外源性感染 exogenous infection内源性感染 endogenous infection医院感染 hospital infection显性感染 apparent infection隐性感染 inapparent infection交叉感染 cross infection潜伏感染 latent infection正常菌群 normal flora条件致病菌 conditioned pathogen菌群失调 dysbacteriosis 或 flora disequilibrium 重叠感染 superinfection毒力 virulence侵袭力 invasivenness黏附素 adhesin定居因子 colonization factor抗感染免疫 anti-infection immunity防御素 defensin中和抗体 neutralizing antibody疫苗 vaccine灭活疫苗 inactived vaccine减毒活疫苗 live attenuated vaccine 亚单位疫苗 subunit vaccine凝固酶 coagulase金黄色葡萄球菌 S.aureus链球菌 streptococcus化脓性球菌 pyogenic coccus肠道杆菌 enteric bacilli大肠埃希菌 E.coli痢疾杆菌 dysentery bacterium沙门菌属 salmonella志贺菌属 shigella伤寒沙门菌 S.typhi肥达试验 widal test弧菌属 vibrio霍乱弧菌 V.cholerae副溶血性弧菌 V.parahemolyticus白喉棒状杆菌 C.diptheriae厌氧芽孢梭菌属 clostridum破伤风梭菌 C.tetani产气荚膜梭菌 C.perfringgens肉毒梭菌 C.botulinum艰难梭菌 C.difficile动物源性疾病 zoonosis布鲁菌 brucella鼠疫耶氏菌 Y.pestis炭去芽孢杆菌 B.anthracis空肠弯曲菌 C.jejuni幽门螺杆菌 H.pylori铜绿假单胞菌 P.aeruginnosa流感嗜血杆菌 H.influenzae军团菌属 legionella嗜肺军团菌 L.pneumophila鲍特菌属 bordetella百日咳鲍特菌 B.pertussis衣壳 capsid核衣壳 nucleocapsid壳粒 capsomer核心 core包膜 envelope刺突 spike吸附 absorption穿入 penetration脱壳 uncoting生物合成 biosynthesis病毒 virus病毒体 virion裸病毒 naked virion缺陷病毒 defective virus缺陷干扰颗粒 DIP干扰素 interferon干扰现象 interference流产感染 abortive infection逆转录病毒 retrovirus卫星病毒 satellites类病毒 viroid阮粒 prion慢发病毒感染 slow virus infection delay infection持续性感染 persistent infection 潜伏感染 latent infection水平传播 horizontal transmission 垂直传播 vertical transmission溶细胞感染 cytolytic infection稳定状态感染 steady-state infection 细胞凋亡 cell apoptosis包涵体 inclusion body亚急性硬化性全脑炎 SSPE空斑形成单位 PFU细胞病变效应 CPE流感病毒 influenza virus抗原漂移 antigenic drift抗原转换 antigenic shift麻疹病毒 measles virus腮腺炎病毒 mumps virus呼吸道合胞病毒 RSV风疹病毒 rubella virus严重急性呼吸综合征 SARS脊髓灰质炎病毒 poliovirus柯萨奇病毒 Coxsackie virus埃可病毒 ECHO轮状病毒 rotavirus腺病毒 adenovirus大球形颗粒 dane particle准种 quasispecies疱疹病毒 Herpesvirus登革病毒 Dengue virus黄病毒属 Flavivirus汉坦病毒 Hantavirus沙眼衣原体 C.trachomatis包涵体 inclusion body原体 elementary body ，EB网状体 reticulate body ，RB梅毒螺旋体Treponema Pallidum钩端螺旋体 L.interrogans。

微生物相关单词中英文对照actinomycete 放线菌actinomycetes 放线菌(类)actinomyces 放线菌algae 藻,藻膜体anthrax vaccine 炭疽菌苗antibiotic 抗菌素,抗生物质,抗生的Archaebacteria 古(原)细菌azotobacter n. 固氮[细]菌brew vt.①酿造(啤酒等)；vi.①酿酒chemolithotroph 化能无机营养菌chemoorganotroph 化能有机营养菌chromosome 真周环状常染色体,染色体cocci (单Coccus ) 球菌cyanobacteria 蓝细菌[蓝绿藻类原核生物]cytoplasm 细胞质,细胞浆differentiation 分化endosymbiosis 内共生(现象)enrichment culture 增殖培养,增菌培养,富集培养,加富培养enzyme 酶Escherichia coli (拉)大肠埃希杆菌,大肠杆菌,(拉)大肠杆菌eukaryote 真核生物fermentation 发酵fungi (单fungus)真菌,霉菌genome 染色体组,基因组geochemistry n. 地球化学Gram staining 革兰(氏)染色法inoculate 接种,移植(细菌)Lactic Acid 乳酸,α-羟基丙酸lineage 谱系metabolism 新陈代谢,代谢作用microbe 微生物microorganism 微生物morphology 形态学,生态学mycoplasma 支原(质)体,原质菌,类菌质体,支原菌(属) Mycoplasmataceae 支原体科nucleus 核,胞核,神经核,原子核,有机化合物的原子团,细胞核organelle 细胞器,类器官pasteurization 巴斯德(氏)灭菌法,低程杀菌法,低温杀菌法penicillin n.盘尼西林phototroph 光能营养生物,光能利用菌phylogeny 种系发生,系统发育plasmid 质体,质粒prokaryote 原核生物protozoa 原生动物,原虫pseudomonad 假单胞菌pure culture 纯系培养,纯培养物,纯种培养,纯(粹)培养respire 呼吸rhizobium (拉)根瘤菌属ribosome 核蛋白体,核粒体,核糖体,核(糖核)蛋白体acetylglucosamine 乙酰葡萄糖胺,乙酰氨基葡萄糖acetylmuramic acid 乙酰胞壁酸,乙酰基粘糖酸amino acid 氨基酸azalein 品红,复红biomolecule 活质分子carbohydrate 碳水化合物,糖类chemotaxis 趋化性,趋药性,向化性crystal violet-iodine complex 结晶紫和碘的复合物cylindrical 圆筒状的,圆柱状的diaminopimelic acid 二氨基庚二酸endotoxin 内毒素extract 拔出,取出,提取,浸出物,抽提,提取液,提出物,浸膏,萃,萃取,蒸馏出flagellum (复flagella )鞭毛,鞭节,鞭状器(蛹),鞭状体(软体动物) peritrichous 周生鞭毛(的) glycosidic bond 糖苷键halophile 适盐植物,喜盐植物,嗜盐微生物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的,狂犬病的insoluble 不(能)溶解的,不能解释的,不溶解的,不能解决的integral membrane protein 膜内在蛋白质isomeric (同分)异构的,同质异能的linkage 键,链合,连接,连锁,联系lipid monolayer 类脂单层,脂单层lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖lipoprotein 脂蛋白质lysis 松解术,溶解,溶化,渐退,消散lysozyme 溶菌酶methanobacteria 甲烷杆菌mordant 媒染剂,饰染剂pathogenic 致病的peptidoglycan 粘肽,肽聚糖peripheral membrane protein 外在膜蛋白periplasm 周质phospholipids 磷脂phospholipid bilayer 磷脂双层photomicrograph 显微照片phototaxis 趋光性polar [=polarization]极化,偏振porin 一类细胞外膜孔道蛋白protoplasm 原生质protoplast 原生质体pseudopeptidoglycan 假肽聚糖(微)rod 杆菌safranine 番红,藏(花)红salmonella (复salmonellae)沙门(氏)菌(Gram-negative)spherical 球的,球体的,球状的,球形的,球面的,天体的spirochete n. 螺旋菌staphylococcus (复staphylococci)葡萄球菌staphylococcus aureus (拉)金黄色酿脓葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,金黄色酿脓葡萄球菌sterols 醇teichoic acid 【化】磷壁酸【医】壁酸(为细胞型成分之一)Thermoplasma 热原体属Amphitrichous 两端鞭毛的,两端单毛的Aspergillus (复aspergilli)曲霉bacillus mucilaginosus 胶质芽孢杆菌Bacillus mycoides 蕈状芽胞杆菌,霉状芽孢杆菌bacillus thuringiensis (拉)苏芸金杆菌,苏芸金芽胞杆菌Candida mycoderma 假丝酵母Colony 菌(集)落,菌丛,集落conserved 保守的flagellin 鞭毛蛋白,鞭毛素hook 牵引钩鞭毛钩lophotrichous 具偏端丛毛的,丛鞭毛的monotrichous 单鞭毛的,偏端单毛的motility 活力,活率,活动力polar flagellation 极生鞭毛pseudomonas 假单胞菌(属),假单胞菌属Pseudomonas fluorescens 萤光假单胞菌Rhizopus 酒曲菌属,根霉菌属Rotate 旋转,转动serratia marcescens 粘质赛氏杆菌,粘质沙霉菌(属)Streptomyces coelicolor 天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces violaceorectus 紫色直丝链霉菌adhere 粘附,粘连conjugation 结合,接合,结合反应,联接,共轭cortex 皮质,皮层dipicolinic acid 吡啶二羧酸,二吡啶羧酸exosporium 外生孢子,(孢子或花粉)外壁,外胞fimbriae (噬菌体)伞毛,菌毛glycocalyx 多糖包被pillus 菌毛（复pilli）spore coat 芽胞膜,芽胞外被sporulation 孢子形成activation 激活,激活作用adhere 粘附,粘连conjugation 结合,接合,结合反应,联接,共轭dipicolinic acid 吡啶二羧酸,二吡啶羧酸endosporulate 内孢子形成exosporium 外生孢子,(孢子或花粉)外壁,外胞fimbriae (噬菌体)伞毛,菌毛germination 萌发,发芽glycocalyx 多糖包被outgrowth 向外生长(放),赘疣pillus 菌毛（复pilli）spore coat 芽胞膜,芽胞外被sporulation 孢子形成activation energy 活化能,激活能aerobe 需氧菌,需氧微生物anabolism n.组成代谢, 合成代谢anarobian 厌氧的,厌氧菌arthrospore 节孢子(微)ascospore 子囊孢子(微),子囊层aseptic 无菌的aseptic technique 无菌技术,无菌操作aspergillus (复aspergilli)曲霉autotroph 自养生物,独立营养物axial 轴的,中轴的,轴式的basidiospore 担子孢子biotin 生物素又称“维生素H”。

