微生物学英文-ControllingMicrobes

《微生物学》双语教学授课教案授课教师：李淑彬华南师范大学生命科学学院2003.2Chapter1 The introduction of microbiology第1 章绪论Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiology is specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eyes.Microorganisms（微生物，microbe）：Microorganisms are defined as the organisms that are so small that ,normally,it cannot be seen without the use of a mocriscope.The word is therefore used to describe virus,bacreria,fungi,protozoom and some algae.Bacteria(细菌) ：Bacteria are some small,single celle organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotes.Fungi(真菌)：Fungi (mushrooms（蘑菇）, molds（霉菌）, and yeasts) have eukaryotic（真核的）cells (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular.Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.Protozoom(原生动物)：Protozoans are unicellular eucaryotes and are classified according to their means of locomotion. Protozoans obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.Algae（藻类）：Alage are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.Viruses（病毒）：Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat.A brief history of microbiologyThe science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi, bacteria and protozoa.The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment and medicine were made. Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation（自然发生）(that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic material) and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was responsible for a particular disease. Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on all aspects of life and the environment.2.Louis Pasteur stated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof ofbiogenesisLouis Pasteurˊdiscoveries led to the developmemt of aseptic（无菌的）techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorangisms that are in the air.Louis Pasteur found that yeast ferments（发酵）sugar to alchhol and that can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid.A heating process called pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）is used to kill bacteria in some alcohol beverages and milks.Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant（消毒）to clean surgical dressings in order to control infections in humans.Robert Koch proved that microorganisms transmit diseases.He used a sequence of procedures called Koch’s postulates（科赫法则）,Which areused today to prove that a particular microorganism casues a particular disease.Koch’s postulates：Koch's postulates are a number of criteria that have been used in the past to prove that a bacterium is responsible for a particular disease.1.The bacteria should be found in all cases and at all sites of the disease.2.The bacteria should be isolated from the infected person and maintained in pure culture.3.The pure cultured microbe should cause symptoms of the disease on inoculation into asusceptible individual.4.The bacteria should be reisolated from the intentionally infected host.The importance of microbiology：microbes in our body1.Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body Some microorganisms live in humans andother animals and are needed to maintain the animals health. these make up the normal flora （正常菌群）;2.Some Microorganisms cause disease.3.The disease-producing properties of a species of microbe and the host's resistance areimportant factors in determining whether a person will contract a disease.2.Microbes and Human Welfare1.Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to beused by living plants and animals.2.Bacteria are used to decompose organic matter in sewage. Bioremediation processes usebacteria to clean up toxic wastes.3.Bacteria that cause diseases in insects are being used as biological controls of insect pests.Biological controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment.ing recombinant DNA, bacteria can produce important human proteins, such as insulin,beta-endorphin,and hepatitis B vaccine.Microorganisms can be used to help produce foods.They are also food sources (single-cell protein) themselves.3.As a basic biological science：microorganisms are the best model systems for understanding basic life processes.All cells have much in common, what is true for E. coli is also true for elephant, only more soSimple yet representativeEasiness and quickness to grow large quantityCommon characterizes of microorganism•Big surface/volume•High absorption and transformation•Rapid growth and reproduction•Easiness to variation•high adaptation to environment•DiversityReview question1.Match the following people to their contribution toward the advancement of microbiology.__ Ehrlich (a) First to observe bacteria__ Fleming (b) First to observe cells in__ Hooke plant material and name_ Koch them__ Lister (c) Disproved spontaneous__ Pasteur generation__ Van Leeuwenhoek (d) Proved that microorganisms can cause disease(e)Discovered penicillin(f)Used the first syntheticchemotheraputic agent First to employdisinfectants in surgical procedures2. Match the following microorganisms to their descriptions.__ Algae (a) Not composed of cells__ Bacteria (b) Cell wall made of chitin__ Fungi (c) Cell wall made of__ Protozoom peptidoglycan__ Viruses (d) Cell wall made of cellulose; photosynthetic(e) Complex cell structure lacking a cell wall3.Briefly state the role played by microorganisms in each of the following.(a)Biological control of pests(b)Recycling of elements(c)Normal flora(d)Sewage treatment(e)Human insulin production4 The microbes were first formally observed in the mid-1600's, but the cell theory wasn't enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Pasteur's time.5. Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, in terms of both applied and basic science.6. Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. Although we tend to emphasize the harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents), many more are beneficial than harmful.●In what ways are microorganisms important in the food , agriculture,and industries?7. Louis Pasteur´s work on spontaneous generation led to the development of methods for control of the growth of microorganisms. Robert Koch developed criteria for the study of infectious microorganisms, and developed the first methods for the growth of pure cultures of microorganisms. Beijerinck and Winogradsky studied bacteria in soil and water, and developed the enrichment culture technique. In the twentieth century, basic and applied microbiology have worked hand in hand to yield a number of important practical advances and a revolution in molecular biology.●How did Pasteur´s famous experiment defeat the theory of spontaneous generation?●How can Koch´s postulates prove cause and effect in a disease?●Who was the first person to use solid culture media in microbiology?●What advantages do so lid media offer for the culture of microorganisms?●What is the enrichment culture technique and why was it a useful new method inmicrobiology?Chapter 2 prokayotic microorganism(原核微生物)第二章原核微生物prokaryotic cellsThe chief distinguishing characteristics of procaryotic cells are:1.genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane.2.They lack other membrane bounded organelles.3.Their DNA is not associated with histone proteins (special chromosomalproteins found in eucaryotes).Their cell walls almost always contain thecomplex polysaccharide peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）.Bacteria(细菌) and archaeobacteria（古细菌）Bacteria are small, single-celled, microorganisms that belong to a group called prokaryotes . Bacteria are ubiquitous. They are a highly successful and diverse group of organisms that can obtain energy and carbon from a wide range of sources and therefore can colonize every niche on our planet from deep ocean trenches to volcanic craters. In the 1970s, using DNA sequencing information, it was found that the group we know as the bacteria could be split into two, the eubacteria and the archaeobacteria and it appears that these two groups evolved away from each other very early in the history of living things at about the same time that the first group of eukaryotic cells evolved. Members of the eubacteria include some of the more familiar bacteria such as Escherichia colt（大肠埃希氏菌）and Staphylococcus aureus（金黄色葡萄球菌）and are the prokaryotes that are best studied and understood. The archaebacteria are a very diverse group of organisms, which differ from the eubacteria（真细菌0 in a number of features having, in particular, very different cell walls and membranes. This group includes bacteria that are capable of existing in extreme environments。