微生物学microbiology 培养物culture 纯培养物pure culture 无菌技术aseptic technique培养皿culture dish 培养基culture medium 菌落colony 菌苔lawn 培养平板culture plate涂布平板spread plate method 稀释倒平板法pour plate method 平板划线法streak plate method 稀释摇管法shake tube method 细胞壁cell wall 细胞质膜（质膜）cytoplasmic membrane(plasma membrane) 间体mesosome 细胞质（细胞质基质）cytoplasm(cytoplasmic matrix) 内含物inclusion body 核区nuclear region or area 芽孢spore 鞭毛flagellum 菌毛fimbria 性毛pili 糖被glycocalyx（微荚膜microcapsule 荚膜capsule 黏液层slime layer）溶菌酶lysozyme 肽桥peptide interbridge 四肽尾（四肽侧链）tetrapeptide side chain 磷壁酸teichoic acid 外膜outer membrane 脂多糖lipopolysaccharide 外膜蛋白outer membrane protein 周质空间periplasmic space 抗酸细菌acid-fast bacteria 索状因子cord factor 假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan 糖蛋白glycoprotein L-型细菌L-form of bacteria 原生质体protoplast 球状体spheroplast 支原体mycoplasma 液态镶嵌模型fluid mosaic model贮藏物reserve materials 异染粒metachromatic granules 藻青素cyanophycin 磁小体megnetosome 羧酶体carboxysome 气泡gas vacuoles 隐生态cryptobiosis 皮层cortex芽孢萌发germination 渗透调节皮层膨胀学说osmoregulatory expanded cortex theory 伴孢晶体parasporal crystal S层S layer 营养物质nutrient 碳源source of carbon 蛋白胨peptone无机盐inorganic salt 生长因子growth factor 光能无机自养型photolithoautotrophy 光能有机异养型photoorganoheterotrophy 化能无机自养型chemolithoautotrophy 化能有机自养型chemoorganoheterotrophy 营养缺陷型auxotroph 原养型prototroph 腐生型metatrophy 寄生型paratrophy 氧化还原电位redox potential 天然培养基complex medium 合成培养基synthetic medium 固体培养基solid medium 半固体培养基semisolid medium 液体培养基liquid medium 基础培养基minimum medium 加富培养基enrichment medium 鉴别培养基differential medium 选择培养基selective medium 分析培养基assay medium 还原性培养基reduced medium 组织培养物培养基tissue-culture medium 透过屏障permeability barrier扩散diffusion 促进扩散facilitated diffusion 载体carrier 主动运输active transport 被动运输passive transport 初级主动运输primary active transport 次级主动运输secondary active transport ATP结合性盒式转运蛋白ATP-binding cassette transporter 基因转位group translocation 膜泡转运membrane reside transport 胞吞作用phagocytosis 胞饮作用pinocytosis 代谢metabolism 分解代谢catabolism 合成代谢anabolism 发酵fermentation糖酵解glycolysis 有氧呼吸aerobic respiration 无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 底物水平磷酸化substrate level phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 化学渗透偶联假说chemiosmotic-coupling hypothesis 构象变化偶联假说conformation-coupling hypothesis 光合磷酸化photophosphorylation 生长曲线growth curve 迟缓期lag phase 对数生长期log phase 稳定生长期stationary phase 衰亡期death phase 倍增时间doubling time 同步培养synchronous culture 连续培养continuous culture of microorganisms 生物量biomass 菌落形成单位colony forming unit 抗生素antibiotic 病毒virus 毒粒virion 复制replication 噬菌斑plaque 致细胞病变效应cytopathic effect包涵体inclusion body 感染性测定assay of infectivity 琼脂层叠法agar layer method 病毒中和作用neutralization 中和抗体neutralizing Ab 二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry 双对称binery symmetry 核壳nucleocapsid 结构蛋白structure protein 非结构蛋白non-structure protein 基质蛋白matrix protein 复制周期replicative cycle 病毒吸附蛋白viral attachment protein 病毒入胞viropexis 流产感染abortive infection 限制性感染restrictive infection 潜伏感染latent infection 基因组genome 质粒plasmid 转座因子transposable element 表型phenotype 营养缺陷型auxotroph 抗药性突变型resistant mutant 条件致死突变型conditional lethal mutant 形态突变型morphological mutant 自发突变spontaneous mutation 诱发突变induced mutation 基因水平转移hopizontal gene transfer 接合作用conjugation 转导transduction 普遍性转导generalized transduction 局限性转导specialized transduction 遗传转化genetic transformation 中断杂交interrupted mating 共转化cotransformation 共转导cotransduction 进化evolution 系统发育树phylogenetic tree 细菌bacteria 古生菌archaea 真核生物eukarya 分类classification 命名nomenclature 鉴定identification 居群population 型form 种species 属genus 病原微生物pathogenic microorganism 感染infection 免疫immunity 条件致病菌opportunistic pathogen 侵袭力invasiveness 病毒毒素toxin 杀细胞感染cytocidal infection 稳定状态steady state 整合状态integrated state 非特异性免疫non-specific immunity 补体系统complement system 干扰素interferon 吞噬细胞phagocyte 自然杀伤细胞natural killer cell 炎症inflammatory 特异性免疫specific immunity 免疫系统immune system 免疫应答immune response 抗原antigen Ag免疫原性immunogenicity 免疫反应性immunoreactivity 抗原决定簇antigen determinant超抗原superantigen 抗体antibody 体液免疫humoral immunity 初次应答primary response再次应答secondary response 免疫记忆immunological memory 细胞免疫cell mediated immunity 迟发型超敏反应delayed type hypersensitivity 免疫荧光技术immunofluorescence technic 放射免疫测定radioimmunoassay 免疫酶技术immunoenzyme technics 人工自动免疫artifical active immunization 免疫印迹immunoblot 人工被动免疫artifical passive immunization 类毒素toxoid。

active immunity（主动免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.active transport（主动运输）:Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP.Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into ethanol, a C-2 compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）: A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）: From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other animals.AIDS（爱滋病）: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Ames test（艾姆氏实验）: A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteriaanabolism（合成代谢）: The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis.anaerobe（厌氧微生物）: A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.antibody（抗体）: A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.antigen（抗原）: Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin.antigenic determinant（抗原决定基）:The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:A substance such as a drug that competes with, substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite.antiseptic（防腐剂）：A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection.antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific nfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself.arthrospore（节孢子）：A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore（子囊）：A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.asepsis（无菌）：A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms.autoantibody（自身抗体）：An "anti-self antibody having an ffinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed.autoantigen（自身抗原）： Molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by the immune system as foreignautoimmune disease（自身免疫疾病）：The pathologic condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis. Also called autoimmunitybacteriophage（噬菌体）：A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth.binary fission（二分裂）：The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division.B lymphocyte (B cell)： A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies.broad spectrum（广谱）： A word to denote drugs that affect many different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.Capsid（衣壳）：The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.capsomer（衣壳粒）： A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.capsule（荚膜）： In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Catabolism（分解代谢）：The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism.cell-mediated immune（细胞介导免疫）： The type of immune responses brought about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects.chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotraphchemotaxis（趋化性）： The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat or prevent disease.Chitin（几丁质）：A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungicomplement（补体）：In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae. Conjugation（接合）：In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.Colony(菌落)： A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.Contaminant（污染物）：An impurity; any undesirable material or organism.Culture（培养物）：The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. curddifferential medium（鉴别培养基）： A single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their appearance due to different chemical reactions.differential stain（鉴别染色）： A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish between different microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction.Disinfection（消毒）：The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces.ELISA（酶联免疫）： Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。

常用微生物学英语词汇落 secondary colony粗糙型菌落 rough colony光滑型菌落 smooth colony丝状型菌落 filamentous type colony 子菌落 daughter colony深层菌落 deep colony粘液型菌落 mucoid colony巨大菌落 giant colony侏儒型菌落 dwarf colony菌苔 lawn菌胶团 zoogloea菌膜 pellicle[菌]醭 mycoderm, pellicle群游现象 swarming菌柄 stipe[菌体]附器 appendage鞭毛 flagellum周质鞭毛 periplasmic flagella轴丝 axial filament菌毛 pilus性丝 *** pilus外生孢子 exospore内生孢子 endospore芽孢 spore芽孢形成 sporulation终端芽孢 terminal spore近端芽孢 subterminal spore中生芽孢 central spore前芽孢 forespore[芽孢]皮层 cortex芽孢外膜 exitine芽孢内膜 intine外壁 exine伴胞晶体 parasporal crystal菌蜕 ghost鞘 sheath荚膜 capsule粘液层 slime layer微荚膜 microcapsule壁膜间隙 periplasmic space原生质体 protoplast原生质球 spheroplast气泡 gas vacuole甲烷粒体 methanochondria间体 mesosome载色体 chromatophore鞭毛基体 flagellar basal body异染质 volutin异染粒 matachromatic granules致死颗粒 killer particle紫膜 purple membrane噬菌体 bacteriophage无囊盖类 inoperculatae超显微微生物 ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体 mycophage噬藻体 phycophage烈性噬菌体 virulent phage温和噬菌体 temperate phage前原噬菌体 preprophage原噬菌体 prophage隐性前噬菌体 cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体 vegetative phage载体噬菌体 carrier phageλ噬菌体 lambda particles phage [可]诱导噬菌体 inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体 homoimmune phage噬菌体分型 bacteriophage typing噬菌体型 phagetype噬菌体变型 phagevar噬斑 plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部 polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘 polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛 fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须 whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白 pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原 fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体 apex[噬菌体]基片插孔 base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝 base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突 base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体 concatemer[噬菌体]颈部 collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒 apical capsomere [噬菌体]尾丝 tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体 monster[噬菌体]颈圈 connector[噬菌体]髓部 core[噬菌体]头部 head[噬菌体]尾部 tail[噬菌体]尾管 tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘 tail sheath类病毒 viroid病毒 virus真病毒 euvirus亚病毒 subvirus原病毒 provirus拟病毒 virusoid卫星病毒 satellite virus假型病毒 pseudotype virus慢病毒 slow virus辅助病毒 helper virus过客病毒 passenger virus多分体病毒 multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒 entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒 granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒 polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV 质型多角体病毒 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒 multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒 singly embedded virus伴随病毒 associated virus浓核病毒 densovirus,DNV内源病毒 endogenous virus潜伏病毒 latent virus肠道病毒 enterovirus艾柯病毒 ECHO virus虫媒病毒 arbovirus腺病毒 adenovirus腺伴随病毒 adeno associated virus真菌病毒 mycovirus肿瘤病毒 oncovirus逆[转]录病毒 retro virus坏死病毒 necrosis virus虹彩病毒 irido virus泛嗜性病毒 pantropic virus毒株 strain原[生小]体 elementary body包含体 inclusion body顾氏小体 Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体 Negri's body病毒[粒]体 virion裸露病毒[粒]体 naked virion假病毒体 pseudovirion立体对称 cubical symmetry二十面体对称 icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称 helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体 pentomer,pentons[病毒]六邻体 hexonmer,hexons复合对称 complex symmetry包膜突起 peplomerbody包膜 envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜 protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原 