微生物专业英语2020.2.241、微生物：microorganism [ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm]释：微生物小的鲜活生物，只有使用显微镜才能看到。

A microorganism is a very small living thing which can only be seen by a microscope.2、固体废弃物：(solid waste)[ˈsɑːlɪd]释：一般所说的垃圾，是人类新陈代谢排泄物和消费品消费后的废弃物品。

Generally speaking, soild waste is the waste products of human metabolism and consumer products after consumption.3、浸出：leach [liːtʃ]释：浸出是通过溶剂从固体中提取可溶性成分的过程。

Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent.4、油污泥：oily sludges[slʌdʒ]5、市政污泥civil sludge/ municipal sludge释：主要指来自污水厂的污泥Mainly refers to sludge from sewage plants6、土壤改良：soil improvement释：针对土壤的不良质地和结构，采取相应的物理、生物或化学措施，改善土壤性状，提高土壤肥力，增加作物产量，以及改善人类生存土壤环境的过程。

Soil improvement is the process of taking appropriate physical, biological, or chemical measures to improve soil properties, soil fertility, crop yields, and improving the soil environment of human existence in response to the poor texture and structure of the soil.句子：一、目的研究微生物-植物联合对稠油污染土壤的修复效果，为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供依据。

Microorganism 微生物: 微生物是形体微小、单细胞或个体结构简单的多细胞、甚或无细胞结构，用肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。

Microbiology 微生物学: 研究微生物的生命活动规律、技术方法和开发应用的科学。

Procaryotic organism原核生物：即广义的细菌，指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹，只存在称作核区的裸露DNA的原始单细胞生物，包括真细菌和古生菌两大类群。

Bacteria细菌：是一类细胞细短、结构简单、胞壁坚韧、多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物。