envelope antigen[病毒]壳体 capsid[病毒]壳粒 capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体 icosahedron capsid核心 core核壳 nucleocapsid病毒原质体 viroplasma病毒束 virus bundle多角体 polyhedron多角体蛋白 polyhedrin颗粒体 granule颗粒体蛋白 granulin类核 nucleoid内含颗粒 inclusion granuleX体 X-body[病毒]早期蛋白 early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白 late protein负链 negative strand正链 positive strand复制子 replicon病毒发生基质 virogenic stroma衣原体 chlamydia[衣原体]始体 initial body立克次氏体 rickettsia假肽聚糖 pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖 peptidoglycan磷壁酸 teichoic acid胞壁酸 muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸 dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类 lipopolysaccharides多糖包被 glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白 flagellin菌毛蛋白 pilin杀白细胞素 leucocidin豆血红蛋白 leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白 phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白 phycocyanin藻红蛋白 phycoerythrin藻青素 cyanophycin藻蓝素 algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素 phycobilin藻红[胆]素 phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素 phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒 cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素 allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素 carotenoids细菌淀粉粒 granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐 poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白 staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物 purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶 staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶 permease胞内酶 intracellular enzyme胞外酶 extracellular enzyme果胶酶 pectinase逆[转]录酶 reverse transcriptase凝固酶 coagulase受体破坏酶 receptor destroying enzyme, RDE 透明质酸酶 hyaluronidase纤维素酶 cellulase链道酶 streptodornase,SD链激酶 streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶 neuraminidase青霉素酶 penicillinase溶菌酶 lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质 bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素 bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素 bacteriochlorophyll自溶素 autolysin亲菌素 bacteriotropin攻击素 aggressin抑殖素 ablastin粘附素 adhesin菌红素 bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素 prodigiosus toxin细菌素 bacteriocin麻风菌素 lepromin葡萄球菌素 staphylococcin伞菌氨酸 agarfitine苏云金菌素 thuricin肠球菌素 enterococcin布氏菌素 brucellin大肠菌素 colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素 syringacin黄色粘球菌素 xanthacin链球菌素 streptocin流产菌素 abortin绿脓[菌]素 pyocyanin红假单胞菌素 rhodopseudomonacin绿脓菌荧光素 pyofluorescein白喉毒素 diphtheria toxin杯伞素 clitocybine白细胞溶素 leucolysin表皮溶解毒素 epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素 perfringocin肠毒素 enterotoxin毒蝇碱 muscarine肺炎球菌毒素 pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽 phalloidin根霉蝶呤 rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素 pneumolysin黑粉菌酸 ustilagic acid分枝菌酸 mycolic acid齿孔酸 eburicoic acid根霉促进素 rhizopin蘑菇素 agaricin蘑菇酸 agaricinic acid红斑毒素 erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素 aflatoxin菌丝酰胺 mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素 pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素 staphylolysin真菌毒素 mycotoxin曲霉毒素 aspertoxin赭曲毒素 ochratoxin曲酸 kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素 tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素 lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素 tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶 fibrinolysin溶血素 hemolysin鼠疫菌素 pesticin神经毒素 neurotoxin杀[细]菌素 bactericidin外毒素 exotoxin内毒素 endotoxin细菌毒素 bacteriotoxin血凝素 hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素 sterigmatocystin毒植物素 phytotoxin真菌醇 mykol链球菌溶血素 streptolysin剥脱性毒素 exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素 bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素 geosmins土壤杆菌素 agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化 bioconversion生长因子 growth factor420 因子 factor 420V 因子 V factorX 因子 X factor微生物学 microbiology病毒学 virology噬菌体学 bacteriophagology细菌学 bacteriology鉴定细菌学 determinative bacteriology系统细菌学 systematic bacteriology真菌学 mycology原生生物学 protistology原生动物学 protozoology普通微生物学 general microbilogy微生物分类学 microbial taxonomy微生物生理学 microbial physiology微生物生物化学 microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学 microbial genetics微生物生态学 microbial ecology古微生物学 paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学 soil microbiology水生微生物学 aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学 marine microbiology悉生生物学 gnotobiology医学微生物学 medical microbiology兽医微生物学 veterinary microbiology农业微生物学 agricultural microbiology工业微生物学 industrial microbiology石油微生物学 petroleum microbiology食品微生物学 food microbiology乳品微生物学 diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学 rumen microbiology诊断微生物学 diagnostic microbiology病原学 etiology国际微生物学会联合会 International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会 Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会 World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所 American Type Culture Collection, ATCC自然发生说，无生源说 spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界 urkingdom始祖生物 progenote古始生物界 archetista古细菌 archaebacteria原生生物 protista原生动物 protozoan原生植物 protophyte真核生物 eukaryote原核生物 prokaryote裂殖植物 schizophyte微生物 microorganism数值分类法 numerical taxonomy模式目 type order模式科 type family模式属 type genus模式种 type species模式株 type strain真菌 fungi捕食真菌 predacious fungi虫道真菌 ambrosia fungi地下真菌 hypogeal fungi虫生真菌 entomogenous fungi菌根真菌 mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌 wood-decay fungi霉菌 mold, mould半知菌 imperfect fungi子囊菌 ascomycetes粘菌 slime mold, slime mould壶菌 chytrid卵菌 oomycetes接合菌 zygomycetes担子菌 basidiomycetes核菌 pyrenomycetes盘菌 cup fungi块菌 truffles锈菌 rust fungi蘑菇 mushrooms毒蘑菇 poisonous mushroom酵母菌 yeast无孢子酵母菌 asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌 sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌 smut fungi双态性真菌 dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌 ectothrix毛内癣菌 endothrix完全真菌 perfect fungi黑粉病 smut disease锈病 rust disease菌丝 hypha菌髓 trama假菌丝体 pseudomycelium气生菌丝体 aerial mycelium基内菌丝体 substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体 racquet mycelium结节状菌丝 nodular mycelium梳状菌丝 pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝 spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝 stolon次生菌丝体 secondary mycelium有隔菌丝 septate hypha无隔菌丝 nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体 reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体 vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体 sterile mycelium菌丝体 mycelium黄癣菌丝 favic chandelier mycelium产囊丝 ascogenous hypha产囊体 ascogonium原植体 thallus粘菌体 aethalium合胞体 syncytium虫菌体 hyphal body盾状体 clypeus子实体 fruiting body产孢体 gleba子实层体 hymenophore子实层 hymenium子实下层 subhymenium菌丝层 subiculum菌丝段 hyphal fragment菌丝束 coremium菌丝索 funiculus菌核 sclerotium器菌核 pycnosclerotium菌环 annulus菌裙 indusium菌盖 pileus顶体 apicle藏卵器 oogonium雄器 antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器 pycnium 锈子器 aecium精子器 spermogonium囊状体 cystidium粉孢子梗 oidiophore小梗 sterigma接合孢子柄 zygosporophore孢囊柄 sporangiophore配囊柄 suspensor孢子梗 sporophore分生孢子梗 conidiophore雄器柄 androphore帚状枝 penicillus瓶梗 phialide梗基 metulae芽孔 germ pore芽管 germ tube芽缝 germ slit孢丝 capillitium周丝 periphysis类周丝 periphysoid侧丝 paraphysis拟侧丝 pseudoparaphysis类侧丝 paraphysoid[孢子]外壁 exosporium外生菌根 ectomycorrhiza内生菌根 endomycorrhiza内外生菌根 ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突 spike弹丝 elater刚毛 seta微体 microbody泡囊 vesicle隔膜 septum假隔膜 pseudoseptum分生孢子盘 acervulus分生孢子座 sporodochium精子团 spermatium囊基膜 hypothallus囊层基 hypothecium囊层被 epithecium囊间丝 hamathecium囊托 apophysis囊领 collarette囊轴 columella孔口 ostiole菌托 volva孢子角 cirrus孢子球 spore ball孢子印 spore print聚簇 cluster[菌丝]融合 anastomosis[孢子]切落 abjunction[孢子]缢断 abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子 oidium孢子 spore掷孢子 ballistospore厚壁孢子 chlamydospore环痕孢子 annellospore节孢子 arthrospore卷旋孢子 helicospore腊肠形孢子 allantospore。

Microorganism/Microbe微生物微生物学MicrobiologyPasteur 巴斯德细菌Bacteria古生菌（Archaea)细菌(Bacteria)真核生物(Eukaryotes)真核微生物Eukaryotic microorganisms 病毒（Virus）球菌coccus杆菌bacillus螺旋菌spirilla革兰氏阳性细菌 Gram positive bacteria) 革兰氏阴性细菌 Gram negative bacteria) Actinomycetes(放线菌)Yeast(酵母菌)Molds(霉菌)Culture dish/Petri dish(平皿)Shake Flask （三角瓶）Fermentor（发酵罐）菌落 colony平板plateInoculation （接种）Luise Pasteur（巴斯德）Robert Koch（柯赫）Cell wall(细胞壁)Cytoplasmic membrane细胞质膜Cytoplasm（细胞质）蓝细菌CyanobacteriaNuclear region(核区）Inclusion body(内含物)Glycocalyx(糖被）Flagella (鞭毛)Spore (芽孢)Pili(性毛)Fimbria(菌毛)Gram stain （革兰氏染色）脂多糖 (LPS)球状体（sphaeroplast）原生质体（protoplast）支原体（mycoplasma）Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm贮藏物（Reserve materials）核糖体（Ribosome）质粒（plasmid）芽孢（Spore）鞭毛（Flagella）Fungi（真菌）菌丝体mycelium类病毒（Viroid）朊病毒(prion)噬菌体p h a g e病毒v i r u sNutrition(营养)Nutrient(营养物)Source of carbon （碳源）Source of Nitrogen （氮源）Inorganic salt（无机盐）Growth factor（生长因子）Water（水分）Energy source（能源）Source of carbon （碳源）Source of Nitrogen （氮源)Inorganic salt（无机盐）Growth factor（生长因子)Energy source（能源）Culture medium培养基呼吸respiration无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration发酵fermentation连续培养 continuous culture分批培养batch culture生长曲线growth curve纯培养(Pure culture)灭菌（sterilization）消毒（disinfection）抗生素antibiotics转化transformation转导transduction接合conjugation,mating诱变剂mutagen基因突变 gene mutation营养缺陷型auxotroph原养型prototroph野生型wild type菌种 culture或stock culture菌种保藏 preservation 或conservation或者maintenance疫苗vaccine防腐（antisepsis）化疗(chemotherapy) 艾姆斯试验法Ames test基因工程 Gene Engineering试熟记以下最基本的微生物学名：（1）细菌Bacillus subtilis[枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis（苏云金芽孢杆菌）E.coli [大肠（埃希氏）杆菌]，Rhizobium（根瘤菌）Staphalococcus aureus（金黄色葡萄球菌）（2）放线菌Actinomyces 放线菌Streptomyces griseus（灰色链霉菌）。

AA. caviae 豚鼠气单胞菌A. hydrophila 嗜水气单胞菌A. israelii 衣氏放线菌A. naeslundii 内氏放线菌A. odontolyticus 龋齿放线菌A. trota 易损气单胞菌A. uiscous 黏液放线菌A. veronii biovar sobrid 维隆气单胞菌温和生物型abortive infection 顿挫感染acid-fast bacilli 抗酸杆菌acid-fast stain 抗酸染色acquired immunity 获得性免疫acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合症actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans，Aa 放线共生放线杆菌Actinomyces 放线菌属acute infection 急性感染acute phase protein 急性期蛋白acute viral infection 急性病毒感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷（阿昔洛韦）adenoassociated virus 腺病毒相关病毒adenovirus 腺病毒adhesin 粘附素adsorption 吸附adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞白血病Aeromonas 气单胞菌属afimbrial adhesin 非菌毛粘附物质aflatoxin 黄曲霉素Africa hemorrhagic fever 非洲出血热agglutination test 凝集试验aminoglycoside 氨基甙类amphitrichate 双毛菌amyloid plaque 淀粉样斑antennal fiber 触须样纤维antibacterial agent 抗菌药物antibiotics 抗生素antifungal drug 抗真菌药物antimicrobial chemotherapy 抗微生物化学治疗antimicrobial susceptibility test 药敏试验antisepsis 防腐antistreptolysin O 抗溶血素Oantitoxin 抗毒素antiviral drug 抗病毒药物aplastic crisis 再生障碍危象apparent viral infection 病毒显性感染arbovirus 虫媒病毒arthropod borne virus 节肢动物媒介病毒arthrospore 关节孢子artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫artificial immunization 人工免疫artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫asepsis 无菌aseptic meningitis 无菌性脑膜炎asexual reproduction 无性繁殖aspergillus 曲霉属aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉aspergillus fumigatus 烟曲霉assembly 装配astrovirus 星状病毒attenuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗atypical mycobacteria 非典型分枝杆菌autoclaving 高压蒸汽灭菌autolysin 自溶酶autotrophy 自养菌azidothymidine 叠氮胸苷BB. abortus 牛布鲁菌B. anthracis 炭疽芽胞杆菌B. brevis 短芽胞杆菌B. burgdorferi 