基本形态:球状、杆状、螺旋状缺壁细菌：指细胞壁缺乏或缺损的细菌。

包括原生质体、球状体、 L型细菌和支原体。

Protoplast原生质体：指在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除去细胞壁或用青霉素抑制细胞壁合成后，所得到的仅由一层细胞膜包裹的圆球状、对渗透压变化敏感的细胞。

一般由G+形成。

Spore芽孢：某些细菌在生长发育后期，在细胞内形成一个圆形或椭圆形的、壁厚、含水量低、抗逆性强的休眠构造，称为芽孢（又称内生孢子）。

Parasporal crystal伴孢晶体：少数芽孢杆菌在形成芽孢的同时，会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形、方形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体，称为伴孢晶体（即ð内毒素）。

Colony菌落：在适宜的培养条件下，微生物在固体培养基表面（有时为内部）生长繁殖，形成肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞群体称为菌落。

Lawn菌苔：如果将某一纯种的大量细胞密集地接种到固体培养基表面，结果长成的各“菌落”互相连成一片，这就是菌苔。

Eucaryotic microbes 真核微生物：是指一大类有完整细胞核、结构精巧的染色体和多种细胞器的微生物。

包括真菌（广义，菌物界）、显微藻类（植物界）和原生动物（动物界）。

Yeast酵母菌：是一个通俗名称，泛指能发酵糖类的各种单细胞真菌。

Life cycle生活史：又称生命周期，指个体经一系列生长、发育阶段后而产生下一代个体的全部过程。

微生物组学英语Microbiome: The Unseen World Within UsThe human body is a complex and intricate ecosystem, teeming with trillions of microorganisms that play a vital role in our overall health and well-being. This vast and diverse community of microbes, collectively known as the microbiome, has been the subject of extensive research in recent years, as scientists strive to unravel the mysteries of this unseen world within us.The microbiome is a term that encompasses the entirety of the microbial communities that reside in various parts of the human body, including the gut, skin, oral cavity, and even the respiratory system. These microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, have evolved alongside humans over millions of years, forming a symbiotic relationship that is essential for our survival.One of the most well-studied aspects of the microbiome is its role in the gut. The human gut is home to a vast and diverse array of microbes, with an estimated 100 trillion bacteria residing in thedigestive tract. These gut microbes play a crucial role in digesting and metabolizing the food we consume, extracting essential nutrients and energy that our bodies can then utilize.Beyond their role in digestion, gut microbes also have a profound impact on our immune system. They help to train and regulate the immune cells, ensuring that they are able to effectively fight off harmful pathogens while also maintaining a delicate balance that prevents autoimmune disorders. This intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system has been the focus of numerous studies, with researchers exploring the potential of probiotics and other microbial-based therapies to treat a wide range of health conditions.The skin microbiome is another area of intense research. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and is home to a diverse array of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These skin-dwelling microbes play a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function, protecting us from harmful environmental factors and pathogens. They also contribute to the skin's overall health, helping to regulate inflammation, prevent the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and even influence the appearance of the skin.The oral microbiome is another important aspect of the human microbiome. The mouth is a complex ecosystem, with a diverse arrayof microbes that play a critical role in maintaining oral health. These microbes help to break down food, regulate pH levels, and prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria that can lead to dental problems such as cavities and gum disease.In addition to these well-known aspects of the microbiome, there is growing evidence that the microbial communities in other parts of the body, such as the respiratory system and the urogenital tract, also play important roles in human health and disease.One of the most exciting areas of microbiome research is the potential for microbiome-based therapies to treat a wide range of health conditions. By understanding the composition and function of the microbiome, researchers are exploring ways to manipulate it to improve human health. This includes the use of probiotics, which are live microorganisms that can be consumed to help restore the balance of the microbiome, as well as the development of personalized therapies that target specific microbial imbalances.Another promising area of research is the role of the microbiome in mental health. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may play a significant role in the development and maintenance of mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. This has led to the concept of the "gut-brain axis," which posits that the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain can havea profound impact on our emotional and cognitive well-being.As our understanding of the microbiome continues to grow, it is clear that this unseen world within us is a critical component of human health and well-being. By unraveling the complexities of the microbiome, researchers and clinicians are paving the way for new and innovative approaches to disease prevention and treatment. From improving gut health to enhancing mental well-being, the potential of the microbiome is limitless, and the future of personalized, microbiome-based medicine is rapidly taking shape.。