伯氏疏螺旋体B. canis 犬布鲁菌B. cereus 蜡样芽胞杆菌B. duttonii 杜通螺旋体B. fragilis 脆弱拟杆菌B. hermsii 赫姆斯螺旋体B. melitensis 羊布鲁菌B. neotomae 鼠布鲁菌B. ovis 绵羊布鲁菌B. pertussis 百日咳鲍特菌B. polymyxa 多粘芽胞杆菌B. recurrentis 回归热螺旋体B. stearothermophilus 嗜热芽胞杆菌B. subtilis 枯草芽胞杆菌B. suis 猪布鲁菌B. vincent 奋森螺旋体Bacilli Calmette-Guèrin 卡介菌Bacillus 芽胞杆菌属bacitracin 杆菌肽bacteremia 菌血症bactericidal drug 杀菌剂bacteriocin typing 细菌素分型bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriophage typing 噬菌体分型bacteriostasis 抑菌bacteriostat 抑菌剂Bartonella 巴通体属basic medium 基础培养基Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属binary fission 二分裂biological product 生物制品biosynthesis 生物合成biotyping 生物分型biovar lymphogranuloma venereum 性病淋巴肉芽肿亚种biovar mouse 鼠亚种biovar trachoma 沙眼生物变种blastomyces dermatitidis 皮炎芽生菌blastospore 芽生孢子Bordelella 鲍特菌属Borrelia 疏螺旋体属botulin 肉毒毒素botulism 肉毒中毒bovine spongiform encephalopathy 牛海绵状脑病Brucella 布鲁菌属Brucellin 布鲁菌素Bunyaviridae 布尼雅病毒科Burkitt‘s lymphoma伯基特淋巴瘤CC. botulinum 肉毒梭菌C. burnetii 贝纳柯克斯体C. cali 结肠弯曲菌C. dephtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌C. difficile 艰难梭菌C. fetus 胎儿弯曲菌C. jejuni 空肠弯曲菌C. perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌C. pneumonia 肺炎衣原体C. psittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体C. tetani 破伤风梭菌C. trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Caliciviridae 杯状病毒科Campylobacter 弯曲菌属candida 假丝酵母菌，念珠菌Candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌capsid 衣壳capsomere 壳粒capsular polysaccharides antigen 荚膜多糖抗原capsule 荚膜capsule swelling test 荚膜肿胀试验carrie state 带菌状态cell culture 细胞培养cellular immunity 细胞免疫cellular isoform of prp 正常细胞朊粒蛋白cephalosporin 头孢霉素Chlamydia 衣原体chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 氯霉素乙酰转移酶chromomycosis 着色真菌chronic infection 慢性感染chronic viral infection 慢性病毒感染citrate utilization test 枸橼酸盐利用试验Cladosporium carrianii 卡氏枝孢霉clamydospore 厚膜孢子classical biotype 古典生物型clone 克隆Clostridium 梭菌属coagulase 凝固酶coagulase negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌colicin 大肠菌素colonization 定植colonization factor 定居因子colonization factor antigen type I 定植因子抗原Icolony 菌落community infection 社区感染complementation 互补作用conditional fungi 条件致病真菌conditional infection 条件致病菌conditional-lethal mutant 温度敏感性突变株condylemata acuminata 尖锐湿疣congenital infection 先天感染conidium 分生孢子conjugation 接合cord factor 索状因子core polysaccharide 核心多糖Corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属Coxiella 柯克斯属coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease 克雅病Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic hever virus 克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒crossing reactivation 交叉复活cross-resistanc 叉交耐药Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌culture medium 培养基cytocidal effect 杀细胞效应cytolytic infection 溶细胞感染cytomegalic inclusion disease 巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒cytopathic effect 细胞病变效应cytopathy 细胞病变cytotoxicity factor 细胞毒性因子cytotoxin-associated gene a 原内毒素相关蛋白cytotoxins 细胞毒素DDane‘s particle Dane颗粒darkfield examination 暗视野检查decline phase 衰亡期defective interfering particle 缺陷干扰质粒defective parvovirus 缺陷性细小病毒defective virus 缺陷病毒dengue fever 登革热dengue hemorrhagic fever 登革出血热dengue shock syndrome 登革休克综合征dengue virus 登革病毒Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Dick test Dick试验diffuse polyclonal lymphoma 弥漫性多克隆淋巴瘤diffusely adherent E. coli 弥散粘附型大肠埃希菌dimorphic 二相性，双相性diphtheria 白喉diphtheria toxin 白喉毒素diphtheroid bacilli 类白喉杆菌disinfectant 消毒剂disinfection 消毒drug resistance 耐药性drug-resistant mutant 耐药突变株dysbacteriosis 菌群失调dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌EE. coli 大肠埃希菌early antigen 早期抗原EB nuclear antigen EB病毒核抗原ebacterium 真细菌Ebola virus 埃博拉病毒ECHO virus 埃可病毒Ehrlichia 埃立克体属ekaryote 真核细胞型微生物El Tor biotype El Tor生物型electronmicroscope 电子显微镜elementary body 原体endogenous infection 内源性感染endogenous pyrogens 内源性致热源endotoxemia 内毒素血症endotoxin 内毒素endotoxin-like substance 内毒素样物质enrichment medium 增菌培养基enteric adenovirus 肠道腺病毒enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus 肠道致细胞病变人孤儿病毒enteroaggregative E. coli 肠集聚型大肠埃希菌enterohemorrhagic E. coli 肠出血型大肠埃希菌enteroinvasive E. coli 肠侵袭型大肠埃希菌enteropathogenic E. coli 肠致病型大肠埃希菌enterotoxigenic E. coli 肠产毒素型大肠埃希菌enterotoxin 肠毒素enterovirus 肠道病毒envelope 包膜epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热epidemic type B encephalitis virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Epidermohyton 表皮癣菌属epidermolytic toxin 表皮溶解毒素episome 附加体Epstein-Barr virus EB病毒erythrogenic toxin 红疹毒素Escherichia 埃希菌属Exogenous infection 外源性感染exotoxin 外毒素exotoxin 外毒素exponential phase 对数期extracellular bacteria 胞外菌FF. necrophorum 坏死梭杆菌F. nucleatum 核梭杆菌facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌fibrinolysin 溶纤维蛋白酶Filoviridae 丝状病毒科filovirus 丝状病毒属fimbriae 菌毛fixed strain 固定毒株flagellum 鞭毛flamentous colony 丝状菌落flamentous fungus 丝状菌Flaviviridae 黄病毒科flavivirus 黄病毒属Fonseceea pedrosoi 裴氏着色真菌fractional sterilization 间歇灭菌法frest excephalitis virus 森林脑炎病毒fungus 真菌Fusobacterum 梭杆菌属Ggas gangrene 气性坏疽gene deleted live vaccine 基因缺失活疫苗gene engineered vaccine 基因工程疫苗gene engineered vectored vaccine 基因工程载体疫苗gene reassortment 基因重配gene recombination 基因重组generalized infection 全身感染generalized transduction 普遍性转导genetic group 基因群genetic recombinant vaccine 遗传重组疫苗genotype 基因型ghost 菌影gonococcus 淋球菌Gram stain 革兰染色growth curve 生长曲线HH. aegyptius 埃及嗜血杆菌H. aphrophilus 嗜沫嗜血杆菌H. ducreyi 杜克嗜血杆菌H. haemolyticus 溶血性嗜血杆菌H. influenza 流感嗜血杆菌H. parahaemolyticus 副溶血性嗜血杆菌H. parainfluenzae 副流感嗜血杆菌H. paraphrophilus 副嗜沫嗜血杆菌H. pylori 幽门螺杆菌Haemophilus 嗜血杆菌属halophilic 嗜盐菌Hantaan virus 汉滩病毒hantavirus 汉坦病毒属hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 汉坦病毒肺综合症heat labile enterotoxin 不耐热肠毒素heat stable enterotoxin 耐热肠毒素Helicobacter 螺杆菌属helper virus 辅助病毒hemadsorption 红细胞吸附hemagglutination 红细胞凝集hemagglutinin 血凝素hemolysin 溶血素hemorrhagic fever virus 出血热病毒hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 肾综合征出血热hepacivirus 丙型肝炎病毒属Hepadnaviridae 嗜肝DNA病毒科hepatitis E 戊型肝炎hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒hepatitis G virus 庚型肝炎病毒hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒hepatitis-related virus 肝炎相关病毒hepatovirus 肝病毒属herd immunity 群体免疫herpes B virus 疱疹B病毒herpes simplex virus 单纯疱疹病毒Herpesviridae 疱疹病毒科heterotroph 异养菌hexon 六邻体high density particle agglutination 高密度颗粒凝集试验Histoplasma capsulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌horizontal transmission 水平传播hospital infection 医院感染hospital-acquired infection 医院获得性感染host-range mutant 宿主范围突变株HTLV-1 associated myelopathy HTLV-1型相关脊髓病human herpes virus 人类疱疹病毒human herpes virus 6 人类疱疹病毒6型human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒human papillomavirus 人类乳头瘤病毒human T-cell lymphotropic virus 人类嗜T细胞病毒humoral immunity 体液免疫hyalomma asiaticum 亚洲璃眼蜱hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hydrophobia 恐水症hypha 菌丝Iidoxuridine 碘苷，疱疹净IMViC test IMViC试验in situ hybrization 原位杂交inactivated vaccine 灭活疫苗inapparent infection 隐性感染inclusion body 包涵体infectious disease 传染病infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome 传染性单核增多症样综合症initial body 始体innate immunity 天然免疫insertion sequence 插入序列integration 整合interferon 干扰素intracellular bacteria 胞内菌invasin 侵袭素invasive enzyme 侵袭性酶invasiveness 侵袭力isolate 分离物JJapanes B encephalitis virus 日本乙型脑炎病毒KK. pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Kanagawa phenomenon 神奈川现象Kaposi‘s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi肉瘤相关疱疹病毒Klebsiella 克雷伯菌属Korean hemorrhagic fever 朝鲜出血热LL. acidophilus 嗜酸乳杆菌L. delbrueckii 德氏乳杆菌L. pneumophila 嗜肺军团菌L?effler medium 吕氏培养基Lactobacillus 乳杆菌属lag phase 迟缓期late antigen 晚期抗原latent infection 潜伏感染latent membrane protein 潜伏感染膜蛋白latent phase antigen 潜伏期抗原latent viral infection 潜伏性病毒感染lecithinase 卵磷脂酶Legionella 军团菌属Leptospira 钩端螺体属lethal factor 致死因子leukocidin 杀白细胞素limulus test 鲎试验lipid A 脂质ALipopolysaccharide (LPS) 脂多糖lipoteichoic acid 脂磷壁酸liver specific protein 肝特异性脂蛋白抗原local infection 局部感染lophotrichate 从毛菌LPS-binding protein 脂多糖结合蛋白lymphogranuloma venereum 性病淋巴肉芽肿lysogenic bacterium 溶原性细菌lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换lysozyme 溶菌酶lyssavirus 狂犬病病毒属MM protein M蛋白M. hominis 人型支原体M. Pneumonia 肺炎支原体macroconidium 大分生孢子macrolide 大环内脂类macrophage inflammatory protein 巨噬细胞炎性蛋白mad cow disease 疯牛病mannan-binding lectin 甘露糖结合凝集素Marburg fever 马堡热Marburg virus 马堡病毒maximum stationary phase 最大稳定期media infective dose 半数感染量median lethal dose 半数致死量medical microbiology 医学微生物学membrane attack complex 膜攻击复合物membrane flora 膜菌群membranous cell M细胞meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌mesome 中介体metachromatic granules 异染颗粒methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧苯青霉素金黄色葡萄球菌methyl red test 甲基红试验microaeroohilic bacterium 微需氧菌microbiology 微生物学microconidium 小分生孢子microecology 微生态学microfold cell M细胞microsporum 小孢子癣菌属microsporum ferrugineum 铁锈色小孢子癣菌mold 霉菌monotrichate 单毛菌mucoid colony 粘液型菌落mucopeptide 粘肽Mucor 毛霉菌multiple drug resistance 多重耐药multiplicity reactivation 多重复活murine toxin 鼠毒素mutation 突变mycetoma 分枝菌病Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌mycolic acid 分枝菌酸Mycoplasma 支原体Mycoplasma pneumonia 支原体肺炎mycoses 真菌病mycotoxicosis 真菌中毒mycotoxin 真菌毒素mycotoxiology 真菌毒素学myeloperoxidase 髓过氧化物酶NN. asteroides 星形诺卡菌N. brasiliensis 巴西诺卡菌N. gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌N. meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟菌N-acetyl glucosamine N-乙酰葡糖胺N-acytlmuramic acid N-乙酰胞壁酸nairovirus 内罗病毒属narrow spectrum 窄谱nasopharyngeal carcinoma 鼻咽癌Negri body 内基小体Neisser stain 奈瑟染色Neisseria 奈瑟菌属nephropathogenic E. coli 肾盂肾炎致病性大肠埃希菌neurominidase 神经氨酸酶neurotoxins 神经毒素neutralization test 中和作用neutralizing antibody 中和抗体new enterovirus 新肠道病毒Nocardia 诺卡菌属nonadaptive immunity 非适应性免疫non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂nonpathogenic bacterium 非病原菌nonpathogenic microorganism 非病原微生物nonspecific immunity 非特异性免疫nontuberculosis mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌normal flora 正常菌群normal microbiota 正常微生物群Norwalk virus 诺瓦克病毒nosocomial infection 医院感染nuclear material 核质nucleoid 拟核nucleoside analogue 核苷类似物nucleotide analogue 核苷酸类似物nucleotide hybridization 核酸杂交Oobligate aerobe 专性需氧菌old tuberculin 旧结核菌素opportunistic fungi 机会性致病真菌oppotunistic infection 机会性感染optochin test 奥普托欣试验Orientia 东方体属original endotoxin protein 原内毒素蛋白outer membrane 外膜outer membrane protein 外膜蛋白PP. aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌P. bivia 两路普雷沃菌P. malleri 鼻疽假单胞菌P. melaninogenica 产黑色素普雷沃菌P. mirablis 奇异变形杆菌P. pseudomallei 类鼻疽假单胞菌P. vulgaris 普通变形糖菌Papillomavirus 乳头瘤病毒属Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis 巴西副球孢子菌paralytic poliomyelitis 麻痹型脊髓灰质炎parasite 寄生菌parenteral infection 非胃肠道感染parvovirus 细小病毒pasteurization 巴氏消毒法pathogen 病原体pathogenic fungi 致病性真菌pathogenic microorganism 病原微生物pathogenicity 致病性penetration 穿入penicillin 青霉素penicillin-binding protein 青霉素结合蛋白penton 五邻体peplomere 包膜子粒peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Peptococcus 消化球菌属Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属peritrichate 周毛菌persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染pestivirus 瘟病毒属phenotypic mixing 表型混合Picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科pili 菌毛plaque formation 空斑形成plasmid 质粒Pneumocysit carinii 卡氏肺孢菌pneumolysin 肺炎链球菌溶血素poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应Polyomavirus 多瘤病毒（属）Poxviridae 痘病毒科presenile dementia 早老性痴呆病prion 