原核微生物（prokaryotic microbe）：指核质和细胞质之间不存在明显核膜，其染色体由单一核酸组成的一类微生物。

原核细胞型微生物（procaryotic cell microbe）：指没有真正细胞核（即核质和细胞质之间没有明显核膜）的细胞型微生物。

真核细胞型微生物（eukaryotic cell microbe）：指具有真正细胞核（即核质和细胞质之间存在明显核膜）的细胞型微生物。

真菌（fungi）：有真正细胞核，没有叶绿素的生物，它们一般都能进行有性和无性繁殖，能产生孢子，它们的营养体通常是丝状的且有分枝结构，具有甲壳质和纤维质的细胞壁，并且常常是进行吸收营养的生物。

霉菌（Mold）：具有丝状结构特征的真菌。

细菌（bacterium）：单或多细胞的微小原核生物。

病毒（virus）：是一类没有细胞结构但有遗传复制等生命特征，主要由核酸和蛋白质组成的大分子生物。

是比细菌更小的专性细胞内寄生的微生物，大多数能通过细菌过滤器。

放线菌（actionomycetes）：一目形成真的菌丝成分枝丝状体的细菌。

蓝细菌（cyanobacterium）：是光合微生物，蓝细菌是能进行光合作用的原核微生物。

原生生物（protistan）：指比较简单的具有真核的生物。

原生动物（protozoa）：单细胞的原生生物。

免疫学（immunology）：研究利用预防接种法治疗疾病的科学。

立克次氏体（Richettsia）：节肢动物专性细胞内寄生物，它的许多类型对人和其它动物是致病的微生物。

感染（Infection）：宿主由于微生物生长的病理学状况。

巴氏灭菌法（pasteurization）：亦称低温消毒法，冷杀菌法，利用较低的温度既可杀死病菌又能保持物品中营养物质风味不变的消毒法。

巴斯德消毒法（Pasteurization）：在一控制温度给液体食物或饮料加热以提高保藏质量，同时也消毀有害的微生物。

化学疗法（chemotherapy）：用化学药物来治疗传染病。

Microorganism/Microbe微生物微生物学MicrobiologyPasteur 巴斯德细菌Bacteria古生菌（Archaea)细菌(Bacteria)真核生物(Eukaryotes)真核微生物Eukaryotic microorganisms 病毒（Virus）球菌coccus杆菌bacillus螺旋菌spirilla革兰氏阳性细菌 Gram positive bacteria) 革兰氏阴性细菌 Gram negative bacteria) Actinomycetes(放线菌)Yeast(酵母菌)Molds(霉菌)Culture dish/Petri dish(平皿)Shake Flask （三角瓶）Fermentor（发酵罐）菌落 colony平板plateInoculation （接种）Luise Pasteur（巴斯德）Robert Koch（柯赫）Cell wall(细胞壁)Cytoplasmic membrane细胞质膜Cytoplasm（细胞质）蓝细菌CyanobacteriaNuclear region(核区）Inclusion body(内含物)Glycocalyx(糖被）Flagella (鞭毛)Spore (芽孢)Pili(性毛)Fimbria(菌毛)Gram stain （革兰氏染色）脂多糖 (LPS)球状体（sphaeroplast）原生质体（protoplast）支原体（mycoplasma）Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm贮藏物（Reserve materials）核糖体（Ribosome）质粒（plasmid）芽孢（Spore）鞭毛（Flagella）Fungi（真菌）菌丝体mycelium类病毒（Viroid）朊病毒(prion)噬菌体p h a g e病毒v i r u sNutrition(营养)Nutrient(营养物)Source of carbon （碳源）Source of Nitrogen （氮源）Inorganic salt（无机盐）Growth factor（生长因子）Water（水分）Energy source（能源）Source of carbon （碳源）Source of Nitrogen （氮源)Inorganic salt（无机盐）Growth factor（生长因子)Energy source（能源）Culture medium培养基呼吸respiration无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration发酵fermentation连续培养 continuous culture分批培养batch culture生长曲线growth curve纯培养(Pure culture)灭菌（sterilization）消毒（disinfection）抗生素antibiotics转化transformation转导transduction接合conjugation,mating诱变剂mutagen基因突变 gene mutation营养缺陷型auxotroph原养型prototroph野生型wild type菌种 culture或stock culture菌种保藏 preservation 或conservation或者maintenance疫苗vaccine防腐（antisepsis）化疗(chemotherapy) 艾姆斯试验法Ames test基因工程 Gene Engineering试熟记以下最基本的微生物学名：（1）细菌Bacillus subtilis[枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis（苏云金芽孢杆菌）E.coli [大肠（埃希氏）杆菌]，Rhizobium（根瘤菌）Staphalococcus aureus（金黄色葡萄球菌）（2）放线菌Actinomyces 放线菌Streptomyces griseus（灰色链霉菌）。