朊粒prion protein 朊粒蛋白programmed immunization 计划免疫prokaryote 原核细胞型微生物prophage 前噬菌体prophylactic immunization 预防接种Propionibacterium 丙酸杆菌属protective antigen 保护性抗原proteinaceus infection particle 蛋白性感染颗粒（朊粒）proteinase resistant protein 蛋白酶抗性蛋白Proteus 变形杆菌属protoplast 原生质体protoplast fusion 原生质体融合provirus 前病毒pseudohypha 假菌丝pseudomembrane 假膜pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属pseudovirion 伪病毒pthogenic bacterium 病原菌pure culture 纯培养purified protein derivative 纯蛋白衍生物pyemia 脓毒血症pyocyanin 绿脓色素pyogenicity 致热反应pyorubin 脓红色素pyovendin 脓青素pyrogen 热原质pyrogenic exotoxins 致热外毒素RR. prowazekii 普氏立克次体R. tsutsugamushi 恙虫病立克次体R. typhi 斑疹伤寒立克次体rabies virus 狂犬病病毒Reoviridae 呼肠病毒科replication cycle 复制周期resistance determinant 耐药决定子resistance plasmid 耐药质粒，R质粒resistance transfer factor 耐药性传递质粒respiratory burst 呼吸爆发restricted transduction 局限性转导retardation phase 减速期retrovirus 逆转录病毒reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Rhabdoviridae 弹状病毒科ribonucleoprotein 核糖核蛋白Rickettsia 立克次体rotavirus 轮状病毒rough colony 粗糙型菌落Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus 俄罗斯春夏脑炎病毒SS. bongori 邦戈沙门菌S. boydii 鲍氏志贺菌S. cholerae-suis 猪霍乱沙门菌S. dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌S. enterica 肠道沙门菌S. enteritidis 肠炎沙门菌S. flexneri 福氏志贺菌S. hirschfeldii 希氏沙门菌S. paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌S. schottmuelleri 肖氏沙门菌S. sonnei 宋内志贺菌S. typhi 伤寒沙门菌Sabouraud medium 沙保培养基Salmonella 沙门菌属Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌saprophyte 腐生菌saquinavir 赛科纳瓦satellite phenomenon 卫星现象scarlet fever toxin 猩红热毒素Schick test 锡克试验scrapie 羊瘙痒病scrapie isoform of PrP 羊瘙痒病因子朊粒蛋白scrapie-associated fibrils 羊瘙痒病相关纤维selective medium 选择培养基Seoul virus 汉城病毒septate hypha 有隔菌丝septicemia 败血症septum 隔膜serological diagnosis 血清学诊断serotyping 血清学分型sexual reproduction 有性繁殖sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病shiga toxin 志贺毒素shiga-like toxin 志贺样毒素Shigella 志贺菌属Sin Nombre virus 辛诺柏病毒slow viral infection 慢发病毒感染small round structured virus 小圆形结构病毒smallpox 天花smooth colony 光滑型菌落species 种specific immunity 特异免疫specific polysaccharide 特异多糖spike 刺突sporadic 散发sporangiospore 孢子囊孢子spore 孢子spore，endospore 芽胞sporotrichum 孢子丝菌Sporotrichum schenckii 申克孢子丝菌spreading factor 扩散因子standard strain 标准株Staph. aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Staph. epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Staph. saprophyticus 腐生葡萄球菌staphylococcal protein A 葡萄球菌A蛋白Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶血素steady state infection 稳定状态感染sterilization 灭菌stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵strain 菌株、毒株street strain 街毒株Streptococcus 链球菌streptococcus non-hemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌streptodornase 链道酶streptokinase 链激酶streptolysin O 链球菌溶血素Ostreptolysin S 链球菌溶血素Sstreptomycin dependent strain 链霉素依赖株subclinical infection 亚临床感染Subsp. enterica 肠道亚种subspecies 亚种subunit vaccine 亚单位疫苗superficial infection 表面感染superinfection 超感染，二重感染swarming growth phenomenon 迁徙生长现象TT. pallidum 苍白螺旋体tegument 内膜teichoic acid 磷壁酸temperate phage 温和噬菌体tetani 破伤风tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素tetanus antitoxin 破伤风抗毒素thallospore 叶状孢子thermostable direct hemolysin 耐热直接溶血素thermostable related hemolysin 耐热相关溶血素tick-borne encephalitis virus 蜱传脑炎病毒tinea 癣tissue culture 组织培养tissue culture infected dose of 50% 50%组织细胞感染量Togaviridae 披膜病毒科toxemia 毒血症toxic shock syndrome toxin I 毒性休克综合征毒素Itoxin 毒素toxoid 类毒素transduction 转导transformation 转化transmissible dementia 传染性痴呆病transmissible spongiform encephalopathy 传染性海绵状脑病transposon 转座子Treponema 密螺旋体属Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Trichophyton rubrum 红色毛癣菌Trichophyton schoenleinii 许兰毛癣菌Trichophyton tonsurans 断发毛癣菌Trichophyton violaceum 紫色毛癣菌Trichosporon beigelii 白吉利毛孢子菌TT virus TT病毒Tubercle bacilli 结核杆菌type 型type strain 模式菌株Uuncoating 脱壳Ureaplasma urealyticum 解脲脲原体uropathogenic E. coli 尿路致病性大肠埃希菌VV. cholerae 霍乱弧菌V. parahemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌V. parvula 小韦荣球菌vaccine 疫苗vacuolating cytotoxin 空泡毒素varicella 水痘varicella-zoster virus 水痘－带状疱疹病毒variety 变种variola virus 天花病毒Veillonella 韦荣球菌属vero toxin Vero毒素vertical infection 垂直感染vertical transmission 垂直传播Vibrio 弧菌属viral carrier 病毒携带者viral core 病毒核心viral disease 病毒性疾病viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热viral infection 病毒感染viral interference 病毒干扰作用viral protease 病毒蛋白酶viremia 病毒血症virion 病毒体virulence 毒力virulent phage 毒性噬菌体virus 病毒Voge-Proskauer test VP试验WWeil-Felix test 外－斐试验Widal test 肥达试验wild strain 野毒株XXinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus 新疆出血热病毒YY. enterocolitica 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌Y. pestis 鼠疫耶尔森菌Y. pseudotuberculosia 假结核耶尔森菌yeast 酵母菌yeast type colony 酵母型菌落yeast-like type colony 类酵母型菌落Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Yersinia outer membrane protein 鼠疫杆菌外膜蛋白Zzoonosis 动物源性疾病αα-hemolytic streptococcus 甲型溶血性链球菌ββ-hemolysis β-溶血β-hemolytic streptococcus 草绿色溶血性链球菌β-hemolytic streptococcus 乙型溶血性链球菌β-lactam β-内酰胺类β-lactamase β-内酰胺酶γγ-streptococcus 丙型溶血性链球菌active immunity（主动免疫）：Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.active transport（主动运输）：Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient （from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration）with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP.Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast，when under anaerobic conditions，convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways，then go one step farther，converting pyruvic acid into ethanol，a C-2 compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）：A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen （O2）。