Microbiology微生物学分类相关中英文对照Microbiology 微生物学分类相关中英文对照微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbilogy微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry 微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms,CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis 原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi 菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi 木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould 壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝ascogenous hypha 产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore 子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium 菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment 菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium 菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore 孢囊柄sporangiophore 配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium 精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis [孢子]切落abjunction [孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism 缢缩[作用] constriction 粉孢子oidium孢子spore厚壁孢子chlamydospore 环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium 小分生孢子microconidium 节分生孢子arthroconidium 芽分生孢子blastoconidium 器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore 冬孢子teliospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium 休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium 子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus 双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp [接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium 内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium 原配子囊progametangium 小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection 偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation 交配型mating type 全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium 夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation 孢子形成sporulation 细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria 生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria 放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria。

微生物生态学英文Microbial Ecology: Exploring the Unseen WorldThe world we inhabit is teeming with life, both visible and invisible. Among the most fascinating and influential forms of life on our planet are the microscopic organisms known as microbes. These tiny, yet incredibly diverse, creatures play a crucial role in the intricate web of life, shaping the very foundations of our ecosystems. Microbial ecology, the study of the relationships between microbes and their environment, offers a fascinating glimpse into this hidden realm.At the heart of microbial ecology lies an understanding of the myriad ways in which microbes interact with their surroundings. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes are ubiquitous, adapting to a wide range of habitats and conditions. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, responsible for driving essential biogeochemical cycles, maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems, and even shaping the evolution of other living beings.One of the most remarkable aspects of microbial ecology is thesheer diversity of the microbial world. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses – each group represents a vast and intricate tapestry of life, with countless species and subspecies, each possessing unique characteristics and adaptations. This diversity is not only a testament to the resilience and adaptability of microbes, but also a reflection of the complex and dynamic nature of the environments they inhabit.As we delve deeper into the study of microbial ecology, we uncover a world of fascinating interactions and interdependencies. Microbes engage in a constant dance of cooperation and competition, forming intricate communities and networks that are essential to the functioning of ecosystems. From symbiotic relationships, where microbes and other organisms work in harmony, to the fierce battles for resources and survival, the microbial world is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape.One of the most captivating aspects of microbial ecology is the role microbes play in shaping the global environment. Through their involvement in biogeochemical cycles, microbes are responsible for the cycling of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which are crucial for the sustenance of all life on Earth. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, quietly maintaining the delicate balance that allows complex ecosystems to thrive.Beyond their ecological significance, microbes also have a profound impact on human health and well-being. The human microbiome, the diverse community of microbes that reside within our bodies, plays a crucial role in our overall health, influencing everything from digestion and immune function to mental health and susceptibility to disease. Understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their human hosts has become a rapidly growing field of research, with the potential to revolutionize our approach to healthcare and disease prevention.As we continue to explore the vast and complex world of microbial ecology, new discoveries and insights are constantly emerging. Advances in technology, such as high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, have opened up new avenues for studying the microbial world, allowing us to uncover the hidden diversity and interconnectedness of these microscopic organisms.The future of microbial ecology holds immense promise, with the potential to unlock the secrets of the unseen world and harness the power of microbes for the benefit of humanity and the planet. From developing sustainable agricultural practices to finding innovative solutions to environmental challenges, the field of microbial ecology is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of our world.In conclusion, the study of microbial ecology is a captivating andever-evolving field that offers a window into the hidden workings of our planet. By understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their environment, we can gain valuable insights into the complex systems that sustain life on Earth. As we continue to explore this fascinating realm, we can unlock the secrets of the microbial world and leverage its power to create a more sustainable and resilient future for all.。